Q1.
Crude oil is used to make useful substances such as alkenes and
plastics.
(a)
The alkene shown is ethene.
(i)
Tick ( ) the correct formula for ethene.
Formula
( )
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
(1)
(ii)
Tick ( ) the name of the plastic formed when many ethene
molecules join together.
Name of plastic
( )
Poly(ethene)
Poly(ethanol)
Poly(propene)
(1)
(b)
Read the article about plastics and then answer the questions.
THE PROBLEM WITH PLASTIC WASTE
The UK produces about 3 million tonnes of plastics from crude oil every
year.
Most of the litter found on UK beaches is plastic waste.
80% of the plastics produced end up in landfill sites.
The UK recycles only 7% of plastic waste.
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer in the box to complete
the sentence.
Litter that is plastic waste needs to be removed from beaches
decomposes
because it
is flammable
.
is not
biodegradable
(1)
(ii)
Suggest a problem caused by 80% of the plastics going to
landfill sites.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iii)
The UK government has set a target to recycle 30% of plastic
waste.
How are resources saved by recycling more plastics?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q2.
Billions of years ago, the Earth’s early atmosphere was probably like
the atmosphere of Venus today.
The table shows a comparison of the atmospheres of the Earth and
Venus today.
Percentage composition of atmosphere
Name of gas
Nitrogen
Earth today
Venus today
78
3.5
Oxygen
21
a trace
Argon
0.97
a trace
Carbon dioxide
0.03
96.5
Average surface
temperature
20 ºC
460 ºC
(a)
Use the names of gases from the table to complete the sentences.
(i)
In the Earth’s atmosphere today, the main gas is
.................................................. .
(1)
(ii)
In the Earth’s atmosphere billions of years ago, the main gas
was
............................................................ .
(1)
(b)
(i)
Scientists do not know the accurate composition of the
Earth’s early atmosphere.
Suggest why.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Use information from the table to answer this question.
Water vapour is present in the atmospheres of the Earth and
Venus today.
The Earth’s surface is mainly covered by water.
Suggest why there is no water on the surface of Venus.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(c)
The diagram shows how carbon dioxide is removed from the
Earth’s atmosphere.
Describe what happened to the carbon dioxide in the Earth’s early
atmosphere.
Use the diagram to help you.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
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.........................
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.........................
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.........................
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.........................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q3.
Energy is released by burning fuels.
(a)
The bar chart shows the energy in kilojoules, kJ, released by
burning 1 g of five different fuels.
(i)
Which fuel releases the least energy from 1 g?
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
How much energy is released by burning 1 g of coal?
Energy = ......................... kJ
(1)
(iii)
Coal burns in oxygen and produces the gases shown in the
table.
Name
Formula
Carbon dioxide
CO2
Water vapour
H2O
Sulfur dioxide
SO2
Use information from the table to name one element that is in
coal.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iv)
Use information from the bar chart to calculate the mass of
petrol that will release the same amount of energy as 1 g of
hydrogen.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
Mass = ......................... g
(1)
(b)
Hydrogen can be made from fossil fuels.
Hydrogen burns rapidly in oxygen to produce water only.
A lighthouse uses electricity generated by burning hydrogen.
(i)
Use information from the bar chart and the diagram above to
suggest two advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel.
1
.........................................................................................
...............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
2
.........................................................................................
...............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest one disadvantage of using hydrogen.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q4.
The diagram shows a circuit that is used in a torch. Electrons flow
through this circuit.
(a)
Why is copper used for the wire?
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
The diagram shows the structure of an atom of lithium.
Name the particle labelled Z.
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(c)
The table shows some properties of the metals used in the
electrical circuit.
Metal
Melting point in
°C
Boiling point in
°C
Reaction with oxygen
Copper
1083
2582
Reacts slowly to form a
thin oxide layer on surface
Lithium
179
1317
Reacts rapidly to form
oxide
3370
5930
Reacts only when very
hot to form oxide
Tungsten
(i)
Use information from the table to suggest the order of
reactivity for copper, lithium and tungsten.
most reactive
..........................................................
