COMPLIANCE MONITORING OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT STANDARDS IN
NEPAL
Ram Charitra Sah
(B.Sc., B.Sc.Forestry, M.Sc.Environmental Science)
Staff Scientist
Pro Public, Nepal
Abstract: Many industries in Nepal discharge their effluents strength enough than
the Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE) industrial effluent standards
directly and/or indirectly into land or small channel leading to the nearby rivers.
Nationwide study of 22 different industries whose standard has been already set up, it
has been found that almost all industries are violating the effluents standard all the
times, and polluting near by rivers, agricultural land and soil in presence of effluents
standard.
Lack of proper human resources and commitment of the government, the
implementation of the Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1996, Environment
Protection Regulation (EPR) 1997, and Standards are not likely to comply any where.
Instead of executing themselves, MOPE had handed over its responsibilities of
implementation and monitoring of industrial effluent standards to the Ministry of
Industry, Commerce and Supply (MOICS) whose prime aim is to promote the
industries, not to penalize them for the cause of environmental pollution. In this
context, the role of civil society like Pro Public, a national level NGO become very
crucial towards initiating compliance monitoring program in Nepal.
Even to this degree of violence of first generation industrial effluent standards, the
industries are being given provisional pollution control certificates against EPA
provision, soft loan and grant for the treatment plant under Environment Sector
Support Program (ESPS)/DANIDA Cleaner Production program which is against the
motto of polluters pays principles required for the sustainable development.
Therefore adequate steps have to be taken towards compliance of all environmental
quality standards for betterment of the environment and reduce health impact.
Key Word: effluent standard, compliance monitoring, sustainable development
1. Introduction
Many industries in Nepal discharge their effluents strength enough than the Ministry of
Population and Environment (MOPE) `s tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into
the inland surface water directly or indirectly into soil and/or small channel leading to the nearby
rivers. From our series of study of 22 different industries whose standard has been already set up ,
it has been found that almost all industries are violating the effluents standard all the times, and
polluting near by rivers, agricultural land and soil in presence of effluents standard set up by the
government due to lack of compliance monitoring.
1.1. The Industrial Development in Nepal
Nepal is not an industrialized country. With increase of global market and access to the developed
science and technologies as well as demand of the courtiers' peoples, many industries, factories as
well as small plant units has been established in to some industrial estate, the Kathmandu valley
and rest mostly located in the Terai region near to Indian boarder. Industries are categories into
1
cottage industries, small industries (fixed capital up to Nepalese Rupees 30 million), medium
industries (fixed capital Nepalese Rupees 30 to 100 million), and large Industries (fixed capital
above Nepalese Rupees 100 million). Contribution of the manufacturing industries to the gross
domestic product (GDP) is estimated to be around 10 percent. At present, about 4,500
manufacturing units employing 10 or more persons are operated in different part of the country
providing employment to over 0.2 millions peoples.
Forty percent of Nepal's total industries units (4,271) in 1992 were related to water pollution. Our
capital city Kathmandu Valley alone accommodates nearly 50.9 percent of the total industrial
units (2,174). All industrial waste in most cases are directly discharge into local water bodies
without treatment which are considered as the major places for disposal of urban solid waste and
industrial effluents. The number of officially recorded industries establishment is shown in table1.
Table 1. Trends of Industrial Development
No. of Factory /plant
1981
971
1986
2054
1991
4271
1994
4487
1996
3357
Source: CBS 19982
Trend of Industries Development in Nepal
Numbers
Years
4271
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Fig 1.
4487
3357
2054
971
1981
1986
1991
1994
1996
Years
Looking on the contributions of industries in pollution load to the nearby rivers, the table 2 shows
the Kathmandu valley has more than 72 percent of the countries water polluting industries. Many
of these industries discharge effluents into local rivers without treatment, spoiling the quality of
the river water. A study indicates that the contribution of industrial effluents to the river is about
seven percent of the total effluents (domestic and industrial) in the Kathmandu Valley.
Table 2. Water polluting Industry in Kathmandu Valley
Locations
Country total
Industries in
% of total Industry
industries
Kathmandu Valley
in Valley
Total industries
4271
2174
50.9
Water polluting
1714
1241
72.4
industries
Source: State of the Environment, Nepal, HMGN/MOPE, 2001, p 124
Localized industrial pollution is on the rise. Since the waste water generally contain high load of
oxygen demanding wastes, diseases causing agents, synthetic organic compounds, plant nutrients,
inorganic chemicals, minerals, and sediments1.
A general scenario of total industrial waste have been estimated at 0.764 million tons of TSP,
8.557 million cubic meter of waste water, 0.057 million tons of BOD, 0.096 million tons of TSS
and 0.220 million tons of solid wastes.
2
Ten years ago 125 industrial plants throughout the country were identified as industrial pollution
hot spots (IUCN 1991). Sixty plants were identified as highly polluting hot spots. These included
brewery and distillery, cement, cigarette and tobacco, feeds, iron and steel, rosin and turpentine,
soap and chemicals solvent, oils and vegetable ghee, jute, Katha, leather and tanning, marble and
magnetite, quarry, pulp and paper, sugar and textile industries3.
1.2 Environmental Conservation is Prime Focus
It has been realized at policy level of Nepal that the sustainable economic development would be
possible through the integration of environmental aspects in the development policy and plan.
Realizing the benefits of environmental management, His Majesty's Government of Nepal
established the Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE –September 22, 1995) in order
to help streamline the environmental improvement works through institutional efforts. After
nearly two years of its establishment, the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and the
Environmental Protection Rules 1997 have been enforced as legal measures of environmental
degradation. The ministry is then promulgating several environmental quality standards as well.
The Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard 2000, Inland Effluent Standard of nine (Pulp &
Paper, Tanning, Distillery, Vegetable oil & Ghee, Wool processing, Milk processing, Sugar,
Textile/Cotton, and Soap) specific industries, one Generic effluent standard, Effluent standard of
common treatment plant, standards of sample collection and analysis procedures have been
recently set up. We have got National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in place. These
are the most strength of the ministry so far achieved in terms of policy but its effective
implementation and monitoring have been not happening anywhere in the real ground. These
standards has set up by the government through least public participations, expert consultation
and entirely on the basis of some consultant study which is not even included independent
scientist working in this sectors.
Moreover, in the name of coordination with other governmental agencies MOPE had handed over
its responsibilities of implementation and monitoring of industrial effluent standards to the
Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supply (MOICS) whose prime aim is to promote the
industries, not to penalize them for the cause of environmental pollution. In this context, the role
of civil society like Pro Public, a national level NGO dedicated for environment conservation
become very crucial towards initiating compliance monitoring program in Nepal. So far we have
monitored 22 ( Annex 1) different industries on a series of time and result of analysis is used for
our advocacy, research and litigation program for the environmental justice to conserve the
ecologically, culturally rich rivers and associated flora and fauna.