..........................................................
least reactive
..........................................................
(2)
(ii)
The filament wire glows because it gets very hot.
Use information from the table to suggest one reason why
tungsten is used for the filament wire in the light bulb.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(d)
The gas used in the light bulb is argon.
Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the
sentence.
dense.
Argon is used in the light bulb because it is
solid.
.
unreactive.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5.
An advert for some crisps claims that they now contain only 30%
saturated fat because they are cooked in sunflower oil. The crisp
company used bromine water to compare percentage unsaturation of
sunflower oil with four other vegetable oils, A, B, C and D.
Volume of bromine water added until
the bromine colour just remains (cm3)
Oil
(i)
Percentage
unsaturation
(%)
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Average
Sunflower
25.4
28.0
27.0
26.8
A
13.0
14.0
15.0
14.0
35
B
23.2
11.2
24.0
23.6
59
C
19.9
21.1
20.2
20.4
51
D
9.5
8.8
9.3
9.2
23
What is the range of percentage unsaturation for oils A, B, C and
D?
Range = ................................................ %
(1)
(ii)
Describe and explain what happens to the first drops of bromine
water that are added to these oils.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(iii)
The average for oil B is given as 23.6 cm3.
Explain how this average has been calculated.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iv)
The results did not show that sunflower oil contains 30% saturated
fat.
Explain why. (You will need to calculate the percentage
unsaturation of sunflower oil.)
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q6.
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
At a cement works, limestone is mixed with clay and heated in a kiln.
(a)
(i)
When methane is burned in this process the waste gases
contain carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
Explain why.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
Complete the symbol equation for the thermal decomposition
of calcium carbonate.
CaCO3 → .........................
+
.........................
(2)
(b)
A different fuel is burnt at the cement works.
Suggest one reason the company may give for using this different
fuel at the cement works.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(c)
The cement works continue to burn the different fuel.
Local residents are concerned because more children are suffering
asthma attacks. Residents have also noticed that parked cars are
becoming dirty because of smoke particles from the chimney.
The table shows the possible medical risk from smoke particles.
Particle size in mm
Medical effect
Larger than 0.4
No medical risks known
0.3 and smaller
Causes asthma attacks
0.2 and smaller
May cause cancer
It is also recommended that to avoid damage to health, the
concentration of any particles should be no higher than 2 parts per
million (ppm).
Scientists were brought in to monitor the emissions from the
cement work’s chimney.
They positioned four sensors around the cement works to monitor
airborne smoke particles.
These four sensors only detect particle sizes larger than 0.5 mm
and measure the concentration of particles in ppm. The scientists
reported that the particle sensors showed that the average
concentration of particles was 1.8 ppm. The scientists concluded
that there was no risk to health.
(i)
Explain why the local residents objected to the positions of
the four sensors.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
What evidence did the scientists use to conclude that there
was no risk to health?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iii)
The local residents were still concerned that there was a risk
to health, even though the average concentration of particles
was 1.8 ppm.
Explain why.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q7.
In 1935 C.F. Richter designed a scale for comparing the size of
earthquakes.
A newspaper reported that an earthquake off the coast of Kent had
caused plaster to come down from ceilings, house tiles to loosen and
church bells to ring.
The epicentre is the place on the surface of the Earth directly above
where the earthquake occurs.
(a)
Suggest why the earthquake in Kent was reported and why most
earthquakes in the UK are not reported.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(b)
Explain how earthquakes are caused.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(3)
(c)
People living in Kent were not warned about this earthquake.
In terms of what is happening within the Earth, explain the
problems of trying to predict earthquakes.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q8.
The hip joint between the femur and pelvis sometimes has to be
replaced.
Early hip replacement joints were made from stainless steel.
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium and nickel.
The diagram below represents the particles in stainless steel.
(a)
Use the particle diagram to complete the percentages of metals in
this stainless steel.
The first one has been done for you.
Element
Percentage (%)
Iron, Fe
72
Chromium, Cr
Nickel, Ni
(2)
(b)
Pure iron is a relatively soft, metallic element.