In order to effectively carry out or cause to be carried out the acts of the mitigation, avoidance or
control of pollution or the acts required to be carried out in accordance with the Initial
Environment Examination (IEE) or the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report, the
Ministry may, by fulfilling the procedures prescribed by the Public Service Commission appoint
Environmental Inspector (EI) or designate any employee to carryout functions of such
Inspector. So far since eight years of Environment Ministry establishment, government is failed
to recruit any single Environment Inspectors except appointing some government official
temporarily to look on specific problem. In general, the MOPE does not have the required human
resources equipped in the sector of environment and particularly in the industrial pollution
monitoring and hence the implementation and execution of those Acts, Regulations, standards are
not likely to happen any where which results continuous environmental degradation of the nation
and increased pollution load to the river, soil and agricultural land.
3
Under our compliance monitoring program, we have so far monitored about 22 different
industries. For illustration purpose in this sustainable development conference, I am presenting
the details with reference to two groups of industries belongs to Paper & Pulp and Tanning
industries. Since these two are the most environmental polluters industry at present in terms of
volume of waste they produced and strength of effluent they discharge to the inland surface and
near by water bodies.
2. Pro Public's Compliance Monitoring of Industrial Effluent Standard
Forum for Protection of Public Interest (Pro Public) is a non-profit, non-sectarian, non-political
and non-governmental organization committed to the cause of public interests. Founded in 1991,
by a group of environmentalists, women's rights activists, consumer activists, lawyers, journalists,
engineers, and economists, the organization has been incessantly working guided by its mission"To help Nepalese people seek and obtain social, economic, environmental, and political justice".
The organization has earned the credibility of the people by consistently pursuing people's rights
through research, advocacy, capacity building and litigation.
With prime focus on the environment conservation aspect, the forum is constantly working on the
various issues from its beginning and focuses in almost all sectors of the environmental pollution
on the basis of self motivation towards public causes and on the appeal of public interest. The
handful efforts have been putted in the industrial pollution sector, vehicular pollution sectors, and
conservation of natural resources and cultural heritage sites of the country. Moreover, the form
have been playing crucial role in the development of environmental related Act, Rules,
Regulations, strategies and setup of comprehensive different environment quality standard
through active participation and providing early expert suggestions, comments and
memorandums to MOPE and MOICS.
But the similar level of commitments from the concerning authorities have hardly been found so
far. There is limited scope of NGOs with respect to authority to work in the monitoring part of the
environmental management and hence despite of getting several positive environmental justice its
implementations part is very week. For example, concerned government officers (Environmental
Inspector) is only able of collect samples, inspect and observe any environmental related
activities causing public nuisance with full authority which are appointed on ad hoc basis or
almost nil in number with proper academic background. As consequences the effluent standard
setout by the MOPE is unable to implement themselves and handed over the responsibility to
implement the standard to the MOICS in the name of coordination which is also neither having
sufficient manpower nor required equipment. Pro Public has filed a lawsuit (August 26, 2003)
against MOPE to recruit enough Environment Inspectors required for the execution of its
activities. The case is under subjudice.
2.1 Materials and Methods
Based on the seriousness of river pollution and threats to public lives and properties caused by the
discharge of the effluents of industries (Pulp & Paper and Tanning) claimed their effluents as
treated one were considered as main focus for the study to carryout the physico-chemical analysis
to check efficiency of their adopted treatment systems. At the same time to monitor the
compliance of the effluent standards set by the MOPE. That is why the waste water sample were
taken at the point of the discharge after their treatment plants from where the effluents enters into
the ecosystem or environment resulted soil and river pollution. In order to know the degree of
water pollution caused by these industry the upper stream and downstream river water samples
were also analyzed and studied. The air pollution is also seen prominent into the nearest vicinity
4
of the industries. In case of Pulp and Paper mills, in which rice husk is a use as major energy
sources. The residues after burning this husk are found to be dumped in near by land close to the
village. The direct fall out of burned dust particles into the nearest villages, the excess hurricanes
and multidirectional flow of air during summer season carry away these burned materials to long
away and deposited to the roofs, drinking water, meals, surface of green vegetable plant leaves of
the nearest communities' peoples. The eye irritation problems were experience more frequently
in these areas. Recently in August 26, 2003, there were leakage of Chlorine gas using for
bleaching the pulp from Baba Pulp and Paper Industry, Sunsari had caused serious health
damages to resident of the nearby poor community of about 400 peoples. Mostly respiratory
disease and eye related problems have been observed. The concerned authorities and local
administration was silence on this problem.
Three time series samples of Everest mills (August 2001, March-2002, October 2002), Arbind
and Baba Pulp & Paper mills (March 2002, October 2002, June 2003) were taken and analyzed
into a government accredited laboratory.
Similarly three time series samples were taken and analyzed for the four tanning industries viz:
Nepal tanning, Universal tanning, Pioneer tanning and United tanning located in the eastern
development region (EDR) of Nepal. The results were compared against the government
standards. The industries taken for this compliance monitoring are mostly under Cleaner
Production (CP) programs of ESPS/DANIDA and granted provisional pollution control certificate
by MOICS.
2.2 Sample Analysis
The parameter we choose for the monitoring are based on the particular industries waste
characteristics and also with the view of the parameters listed in the government standards for
these group of industries.
In this study parameters to be studied were considered for direct effluent from the point of
entering into the environment. Physico-chemical characteristics analysis were done with the view
of comparing with the MOPE`s standards as well as importance of the water pollution. The
following parameters were considered for assessment: pH, color, odor, electrical conductivity, NAmmonia, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, Na and Total Cr. Effluent samples, river water samples(before
and after mixing of effluent) collection were performed by standard grab sampling method and its
physico-chemical parameters analysis was performed by the Standard Method as tabulated in the
table shown below.
Table 3. The Sample analysis methods
Physico-chemical parameters
Method Applied for laboratory analysis
pH
pH Meter
Color (Apparent)
Visible
Odor
Sensation method
Electrical Conductivity
Potentiometry
N-Ammonia
Nessler`s Method
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
Gravimetric, Oven drying at 180
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
Gravimetric , Residue, drying at 105
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Potassium dichromate , closed reflux method
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
5 days incubation at 20 oC
Sodium (Na)
Atomic Absorption in Emission mode
Total Chromium (Cr)
Atomic Absorption
5
3. Approach of Monitoring Industrial Pollution
According to present existing Act and Regulation, It is legally not been possible to inspect and
sampling of industrial pollution (air/water). We as a NGO representative of civil society
dedicated for protection of public interest will take advantage of local governance
Act/Regulation. We approach concerning VDC, ward representative and meet even local affected
people, the industries personals with our simple request letter.