(i)
Why is iron described as an element?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why pure iron would not be suitable for a hip
replacement joint.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iii)
Use the particle diagram to help you to explain why stainless
steel is harder than pure iron.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
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.........................
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.........................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q9.
Crude oil is a resource from which fuels can be separated.
(a)
The name of the main fuel fractions and one of the hydrocarbons in
each fraction are shown in the table.
(i)
How does the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon
affect its boiling point?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest the lowest temperature to which crude oil needs to
be heated to vaporize all the hydrocarbons in the table.
Temperature = ................................................ °C
(1)
(iii)
Dodecane boils at 216 °C. At what temperature will dodecane
gas condense to liquid?
Temperature = ................................................ °C
(1)
(b)
The bar chart shows the relative supply and demand for the petrol
and diesel fractions.
(i)
How does the relative supply and demand for petrol and
diesel fractions cause problems for an oil company?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest one way an oil company could solve these problems.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Water sold in plastic bottles has a high ‘carbon cost’.
Q10.
The ‘carbon cost’ depends on the amount of carbon dioxide emitted in
making and transporting the product.
The more carbon dioxide emitted, the higher the ‘carbon cost’.
(a)
Plastic water bottles are made from a polymer.
The polymer is made from ethene.
Ethene is made by cracking hydrocarbons.
(i)
Name the polymer made from ethene.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Ethene can be made by cracking the hydrocarbon pentane,
C5H12.
C5H12
→
C2H4
+
C3H8
Explain why there is a ‘carbon cost’ for the process of
cracking a hydrocarbon.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(b)
The diagram shows information about water sold in plastic bottles
in the UK.
The diagram also shows the average distances that water and
plastic bottles are transported.
Suggest how the high ‘carbon cost’ of water sold in plastic bottles
could be reduced.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q11.
Earthquakes are common in certain places on Earth.
(a)
The diagram shows the layered structure of the Earth.
Choose one word from the box to complete the label on the
diagram.
atmosphere
core
plate
(1)
(b)
In 1935 C.F. Richter designed a scale for comparing the size of
earthquakes.
A newspaper reported that an earthquake off the coast of Kent had
caused plaster to come down from ceilings, house tiles to loosen
and church bells to ring.
(i)
Earthquakes happen often in the UK.
Suggest why most of these earthquakes are not reported in
the newspapers.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the number which best shows the size of
the earthquake in Kent.
1
4
6
8
(1)
(iii)
State what causes earthquakes.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iv)
Why were people living in Kent not warned about this
earthquake?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q12.
An advert for crisps claims that they now contain only 30%
saturated fat because they are cooked in sunflower oil.
(a)
The oil is extracted from sunflower seeds. The diagram shows how
this can be done.
Draw a ring around the correct word in each box to complete the
sentences.
(i)
evaporating.
The oil is obtained from crushed sunflower seeds
by
filtering.
pressing.
(1)
(ii)
burn
The oil does not
dissolve
in water.
melt
(1)
(b)
Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the
sentence.
Carbon carbon double bonds in sunflower oil can be detected
bromine.
by reacting with
iron.
oxygen.
(1)
(c)
Water has a boiling point of 100 °C. Sunflower oil has a boiling
point above 232 °C.
Suggest why sunflower oil and not water is used to make crisps
from thin slices of potato.
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.........................
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Limestone has been called the Earth’s most useful rock.
Q13.
(a)
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
(i)
Complete the table to show the number of atoms of each
element in the formula of calcium carbonate.
Calcium has been done for you.
Element
Number of atoms in the formula CaCO3
Calcium, Ca
1
Carbon, C
Oxygen, O
(2)
(ii)
The diagram below represents a carbon atom.
Use words from the box to label the parts of this atom.
bond
electron
molecule
nucleus
(2)
(b)
At a cement works, limestone is mixed with clay and heated in a
kiln.
Use the information in the diagram to answer these questions.
(i)
Name the fuel that is used to heat the limestone and clay.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
Draw a ring around the correct gas in the box to complete the
sentence.
argon.
The gas formed when calcium carbonate
decomposes is
carbon
dioxide.
nitrogen.