Most of the time they have taken it positive, cooperated and allow us to inspect and sampling
their effluent. Sometime they are not happy and hence we are helpless in that circumstance. But
as we are concerned with pollution outside their industrial premises, we usually sample any
industrial effluents at the point of discharge it into the environment. Most of the time, it has been
found tat they are discharging either directly or temporally inefficiently storing in series of
settling ponds and/or simple treatment plants.
As our purpose of industrial effluent sampling is for compliance monitoring of existing MOPE`s
industrial effluent's standards. So we usually take three samples at different location upstream
sample (P1), direct industrial effluent from entry point to the environment (P2) and downstream
sample after mixing of industrial effluent (P3) as shown in fig.2.
We do analysis from the government accredited laboratory
like ENPHO, NESS etc depending upon the parameters to
be tested and availability of testing equipments in those
laboratories and invested more than 0.5 Millions Nepalese
rupees. The results are compared with the government
existing standards to find out the degrees of breezing the
MOPE`s standard and scale of environmental causes. For
illustration, only time series data of the sample of direct
effluent after their treatment (P2) are illustrated into the
table shown with the following sections.
3.1. Pulp and Paper Industry
Fig 2.
P1
P2
P2
P3
P3
We have so far monitored five Pulp and paper Industries (Annex 1) viz: Baba, Arbind, Everest,
Bhrikuti and Reliance Pulp and paper industry from Eastern, Central and Western Development
Region of Nepal. Here, illustrations have been made with standard compliance of three Pulp and
Paper industries in very brief.
Paper Industries, such as Everest Paper Mills located near to the down to confluence of Aurahi
and Bashi River, Mahendranagar Sakhuwa VDC, ward no. 5 in maithly culturally rich Dhanusha
district of the Central Development Region of Nepal. Likewise Arbind and Baba Pulp & Paper
Mills discharge their effluents after lagooning to the Sunsari River at Narshing VDC, ward no.1
of Sunsari district of Eastern Development Region of Nepal. Aurahi, Bashi and Sunsari River are
one of the major sources of irrigation. In the present study, effluents from these three industries
after treating in their so called treatment plants were analyzed for various physico-chemical
parameters like pH, color, odor, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD, and Sodium.
6
3.1.1 Characteristics of pulp and Paper mill wastes
The volume of waste depends mainly on the manufacturing procedure, and the water economy
adopted in the manufacturing procedure, and the water economy adopted in the plant. The mode
of discharge in all the three pulp and paper industries are found to be continuous type. Generally
the pulp and paper mills waste are characterized by very strong color, high BOD, high suspended
solids, and high COD/BOD ratio4. Among them the Everest Pulp and Paper mill of Dhanusha
district collect their effluent into series of oxidation ditches and finally discharged to small
channel controlled by gate valve leading to the Aurahi River. Like wise the effluent of Baba Pulp
and Paper Industry collected into two settling pond fitted with gate valve and then discharged to
the Sunsari River of irrigation importance. It is worthy to be noted that though these both paper
mills have got initial treatment facilities fitted with gate valve to control discharge rate of their so
called treated effluents, there are some additional provisions apart from this gate valve through
which they can discharge their effluents without the consideration of the river flow rate and hence
sometimes the whole river seems to be their waste drains as observed and reported several times
during the field visits. The Arbind Pulp and Paper mill of same district and location found
discharging their effluents directly into the Sunsari River. All these industries are found to be
constructing treatment plant during our visit in June 2003.
3.1.2 Everest Pulp and Paper Mills, Dhanusha district
In this study, physico-chemical parameters have been carried out in order to assess the treated
effluents characteristics and strengths with respect to the standard setup by the MOPE for this
Pulp and Paper industry and parameters considered important with respect to water pollution.
The results of time series analyzed parameters are presented into table no.4 with impressions and
remarks drawn with respect to the effluent standard for the Pulp and Paper industry. The result is
also compared with help of bar diagram as shown in fig. 3.
Table 4. Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluent of Everest Pulp and Paper Industry
7thAugust,
2001
13thMarch,
2002
22nd October,
2002
uS/cm
mg/L
mg/L
P2
6.4
6020
147.7
1330
P2
8.35
1022
P2
6.1
mg/L
mg/L
9070
1581
mg/L
15250
Parameters
Unit
PH
Electrical Conductivity
N-Ammonia
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
Biological Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)
Sodium (Na)
Mg/L
MOPE
Standard
Impression/
Remarks
2290
5.5 - 9
100
2690
618
7060
2100
100
1660
4160
250 *
283.48
454.1
-
Within range
Very high
High
10 to 23 times
more
Very high
6 to 21 times
more
5.5
to
61
times more
Very high
Source: ENPHO laboratory analysis reports.
Note: * The figure of important parameter like COD is not included in Pulp and Paper Industry standard,
so Generic Standard values is taken for comparison.
7
Compliance Monitoring of Everest Pulp and Paper Industry`s Efflunet
Standard
250
4160
Parameters
COD
15250
1660
100
2100
BOD
618
1581
MOPE`s Standard for Pulp & Paper
Sample on 22nd October, 2002
Sample on 13th March, 2002
Sample on 7th August, 2001
100
2290
1022
1330
TSS
Fig 3.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Values (mg/L)
3.1.3. Arbind Baba Pulp and Paper Mills, Sunsari
The Arbind and Baba Pulp and Paper industries discharge their effluent into the Sunsari River.
This is one of the perennial river system having rich in aquatic flora and fauna and hence the
pollution of such river should be controlled through compelling these polluting industries to
compliance with the set standard from the concern government agencies as well as local bodies.
The part of the river receiving these highly polluted effluents from both these Arbind and Baba
Pulp an Paper industry is about to reach eutrophic condition by loading of excess solid materials
and nutrients during summer season and hence the rises of river beds colonizing with various
vegetative community. The time series physico-chemical analyses of these industries are shown
in table no. 5. The result is also compared with help of bar diagram as shown in fig. 4.