(1)
(c)
The cement works starts to burn a different fuel.
Local residents are concerned because more children are suffering
asthma attacks.
Residents have also noticed that parked cars are becoming dirty
because of smoke particles from the chimney.
The table shows the possible medical risk from smoke particles.
(i)
Particle size in mm
Medical effect
Larger than 0.4
No medical risks known
0.3 and smaller
Causes asthma attacks
0.2 and smaller
May cause cancer
Give two reasons why local residents are concerned about
the cement works burning a different fuel.
1
.........................................................................................
...............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
2
.........................................................................................
...............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
The company operating the cement works stated that smoke
particles from the chimney had not changed since it started
burning the different fuel.
If you were a local resident, what evidence would you like to
see to help you decide if the company’s statement is true or
not?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q14.
Iron is the main structural metal used in the world.
(a)
The diagram represents the particles in iron, Fe.
Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the
sentence.
atoms
Iron is described as an element because
all the
compounds
metals
are the
same.
(1)
(b)
Stainless steel is mostly iron.
The diagram represents the particles in stainless steel.
Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences
about alloys.
metal
structure
mixture
molecule
polymer
smart
Stainless steel is an alloy because it is a
........................................................................... of iron, chromium
and nickel.
An alloy is made up of more than one type of
................................................................ .
Stainless steel alloys are harder than iron because the different
sized atoms added change
the ............................................................................... .
An alloy that can return to its original shape after being deformed is
called a
..................................................................... alloy.
(4)
(c)
In the UK, we use about 1.8 billion steel cans every year but only
25% are recycled.
Used steel cans are worth about £100 per tonne.
Recycling saves raw materials and reduces waste that would end
up in landfill. Producing steel by recycling used cans saves 75% of
the energy that would be needed to produce steel from iron ore.
This also reduces carbon dioxide emissions.
(i)
Give two reasons, from the information above, to explain why
recycling used steel cans is a good idea.
1
.........................................................................................
...............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
2
.........................................................................................
...............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest how the local council could increase the percentage
of used steel cans that are recycled.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q15.
Air is a mixture of gases and contains various pollutants. The gases
are useful and can be separated by fractional distillation of liquid air. The
table gives information about some of the gases in air.
Name of gas
Formula
Melting point in °C
Boiling point in °C
Helium
He
–272.2
–269.0
Oxygen
O2
–219.0
–183.0
Nitrogen
N2
–210.0
–195.9
Argon
Ar
–189.0
–185.9
Carbon dioxide
CO2
–78.5
–78.5
Water vapour
H2O
0.0
100.0
To separate these gases:
•
•
•
•
(a)
the air is filtered
water is removed first
carbon dioxide is then removed by absorption
the gases remaining are compressed and cooled to –200 °C.
The air is filtered before the gases are separated.
Suggest why.
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
(1)
(b)
Water vapour and carbon dioxide are removed before the gases
are compressed and cooled.
Use the information in the table to suggest why.
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
(2)
(c)
After the water and carbon dioxide have been removed, which gas
stays liquid over the greatest temperature range?
............................................................................................................
............
(1)
(d)
After the water and carbon dioxide have been removed, the four
gases that are left are compressed and cooled to –200 °C.
(i)
Which gas does not liquefy?
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(ii)
The three liquefied gases are then allowed to warm up.
Give the order in which the three liquefied gases would
vaporise.
1st ...................................................
2nd ..................................................
3rd ...................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q16.
An advert for crisps claimed that they are healthier because they
are cooked in sunflower oil.
(a)
A student found the following information about four oils that are
used to make crisps.
Rapeseed oil
Sunflower oil
Olive oil
Corn oil
Saturated fat (%)
6.6
12.0
14.3
14.4
Polyunsaturated
fat (%)
29.3
63.3
8.2
51.3
Melting point (°C)
+5
–18
–12
–15
One hypothesis is that oils are thought to be healthier if they are:
•
low in saturated fat
•
high in polyunsaturated fat.
(i)
Use the table to decide which oil should be healthiest. Explain
your decision by comparing this oil with other oils from the
table that you think are less healthy.