Table 5. Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluents of Arbind and Baba Pulp and Paper Mills
Parameters
Unit
Arbind Pulp and Paper Mill
Baba Pulp and Paper Mills
MOPE`s
standard
5.5 - 9.0
-
Within range
Not acceptable
Pungen
t
-
Not acceptable
6400
-
5825.3
100
Low to Very
high
2.4 to 58 times
18th
March
2002
6.61
Blackish
brown
9th
Octobe
r 2002
7.5
Turbid
white
29th
June
2003
6.3
Grey
18th
March
2002
6.22
Brown
Slight
Pungen
t
6870
9th
Octobe
r 2002
6.9
Deep
yellowi
sh
brown
Pungen
t sharp
dour
4640
660
440
pH
Color (Apparent)
-
Odor
-
Foul
Odorle
ss
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
mg/L
282
110
Rott
en
egg
990
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
mg/L
1312
240
1060
Impression/
Remarks
29th
June
2003
Browni
sh
Black
8
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)
mg/L
1004
103
1614
.1
7616
5108.8
6656
250*
Biological Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
mg/L
360.5
65
450
1668
1080
1300
100
Sodium (Na)
mg/L
50.38
39.59
520.32
356.31
-
-
more
4 to 30.5 times
more except
once comply
3.6 to 16.6
times more
except once
comply
Low to Very
high
Source: Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) laboratory analysis reports.
Note: *The figure of important parameter like COD is not included in Pulp and Paper Industry standard, so
Generic Standard value is taken for comparison
Compliance Monitoring of Arbind and Baba Pulp and Paper Industries
Effluent Standard
COD
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
A=Arbind Paper Mills
B=Baba Pulp and Paper Mills
M= March, O= October, J= June
BOD
TSS
Fig 4.
0
AM02
1000
AO02
2000
AJ03
3000
4000
Values (mg/L)
BM02
BO02
5000
6000
BJ03
7000
8000
MOPE`s Standard
3.1.4. The effects of Paper Mills Effluents to the receiving Water Courses
Crude pulp and paper mill wastes, or insufficiently treated waste as in case of present study cause
very serious pollution problems, when discharged into the streams and river. The pollution
problems, when discharged into the streams. The pollution extends over a very long time, due to
the presence of slowly decomposing components in the waste. The fine fibbers often clog the
water intake screens in downstream side. A toxic effect may also be induced upon the flora and
fauna of the stream due to sulphites and phenols in the waste. Again, the bottom deposit of
Ligninocellulosic materials near the point of discharge of the waste in a stream undergo slow
decomposition and may lead to the dissolved oxygen depletion followed by the creation of
anaerobic condition and destruction of the aquatic life.
The dark color of the paper industries effluent is due to the lignin compounds which are not easily
biodegradable and hence it imparts persistent color to the receiving water as resulted of Sunsari
River water due to the mixing of Baba and Arbind Pulp & Paper Industry's effluents and Aurahi
river due to mixing of Everest Pulp and Paper industry's effluent inhibits photosynthesis and other
natural self-purification process of the water streams.
The immediate oxygen demand of the effluent brings about depletion of oxygen of the receiving
stream with the concomitant adverse effects to the aquatic life5.
The chemicals present in the effluent, e.g. sulfites, phenols, free chlorine, methyl mercaptan,
pentachlorophenol are harmful to fauna and flora of the receiving waters. The settable materials
present may sink to the bottom and interfere with aquatic life5.
9
If level BOD effluent used for irrigation purposes it makes a coating on the soil surface restricting
aeration and suppressing the emergence of seeds6.
3.2. Leather and Tanning Industries
We have so far monitored five leather and tanning Industries (Annex 1) viz: Nepal tanning,
Universal tanning, Pioneer tanning, United tanning from Eastern Development region of Nepal
and one Standard tanning industry from Central Development Region of Nepal. For illustrations
purpose the four tanning industries are dealt in brief, since these are the comparatively larger
most polluting industries. The actual production scale of all these tanning industries are shown in
table 6 given below.
Table 6. Actual daily production of different tannery industry studied
S.No.
Industries
Actual
Production
Remarks
(kg hides/skins/day)
1
Nepal Tanning
Industry
Universal Tanning
Industry
4000
3
Pioneer Tanning
Industry
3750
4
United Tanning
Industry
1800
2
5
4900
Polluting ground, agricultural fields and
groundwater
Polluting Judi River by discharging
untreated effluents, hides, fats and other
waste materials.
Polluting Budhi River, its catchments area,
and a lot of solid waste generated from this
industry discarded outside the industrial
premises.
Polluting Budhi River, its catchments area,
and a lot of solid waste generated from this
industry discarded outside the industrial
premises.
Polluting Sirsiya River, Birgunj
Standard Tanning
9000
Industry
Source: Training Program on Industrial Waste Water Standard and Monitoring Training Plan.
IEM, Kathmandu, Nepal 2003, pp 167-169.
3.2.1 Sources of Waste Water and their Characteristics of Tanning Industry
The wastewater originates from all the operation in the tanning process. The waste may be
classified as continuous flow waste and intermittent flow waste. Continuous flow wastes consists
of wash water after various processes and comprises of a large portion of the total waste, and are
relatively less polluted than the other one. Spent liquors belonging to soaking, liming, batting,
pickling, tanning and finishing operations are discharged intermittently. Although these are
relatively small in volume, they are highly polluted and contain varieties of soluble organic and
inorganic substances.
10
The spent soak liquor contains soluble proteins of the hides, dirt and large amount of common
salts when salted hides are processed. The spent liquor undergoes putrefaction very rapidly as it
offers a good amount of nutrients and favorable environment for bacterial growth. The growth of
pathogenic anthrax bacteria in this waste is also reported.
The spent lime liquor contains dissolved and suspended lime, colloidal proteins and their
degradation products, sulphides, emulsified fatty matters, and also carry a sludge composed of
un-reacted lime, calcium sulphide and calcium carbonate. As such, the spent lime liquor has a
high alkalinity, moderate BOD, and high ammonia-nitrogen content.
The spent bate liquor contains high amount of organic and ammonia nitrogen due to the presence
of soluble skin proteins, and ammonium salts used in bating.
The spent pickling and chrome tanning waste comprise a small volume, have a low BOD, and
contains traces of proteinic impurities, sodium chloride, mineral acids and chromium salts.
Chromium is known to be highly toxic to the living aquatic organisms in the hexavalent form and
somewhat less toxic in the trivalent form.
The spent dyeing and fat liquoring waste has got little significance, as major part of the dye and
fat liquor are made to fix to the leather.
In general the tanning industry wastes are of strong color, high salt content, high pH, high BOD,
high COD, high dissolved solids, presence of sulphides, lime and chromium4.
3.2.2. Physico-Chemical Analysis of Tanning Industries
Tanning Industries, such as Nepal Tanning located at Rani, Biratnagar Sub-meropolice ward no
11, Pioneer tanning at the bank of Judi River at Kathari VDC, Morang district, Pioneer and
United tanning at the bank of Budhi River, Duhabi, VDC, Sunsari district of the Eastern
Development Region of Nepal. In the present study, direct effluents from all these four tanning
industry at the point of entering into the outer environment and after treating in their so called
treatment plants were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters like pH, color, odor,
TDS, TSS, COD, BOD, and Sodium and Total Chromium (Cr) with standard laboratory method
(table 3)
The result of analysis of all tanning industries with impression and remarks drawn with respect to
MOPE`s standard for tanning industry are shown in table 7, 8, 9 and 10. The result is also
compared with help of bar diagrams as shown in fig. 5, 6, 7 and 8. The trends of pollution levels
of industrial effluents of tanning industries are also shown with help of graphs as shown in fig. 9,
10, 11 and 12 respectively.
11
Table 7 .Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluent sample of Nepal Tanning Industry
Parameters
March 18th, 2002
Unit
October 10th, 2002
Direct
effluent
Sample
7.05
Slight
Yellow
Foul
Settling
pond
Sample
7.46
Pinkish
Brown
Foul
Direct
effluent
Sample
7.3
Yellowish
Settling
pond
Sample
9.0
Yellowish
Odorless
Odorless
June 29th
2003
Direct
effluent
Sample
8.78
Blackish
MOPE`s
Standard for
Tanning
Industry
6.0-9.0
Absent
with in range
Not complying
Absent
Not complying
pH
Color (apparent)
-
Odor
-
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
mg/L
696
2142
1630
40
Rotten
egg
7630
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
mg/L
59
59
440
50
1710
100
Sulphate
Mg/L
15.2
315.3
156.87
100
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
mg/L
103
156.8
195.7
490.3
3244.8
250
Biological Chemical Demand (BOD)
mg/L
40
56.5
95.1
81.5
1450
100
Sodium (Na)
mg/L
238.06
611.18
261.41
500.04
2092
60
Total Chromium (Cr)
mg/L
29.63
1.64
0.04
0.26
3156
2
2100
Impression/
Remarks
Comply mostly
except twice
Twice exceeds with
4.4 to 17 times
Twice exceeds with
1.5 to 3 times
Twice exceeds with 2
to 13 times
Mostly comply
except once exceeds
by 14 times
4 to 35 times more
than standard
Twice exceeds with
14 to 1578 times
Source: Sah, Ram Charitra, Field Survey, 18th March 2002, 10th October 2002, 29th June 2003 and ENPHO Laboratory analysis result
Table 8. Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluent sample of Universal Tanning Industry
Parameters
Unit
5th July 2001
15th March 2002
10th Oct. 2002
MOPE`s Standard for
Tanning Industry
2.10
-
7.15
Slight Yellow
None
6.7
Greenish blue
Odorless
6.0-9.0
Absent
Absent
6780
2100
pH
Color (apparent)
Odor
-
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
mg/L
31370
743
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
mg/L
750
68
Sulphate
Mg/L
-
-
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)
Biological Chemical Demand
(BOD)
Sodium (Na)
mg/L
7120
48
mg/L
926.19
12.34
mg/L
-
176.38
Total Chromium (Cr)
mg/L
62.11
13.17
Source: Source: Sah, Ram Charitra, Field Survey, 5th July 2001, 15th March
Impression/Remarks
With in range
Not complying
Complying
Exceeds 1.5 to 3 times more
than standard
630
100
Exceeds 6.3 to 7.5 times more
than standard
2229.2
100
Exceeds 22.29 times more than
standard
473.8
250
Exceeds 2 to 28.4 times more
than standard
192
100
Exceeds 1.9 to 9.2 times more
than standard
2350.0
60
Exceeds 3 to 39 times more
than standard
> 6.02
2
Exceeds 3 to 31 times more
than standard
2002, 10th October 2002 and ENPHO Laboratory analysis result
12
Table 9. Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluent sample of Pioneer Tanning Industry
Unit
March 18th, 2002
10th October 2002
June 28th2003
MOPE`s
Standard for
Tanning Industry
pH
-
3.86
12.8
8.12
6.0-9.0
Color (apparent)
Odor
-
Blue
Pungent
Greenish yellow
pungent
Dark grey
Pungent
Absent
Absent
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
mg/L
15590
5440
3485
2100
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
mg/L
950
520
930
100
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
mg/L
1613
585
7072
250
Biological Chemical Demand
(BOD)
Sulphate
mg/L
744
450
725
100
-
37.5
1466.58
100
Sodium (Na)
mg/L
4547
2127
1099.5
60
Total Chromium (Cr)
mg/L
675.94
0.83
559.5
2
Parameters
Impression / Remarks
Not complying, highly acidic to
alkaline
Not complying
Not complying
Exceeds 1.6 to 7.4 times
more than standard
Exceeds 5.2 to 9.5 times
more than standard
Exceeds 2.3 to 28.2 times more
than standard
Exceeds 4.5 to 7.4 times
more than standard
14.66 times more than
standard
Exceeds 18.3 to 75.8 times
more than standard
Exceeds 279.7 to 337.97
times more than standard
Source: Sah, Ram Charitra, Field Survey, 18th March 2002, 10th October 2002, 28th June 2003 and ENPHO Laboratory analysis result
Table 10. Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluent sample of United Tanning Industry
Parameters
Unit
March 18th, 2002
October,10 th2002
June 28th 2003
MOPE`s
Standard for
Tanning Industry
Impression / Remarks
Not complying, highly acidic to
alkaline
Not complying
Not complying
pH
-
4.32
9.7
11.22
6.0-9.0
Color (apparent)
Odor
-
Blue
Pungent
Turbid white
Odorless
milky
pungent
Absent
Absent
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
mg/L
16930
1020
1750
2100
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
mg/L
2196
440
320
100
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
mg/L
1075.2
972.3
440.96
250
Biological Chemical Demand
(BOD)
Sulphate
mg/L
372
345
200
100
-
107.0
227.89
100
Sodium (Na)
mg/L
3362.4
255.31
448
60
Total Chromium (Cr)
mg/L
1237.81
1.36
20.1
2
Exceeds 8.06 times more than
standard once
Exceeds 3.2 to 21.9 times
more than standard
Exceeds 1.7 to 4.3 times more
than standard
Exceeds 2 to 3.72 times more
than standard
Exceeds up to 2.2 times more
than standard
Exceeds 4.2 to 56 times more
than standard
Exceeds 10 to 618.9 times more
than standard
Source: Sah, Ram Charitra, Field Survey, 18th March 2002, 10th October 2002, 28th June 2003 and ENPHO Laboratory analysis result
13
C ompliance Monitoring of Ne pal Tanning Industry
5000
4000
3000
2000
15t h March 2002
10t h Oct . 2002
MOPE`s St andard
Sulphate
COD
BOD
Sodium
(Na)
T otal
Cr.