Healthiest oil is
.....................................................................................
Explanation
.........................................................................................
..
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(ii)
These oils can be hardened by reacting them with hydrogen.
A student said that hardening would make sunflower oil
healthier.
Is this student’s claim correct?
Explain your answer.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(b)
A mixture of the olive oil, water and egg yolk was shaken and left to
stand. The olive oil and water do not separate.
The diagram shows a simple model of how a stable mixture of olive
oil and water is produced by the addition of egg yolk.
Use this simple model to explain how the molecules in the egg yolk
are able to produce a stable mixture of olive oil and water.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q17.
This question is about the use hydrocarbons and the production of
compounds from hydrocarbons.
(a)
The equation shows a reaction involving hydrocarbons.
C8H18
→
C2H4
+
C6H14
Hydrocarbon J
Hydrocarbon L
Hydrocarbon K
Choose the correct processes from the box to complete the
sentences.
combustion
hydration
polymerisation
(i)
thermal decomposition
Hydrocarbons K and L are produced by
........................................... .
(1)
(ii)
Ethanol can be produced from hydrocarbon K by
.............................. .
(1)
(iii)
Describe a test to distinguish between hydrocarbons K and L
and give the result of the test.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(b)
Hydrocarbon J burns completely in oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide and water vapour.
2 C8H18
+
H2O
(i)
25 O2
→
16 CO2
+
18
When 114g of hydrocarbon J burns completely in 400g of
oxygen it produces
162g of water vapour.
What mass of carbon dioxide would be produced from
burning 114g of
hydrocarbon J?
Show clearly how you work out your answer
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
Answer = ................................. g
(2)
(ii)
The mass of carbon dioxide produced is greater than the
114g of hydrocarbon J
that was burned.
Explain why.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(c)
Two different processes are used to produce ethanol.
Process 1
Process 2
Fermentation of a sugar solution
by yeast in a reaction vessel.
Reaction of ethene (from crude
oil) with steam in a reactor.
The reaction vessel has to be
emptied, cleaned and refilled
every few days.
The reaction is only stopped if
there is a fault in the reactor.
The process produces a 15%
ethanol solution in water.
(i)
The process produces 100%
ethanol.
Give one advantage that Process 1 has over Process 2.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(ii)
What advantages to a manufacturer of ethanol, does Process
2 have over
Process 1?
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q18.
Copper is found in the Earth’s crust as an ore containing copper
sulfide. Large areas of land, where this ore was once quarried, are
contaminated with low percentages of copper sulfide. Copper would be
too expensive to extract from this contaminated land using the traditional
method of quarrying and then heating in a furnace.
(a)
The percentage of copper ore in the contaminated land is low.
(i)
It would be too expensive to extract from this land by the
traditional method.
Explain why.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(ii)
Extracting copper from this land by the traditional method
would have a major environmental impact.
Give one reason why.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(b)
One way to extract the copper from land that contains low
percentages of copper sulfide is by bioleaching. Bioleaching uses
bacteria. The bacteria produce a solution of copper sulfate.
It is possible to get copper from a solution of copper sulfate using
scrap iron.
(i)
It is economical to use scrap iron to get copper.
Give one reason why.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(ii)
Why can iron be used to get copper from copper sulfate
solution?
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(c)
A new way to extract the copper from land that contains low
percentages of copper sulfide is phytomining.
Phytomining uses plants. Plants are grown on this land and absorb
copper compounds through their roots.
(i)
Use this information to give two advantages of phytomining
compared to the traditional method.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(ii)
Use this information to suggest one disadvantage of
phytomining compared to the traditional method.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q19.
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3
(a)
The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle.
Write the name of the correct calcium compound in each empty box
to complete the flow chart.
(3)
(b)
Limestone is heated with clay to make cement.
Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar.
A student investigated the strength of six mortar mixtures. Each
mortar mixture contained 100cm3 cement but each contained a
different volume of sand.
To do the investigation the student:
•
added and stirred water into each mortar mixture
•
put each mixture into the same sized moulds
•
left each mixture to set hard
•
dropped a metal ball from increasing heights until the mortar
cracked
•
recorded the results in a table.
Volume of sand in
cm3
Volume of cement in
cm3
Height the metal ball
was dropped from to
crack the mortar in cm
700
100
24
600
100
30
500
100
36
400
100
37
300
100
48
200
100
54
(i)
What happens to the strength of the mortar as the volume of
sand increases?
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(ii)
The student was worried about an anomalous result.
Which result was anomalous?
Volume of sand = ................. cm3
Explain why you have chosen this result.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(c)
The student repeated the investigation but used six concrete
mixtures.
From the results the student concluded correctly that concrete was
stronger than mortar.
Suggest one reason why concrete is stronger than mortar.
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q20.
(a) The chemical equation for a reaction of sodium is shown
below.
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
Describe this reaction of sodium in terms of the names of the
substances and the numbers of the atoms involved.
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
(3)
(b)
Use the periodic table on the data sheet to help you to answer this
question.
(i)
Complete the electronic structure of sodium.
(2)
(ii)
How is the electronic structure of sodium different from the
electronic structure of chlorine?
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q21.
Evidence shows that the Earth formed from a molten ball of rocks
and minerals.
Before 1900 many scientists thought that the Earth’s mountains and
continents formed in fixed positions when the molten ball of rocks and
minerals cooled and wrinkled.
(a)
In 1912 Alfred Wegener suggested his hypothesis of continental
drift.
The areas of rocks shown on Map 1 contain fossils of the same
type of animals.
Today animals in Africa are different from animals in South
America.
Map 1
Map 2
Wegener suggested his
hypthesis that all of the
continents, including Africa
and South America, had been
joined together but then drifted
slowly apart.
In 1920 other scientists stated
that all of the continents were
in fixed positions, including
Africa and South America, and
that they had once been joined
together by a land bridge.
(i)
Use the information to suggest two pieces of evidence that
may have led Wegener to propose his hypothesis that
continents move.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(ii)
Suggest why, in 1920, other scientists thought that Wegener’s
hypothesis was wrong.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(b)
In 1962 scientists produced the theory of plate tectonics.
The theory of plate tectonics supported Wegener’s hypothesis that
continents move.
Tectonic plates move a few centimetres a year.
Complete the sentences about what causes the movement of the
Earth’s tectonic plates.
Deep inside the Earth ........................................ processes release
large
amounts of energy. These processes heat up the substances in the
Earth’s
........................................ producing convection currents.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q22.
Most plastic bags are made from poly(ethene).
Poly(ethene) is a polymer made from ethene.
Ethene is made by cracking saturated hydrocarbons from crude oil.
(a)
Use words from the box to complete the sentences about cracking.
alkanes
alkenes
catalyst
fuel
gas
Cracking involves heating the .......................................... to make a
vapour.
The vapour is either passed over a hot
............................................... or mixed
with steam and heated to a very high temperature so that thermal
decomposition
reactions happen.
(2)
(b)
Poly(ethene) molecules are made from ethene molecules by a
polymerisation reaction.
Describe what happens in a polymerisation reaction.
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
(2)
(c)
In this question you will be assessed on using good English,
organising information clearly and using specialist terms where
apropriate.
There are millions of plastic bags in use. After use most of these
plastic bags are buried in landfill sites. The amount sent to landfill
could be reduced if the plastic bags:
•
could be reused
•
could be recycled by melting and making into new plastic
products
•
could be burned to release energy
Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding
to give the positive and negative environmental impacts of using
these methods to reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
(6)
(Total 10 marks)
Q23.
Atoms are made up of three main particles called protons, neutrons
and electrons.
Use the periodic table on the data sheet to help you to answer these
questions.
(a)
Sodium is in Group 1 of the periodic table.
(i)
Why are potassium and sodium in the same Group of the
periodic table?
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(ii)
How many protons are in an atom of sodium?
.....................................
(1)
(iii)
The atomic number of sodium is 11.
How many neutrons are in an atom of sodium with mass
number 23?
......................................