Parame te rs
Fig. 6.
Compliance Monitoring of United Tanning Industry
March 18th, 2002
20000
12000
Fig. 8.
T otal Cr.
Sodium (Na)
Total Cr.
Sodium (Na)
Sulphate
BOD
COD
0
TSS
0
TDS
4000
BOD
8000
5000
Param eters
June 28th 2003
MOPE`s Standard
COD
10000
16000
T SS
15000
October,10 th2002
T DS
March 18th, 2002
10th October 2002
June 28th2003
MOPE`s Standard
Values(mg/L)
20000
Sulphate
Com plance Monitoring of Pioneer Taning Industry
Values (m g/L)
BOD
Parameters
Fig. 5.
Fig. 7.
Total Cr.
T SS
Sodium (Na)
T DS
COD
0
Sulphate
TDS
0
1000
5t h July 2001
TSS
Values (mg/L)
6000
10000 20000 30000 40000
March 18th, 2002 Direct effluent Sample
March 18th, 2002 Settling pond Sample
October 10th, 2002 Direct effluent Sample
October 10th, 2002 Settling pond Sample
June 29th 2003 Direct effluent Sample
MOPE`s Standard
7000
Values (mg/L)
8000
Compliance Monitoring of Universal Tanning Industry
Parame te rs
14
Trend of pollution of Universal Tanning Industry
Trend of Pollution of Nepal Tanning Industry
March 18t h, 2002 Direct
effluent Sample
March 18t h, 2002 Set t ling
pond Sample
Oct ober 10t h, 2002 Direct
effluent Sample
Oct ober 10t h, 2002 Set t ling
pond Sample
June 29t h 2003 Direct
effluent Sample
MOP E`s St andard
8000
6000
5000
4000
3000
5th July 2001
30000
15th March 2002
10th Oct. 2002
25000
MOPE`s Standard
20000
15000
Fig. 10.
Cr
.
a)
al
ot
T
So
di
um
(N
BO
D
CO
at
e
SS
Su
lp
h
T
D
S
Total Cr.
Sodium (Na)
Sulphate
Parame te rs
Fig. 9.
BOD
0
COD
0
TSS
5000
TDS
1000
D
10000
2000
T
Values (mg/L)
7000
35000
Values (mg/L)
9000
Parame te rs
Trend of Pollution level of Pioneer Tanning Industry
Trend of Pollution of United Tanning Industry
18000
14000
8000
6000
4000
4000
2000
2000
0
T DS
6000
0
Fig. 11.
T DS
T SS
COD
BOD
Sulphate Sodium
(Na)
Parame te rs
T otal
Cr.
Fig. 12.
Parameters
T ot al Cr.
8000
MOPE`s Standard
10000
Sodium
(Na)
10000
June 28th 2003
12000
Sulphat e
MOPE`s Standard
October,10 th2002
BOD
June 28th2003
12000
Values (mg/L)
10th October 2002
March 18th, 2002
COD
14000
16000
Val ue s (mg/L)
16000
March 18th, 2002
T SS
18000
15
3.2.3 Effects of the Waste on Receiving Waters and Sewers
As stated earlier the three tanning industries located on the bank of holly rivers, near to residential area
and one Nepal Tanning located in the middle of the large agricultural fields near to dense public
residential area in one hand where as on the other hand the tannery wastes are characterized by high
BOD, COD, high suspended solids and strong color. These wastes when discharged as such deplete the
dissolved oxygen of the stream very rapidly, due to both chemical and biological oxidation of sulphur and
organic compounds. A secondary pollution of the stream may occur due to the deposition of solids near
the discharge point and its subsequent putrefaction. The gas evolved during this process has got a typical
foul odor. The chromium is toxic to aquatic life and inhabits the growth of fish in the stream as also
reported about disappearance of fishes from Budhi and Judi rivers. Presence of tannins in the raw water
renders it unsuitable for use in certain industries.
Even lagooning of the untreated tannery waste on open land may adversely affect the groundwater and
nearby surface water sources due to the seepage of dissolved solids (chiefly in respect of sodium
chloride); this also makes soil unsuitable for cultivation for high salt content in case of Nepal Tanning
industries.
As chromium contents of the tested effluent samples are also found to be very high than the industrial
effluents standards fixed by the government of Nepal. Chromium compounds in excess of 10-20 mg/L
disrupt the operation of trickling filter. Sulphides are also toxic to the microorganism; however they get
oxidized in the sewer before their arrival to the sewage treatment plant. Presence of lime also inhibits
biological action in the sewage treatment plant. Though there is no permanent treatment plant setup by
any of these industries, the natural water courses and rivers is getting more and more polluted day by day
and the self purification power of these rivers will be definitely decreased.
Bathing in the river water contaminated with tanning industries pollution containing high level of
Chromium tan certainly have skin problems. Chromium is known to toxic to body tissues, can cause
irritation, dermatitis, ulceration of skin, perforation of nasal septum and suspected carcinogenic action 5.
4. Standard Formulation Process in Nepal
For the promotion of quality product, the very first step is the defining of quality level authentically
which is done by the development of national standards. This is done with the common consensus for
general approval of concerned sectors like industry, trade, consumer and experts. A technical committee
is formed calling representative from the concerned sectors. Preliminary draft is prepared after making
comparative studies of other national and international standards, technical papers, tests reports of various
samples tests. Draft approved in technical committee meeting is sent to wide circulation for comments.
After incorporation of comments, if any, the draft standard is sent to the Nepal Council for Standards
which is being chaired by the Minister of Industry, Commerce and Supplies (MOICS). After the approval
of draft standard by the council it becomes Nepal Standard (NS). Generally in period 5 years standards
are revised and reviewed, but in case of urgency, they can be revised at any times. This is the history with
Nepal standard7.
Since, establishment of the Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE), government has come of
with several national level environmental quality standards. Which are legally binding and its
implementation is compulsory. Of course the processes of formulation of such standards are not
transparent as earlier. These were developed on the basis of least consultation of experts and stakeholders
and hence are very soft and less comprehensive. These first generation standards are not been able to
16
accommodate all the required parameters representing the characteristics of this particular group of
industry. For example, important parameter like COD is missing in the Pulp & paper industry's standard.
As stated above, any standard have to be reviewed in 5 years, so the compliance monitoring of all the
industrial effluent standards are must. So far government has not taken any initiative towards compliance
monitoring of such polluting industries effluents standards. According to latest development, they will
soon working towards human resource as well as infrastructure development required for the compliance
monitoring such as training to the staffs and setup laboratory. In this context, the role of civil society like
Pro Public become crucial in initiating compliance monitoring of the industrial effluent standards in
Nepal from standard setup time.
5. Common Treatment Plant for Hetauda Industrial district
In the recent few years, with support of Environment Sector Support Program (ESPS)/DANIDA,
government has initiated Cleaner Production Policy. But the overall out comes of this program is not
significant as it's aimed to be at the cost of huge foreign investments.
ESPS started up its activities in September 1999 in Nepal with the aim of strengthen the overall
environmental management of the so-called "brown sector" i.e. the industrial and urban environment.
Among the five different components, components 2: Promotion of Cleaner Production (CP) in
Industry is at present working with more than 50 industries all over Nepal. Through this work several
hundred cleaner production options have been identified out of which several have already been
implemented8
The results of CP are more exaggeratedly published. But in real terms, there is very little achievement in
the overall environmental pollution reduction as also found from our compliance monitoring result.
Several industries which are under CP and also granted provisional pollution control certificate by
MOICS never comply the standard. There is definitely increase in water use efficiency as well as energy
use efficiency but not significantly reduction in the pollution load to the environment. Sometimes, the
increased strength of the effluent were founds.
Similarly, from the ESPS components 3:Demonstration of common waste water treatment in Hetauda
Industrial District with an aim of demonstrating that the industry can benefit economically and
environmentally by connecting to common wastewater treatment plants instead of establishing individual
treatment plant. Our experience with the Guheshowary common sewerage treatment plant which also
aims to treat the sewerage mixed with effluent of various wool processing and dyeing industries in the
upper catchments is not functioning efficiently due to various reasons. The strength of the effluents of
those industries is quite enough to kill the effective viable population of the bacteria essential for efficient
treatment work is one of the major reasons of inefficiency of that treatment plant. So similar situation
might have to face with this common treatment plant, constructed in Hetauda Industrial district in absence
of primary level treatment plant at individual industry level. We have to wait to see its performance.
Currently the plant construction is over, ready to handover to the government. Who have taken initiative
to resolve the earlier problems and issues raised by the participating industrialist to this treatment plant.
One very serious assurance from the government side is commitment to give the first priority to purchase
their products despite of its higher cost up to 20 percent than the general market price. This is against the
Financial Administration Regulation (Tender rules). So their is doubt on the implementations of such
commitments. Industrialists are the polluters so, they have to spend on the treatment according to
Polluters pay Principle and it is there responsibility too required for the sustainable development. So
there is no need to make any kind of commitment rather than compel them to comply the standard with
joining the treatment system. Since any such kind of assistance to the few industries inside this industrial
district will result bad impression to the rest of the industries and open room to bargain with the
17
government for the establishment of treatment plant and hence the compliance of the industrial effluent
standard remains a secondary thing for them. The promotion of eco-labeling to their products,
advertisements facilities etc could be given which once again support to the comply of the standard. The
operation of such common treatment plant will cater for the treatment of effluents which contribute to
pollution reduction of the Kara Rivers. The operation mechanism and its financial management system is
the most important factors need to be finalized before the handover and full operation of the treatment
plant.
Since we have a failure example of Guheshowary Biological Treatment Plant made at the cost of about 56
Million Nepalese rupees is inefficient in treating the sewerage of upper catchments and presently also
facing the financial crisis for its sustenance. So please stop repetition of similar event with this new
Hetauda Industrial District Common Treatment Plants constructed at the cost of 53 Million Nepalese
rupees to treat 1.2 million liters of waste water per day. Treatment plant is based on biological treatment
process and having 9 aerobic ponds, 2 anaerobic ponds and one extra pond in case of any emergency. The
treatment plants about to operation and the hand over of the operation responsibilities to the management
committee including industrial representative will be done soon9.
6. Trans-boundary movement of industrial waste
Although waste generation , accumulation, and disposal problems are common phenomenon in Nepal's
urban and industrial area, there is an increasing trends of deliberate disposing of , degradable nonbiodegradable waste such as toxic effluents, scrap, plastic, glasses and so on into the nearby rivers and
land beyond its assimilation power. As Nepal is also known as the country of mountains and rivers, most
of the perennial rivers flows through the boarder into the neighboring countries India and then into
Bangladesh. Transboundary movements of such toxic waste through these inter-country following rivers
have not been considered a major issue so far. However, it will likely increase number of industries that
use scarp as raw martial and the industries that uses a lot of chemicals and water during process of their
product release allot of toxic waste to the nearby rivers. Hence this issues of transboundary movement of
pollution demands close attention to comply with the national and international, legally binding
instruments and standards as Nepal is party (15th August 1996) of the Basel Convention (May 22, 1989)
on the control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous waste . Thus the compliance of the industrial
effluent standard is therefore also most necessary and its monitoring is even quite essential before the
other neighboring courtiers raise their concern on this issues.
7. Conclusion
With increase in industries, the industrial pollution is also increasing day by day in every country
including ours. This industrial pollution has not only brought comforts but also hazards for human beings,
animals and aquatic life. Pollution has seeped into the very fiber of human society all over the world. The
entire body of the earth is sullied today. The air we breathe in, the water we drink, the food we eat, the
soil on which one sleeps contain some kind of poisonous chemicals which aversely affects the human and
non-human on this boiling planet of ours.
According to the Indian Prevention, Control and Abatement of Environmental Pollution, no person
carrying on any industry, operation or process shall discharge or emit or permit to be discharge or emitted
any environmental pollution in excess of such standards as may be prescribed. Similar short of provision
exist with in our EPA and EPR. But from the conducted study of all the four Tanning industries and
three Pulp and Paper Industries of Eastern and Central Developmental Region of Nepal, it could be
inferred that none of the industries complying the first generation industrial effluents standard setout by
the Ministry of Population and Environment. It is also not much exaggeration to say that none of the
18
pollution prone industries of those groups whose effluents standard has been established by MOPE able to
complying the standards due to lack of implementation and monitoring mechanism. Though the set up
standard is not much comprehensive and also lack of emission standard. Also there are only nine
industries effluent standards have been set up and government is not showing their keen interest to bring
all the other industries under generic standard for which it has been developed. Other wise there is not
necessary to have a generic standard. Moreover, the industries whose standard are in place have to be
provided permanent pollution control certificate for the 3 years and for the rest of the industries one year
provisional pollution control certificate have to be given. But government through MOICS granting
provisional pollution control certificate to all industries(about 30) applying for which is against our EPA
1996 of Nepal.