(1)
(iv)
Each sodium atom has 11 electrons. Complete the electronic
structure of sodium.
(2)
(b)
The chemical equation for a reaction of sodium is shown below.
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
Describe this reaction of sodium in terms of the names of the
substances and the numbers of the atoms involved.
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q24.
This is a headline from a newspaper.
‘Why is a 2p coin made in 1991 now worth 3.3p?’
(a)
The bar chart shows the percentages of metals in UK coins in
1991.
Use the bar chart to answer these questions.
(i)
Which metal is in all of these coins?
...................................................
(1)
(ii)
Which coin does not contain zinc?
......................................................
(1)
(iii)
What is the percentage of nickel in a 50p coin?
............................... %
(1)
(b)
Suggest two reasons why a 2p coin made in 1991 is now worth
3.3p.
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q25.
Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture
of hydrocarbons.
(a)
The table shows the boiling points of four of these hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbon
Boiling point in °C
methane, CH4
–162
butane, C4H10
0
pentane, C5H12
+36
decane, C10H22
+175
Tick ( ) two statements that are correct about these hydrocarbons.
Statement
Tick ( )
decane has the largest molecules
pentane is a liquid at 40°C
methane and butane are gases at 20°C
methane has the highest boiling point
butane does not boil
(2)
(b)
Natural gas supplied to homes and schools is mainly methane.
The diagram shows an apparatus to investigate the two substances
produced when natural gas burns completely in air.
(i)
Name the liquid that collects in the U-tube.
........................................
(1)
(ii)
Name the gas that turns the limewater cloudy
....................................
(1)
(c)
Some crude oil contains sulfur. Petrol and diesel fuels are produced
from crude oil.
The sulfur must be removed from these fuels before they are
burned.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q26.
Limestone and the products of limestone have many uses.
(a)
Limestone is quarried.
Photograph © Lonny Kalfus / Getty Images
Quarrying limestone has impacts that cause environmental
problems.
Tick ( ) two impacts that cause environmental problems.
Impact of quarrying
Tick ( )
Puts off tourists
Causes dust pollution
Increases jobs
Increases traffic
(2)
(b)
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3. When it is heated
calcium carbonate produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
The word equation for this reaction is:
calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(i)
Complete the sentence.
The reaction when calcium carbonate is heated is called
thermal ...........................................
(1)
(ii)
100 g of calcium carbonate was heated and produced 56 g of
calcium oxide.
Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced.
..................................................................................................
.............
....................................... g
(1)
(c)
The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle.
Complete the names of the calcium compounds formed in the flow
chart.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q27.
Billions of years ago, the Earth’s early atmosphere was probably
like the atmosphere of Venus today.
The table shows the temperature and the percentage composition of the
atmospheres of the Earth and Venus today.
Percentage (%) composition of atmosphere
Name of gas
Earth today
Venus today
Nitrogen
78
3.5
Oxygen
20.6
a trace
Argon
0.97
a trace
Carbon dioxide
0.03
96.5
Water vapour
0.4
a trace
20 °C
460 °C
Average surface temperature
(a)
Use information from the table to help you to answer each part.
(i)
In the Earth’s atmosphere today, the main gas is
............................... .
(1)
(ii)
In the Earth’s atmosphere billions of years ago
the main gas was .............................................................
(1)
(iii)
The Earth’s surface is mainly covered with water.
There is no water on the surface of Venus.
Suggest why.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(b)
The diagram shows part of the Earth and ways that carbon dioxide
can be removed from the Earth’s atmosphere.
Give three ways that carbon dioxide can be removed from the
Earth’s atmosphere.
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................
............
(3)
(c)
In the Earth’s atmosphere the percentage of carbon dioxide has
remained at about 0.03% for many thousands of years.
The graph shows the percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s
atmosphere over the last 50 years.
(i)
What was the percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s
atmosphere in 1965?
..................................................................................................
.............
......................................... %
(1)
(ii)
What change has happened to the percentage of carbon
dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere over the last 50 years?
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(iii)
Suggest one reason for this change.
..................................................................................................
.............
..................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q28.
Many plants produce useful oils.