There is far beyond of our hope to have better standard with their effective implementation and
monitoring mechanism quite essential for the overall environment conservation of the nations which helps
in their sustainable development. Though it is hard enough to comply the environmental standards, this
could be strategically achieved through having in-house competent technical professional with effective
monitoring mechanism rather than limited to only hiring the consultants for standard development and
handover the responsibility of implementing to other institutions having similar deficiency of
infrastructures and expertise. In this instant, the Government-NGO partnership in the compliance
monitoring and evaluation should be promoted.
8. Discussion and recommendations
With a view to check and prevent Air, Water and Soil pollution arising out of industrial areas following
are the some recommendation made based on present compliance monitoring study and practical
problems of existing environmental rules and regulations.
1. Adequate steps shall be taken to fully comply of the government standard to prevent air, water and
soil pollution.
2. All the required anti-pollution measures to be installed conform to comply the effluent (exist) and
emission (need to be setup) standards prescribed by the concerned government agencies. The
remaining industries should bring under the generic standard.
3. In the Environment Protection Act 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation 1997, there is no
clear statement to carryout the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and/or Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) while expanding the capacity of the production and reporting any pollution prone
industries after certain period of closedown, and relocating such industries except its requirement
only when new establishment any industries. These provide great loopholes to the opportunistic
irresponsible to the environment conservation.
4. Similar to the present situation, if directly responsible government agencies like MOPE started to
hand over the sole responsibility and authority to monitoring of the industrial pollution and
compliance of effluent standard set by them to the other ministry in the name of coordination and lack
of in-house expertise. The day would definitely come where there must be not necessity of such
ministry at all and there will be no more MOPE. So it is strongly recommend that in order to prove
worthy of its own existence such responsibilities should not be transferred to other and act actively to
perform their own duty and responsibility by having proper trained technical manpower of
environmental science related academic background under the provision of EPA. For example MOPE
should recruit enough Environmental Inspectors as well as other human resources with proper
academic qualification.
19
5. It is prime time to strengthen the concerned governmental and non-governmental line agencies in the
field of environment monitoring, research and development. The government procedure should start
immediately to create post of Environmental Inspector according to them of EPA and EPR, qualified
and educated in environment related subject matter.
6. The limited sole authorities and responsibilities of collecting samples, inspecting any industries and
monitoring of any kinds of environmental related nuisance, pollution and non-compatibility of the
governmental established rules, regulation and standards should also be given to the NGOs based on
their working area, performance and available technical manpower. At the same time they have also
involved into the capacity development program of concerned department and ministries.
7. Government should act immediately start compliance monitoring program of the first generation
standard so that after some time advance generation standards could be established. The pollution
control certification should be granted according to the EPA and EPR provisions.
8. The Pollution Control Certification Procedure should be effectively implemented which must be
based on the complete environmental examination of all the pollution sources and laboratory analysis
and also according to provision of EPA and EPR. A third party monitoring mechanism including the
representative of the local bodies and civil society will be recommended.
9. The NGOs-Government Partnership should be developed and enhance the citizen monitoring
mechanism to proper evaluation, efficiency and effectiveness of national as well as foreign aid
program in the sector of environment.
10. There is urgent need of recruiting relevant personals with related academic qualification in right place
and come up with standard laboratory, more stringent policies, standards and regulation of pollution
control coupled with plan of actions to achieve it.
9. Bibliography
1.
2.
State of the Environment, Nepal, HMGN/MOPE, 2001, pp. 6, 15-16, 124
3.
4.
5.
6.
Environmental Pollution in Nepal, A review of Studies, Kathmandu, IUCN/NPC 1991.
Rao, M.N., Datta, A.K. , "Waste Water Treatment", 2nd ed., 1987, pp 205, 208-210.
Dara, S.S., "A text book of Environmental Chemistry, 2001", p. 41, p.91.
Environmental & Agriculture, at the crossroad of the New millennium, "Industrial Effluent &
their use in Agriculture along Narayani River Nawalparasi, Nepal", ECOS, Kathmandu, Nepal
2000, pp. 456-466.
Training Program on Industrial Waste Water Standard and Monitoring Training Plan, IEM,
Kathmandu, Nepal 2003, p. 22, pp 167-169, pp 209-206.
Malinovsky, Mikael, "Environmental, A journal of the Environment" Air Quality Management in
Kathmandu Valley, 2001, pp.50–54.
The daily news papers: Annapurna Post and Space time Daily of September 30, 2003.
Sah, Ram Charitra , Field Visits during August, 2001, March 2002, October 2002 and June 2003
in different industries.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A Compendium on Environmental static's, Nepal, Kathmandu, Center Bureau of Statistics
(CBS) 1998
20
Annex 1. Number of Industries Monitored by Pro Public
Groups of Industries
Everest Pulp and Paper p. Ltd.,
Baba Pulp and Paper P.Ltd.
Arbind Pulp and Paper P.Ltd.
Reliance Pulp and Paper P. Ltd.
Nepal Tanning P. Ltd.
Universal Tanning P. Ltd.
United Tanning P. Ltd.
PioneerTanning P. Ltd.
Standard Tanning Industry, P. Ltd.
Swdeshi Soap Udhog Ltd.
Himalaya Soap and Chemicals Ltd.
Quality Soap and Chemical Industry Ltd.
Puja Soap and Chemical Ltd.
Amrit Vegetable and Ghee P.Ltd.
Sivshakti Vegetable Ghee and Oil P. Ltd.
Rajhans Vegetable Ghee and Oil p.Ltd,
Shree Ram Vegetable Ghee Industry
Nepal Liker Ltd.
Triveni Distillery P. Ltd.
Ashok Textile Industry Ltd.,
Arnica Textiles P.Ltd
Hulas wire industry Ltd.
Total 22 different industries
Location
Dhanusha, CDR
Sunsari, EDR
Sunsari, EDR
Rupandehi, WDR
Morang, EDR
Morang, EDR
Sunsari, EDR
Sunsari, EDR
Birgunj, CDR
Morang, EDR
Morang, EDR
Morang, EDR
Birgunj, CDR
Birgunj, CDR
Birgunj, CDR
Birgunj, CDR
Morang, EDR
Morang, EDR
Rupandehi, WDR
Morang, EDR
Birgunj, CDR
Morang, EDR
3 DR out of 5
Time of Monitoring
April 01, Aug.01, March 02, Oct.02
March 2002, October 2002, June 2003
March 2002, October 2002, June 2003
January 2003
March 2002, Oct.2002, June 2003
July 01, March 02, Oct.02, June 2003
March 2002, Oct.2002, June 2003
March 2002, Oct.2002, June 2003
April 2003
July 2001
July 2001
June 2003
April 2003
April 2003
April 2003
April 2003
June 2003
July 2001
January 2003
July 2001
April 2003
July 2001, June 2003
Three years of duration
21