(a)
The diagram shows some apparatus used to obtain oil from plant
material.
Four parts of the apparatus are labelled, A, B, C and D.
Use the information in the diagram to complete the sentences.
Steam is made in part
.
Oil from the plant material is vaporised in part
Steam and oil vapour are condensed in part
.
.
(3)
(b)
A student investigated a mixture of a plant oil and water.
(i)
A mixture of the plant oil and water was shaken and left to
stand for 10 minutes.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the
sentence.
dissolves.
The plant oil separates from the water because it
floats.
sinks.
(1)
(ii)
A mixture of the plant oil, water and egg yolk was shaken and
left to stand for 10 minutes. The mixture did not separate.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the
sentence.
a compound.
The plant oil, water and egg yolk make
an emulsion.
a fat.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q29.
A substance made of only one type of atom is called an element.
The chemical symbols and positions of six elements in the periodic table
are shown.
Draw a straight line from each description to its correct symbol.
Description
Symbol
Al
A metal with a low density that does
not corrode easily
Fe
It has properties similar to those of
sodium, Na
He
It is a transition metal
Li
It is a noble gas
O
(Total 4 marks)
Q30.
A limestone quarry is in an area of natural beauty and near several
villages.
The company operating the quarry wants planning permission to build a
new cement works in the quarry.
The diagram shows some of the substances used and produced at a
cement works.
(a)
Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
Write the correct number in the box to complete each sentence.
(i)
The formula shows that calcium carbonate, CaCO3,
contains
different elements.
(1)
(ii)
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, contains a total number of
atoms.
(1)
(b)
The company wants the new cement works because the nearest
cement works is 100 km from the quarry. The company argues that
a new cement works sited inside the quarry would reduce carbon
dioxide emissions.
Suggest why the new cement works might reduce carbon dioxide
emissions.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(c)
Residents from the villages near the quarry are concerned that
there will be atmospheric pollution from the new cement works.
(i)
Name and explain how one of the emissions from the
chimney causes atmospheric pollution.
Name of emission:
.........................................................................................
..
Explanation:
.........................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest what the company could do to reduce this
atmospheric pollution.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q31.
(a) Limestone is a hard rock that is used as a building material.
Limestone was used by the Egyptians to make plaster.
Reaction 1 – calcium carbonate, CaCO3, was decomposed by
heating limestone
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Reaction 2 – water was added to the solid produced to make
slaked lime
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Reaction 3 – a mixture of slaked lime and water was used as
plaster. After the plaster
had set it became even harder with age
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(i)
Name the solid formed when calcium carbonate decomposed.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Use the reactions to explain how the plaster became even
harder with age.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(3)
(b)
A gardener wanted to make a step up to his greenhouse door. He
decided to use a mixture of cement and sand to make mortar.
He experimented using mixtures with different cement to sand
ratios.
•
The mortar mixtures were put in the same sized mould.
•
Each mortar mixture was allowed to set hard.
•
He then dropped a metal ball from increasing heights until the
set mortar cracked.
•
He recorded his results in a table.
(i)
Volume of sand
in cm3
Volume of cement
in cm3
Height the metal ball
dropped to crack the set
mortar in cm
800
100
17
700
100
24
600
100
30
500
100
36
400
100
37
300
100
48
200
100
54
What is the relationship between the volume of sand and the
strength of the mortar?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
The gardener was not sure about some of his results.
Use the results to explain why.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q32.
There are many ideas about the formation of the Earth and its
atmosphere from a molten ball of rock and minerals.
(a)
One idea is that the Earth’s early atmosphere and average surface
temperature were probably like that of Venus today.
The table shows information about the Earth and Venus today.
Percentage composition of atmosphere
Name of gas
Earth today
Venus today
Nitrogen
78
3.5
Oxygen
21
a trace
Argon
0.97
a trace
Carbon dioxide
0.03
96.5
Average surface temperature
20 °C
460 °C
There is a variable amount of water vapour in both atmospheres.
(i)
How was the Earth’s early atmosphere formed?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
The Earth’s average surface temperature decreased over
time. At what temperature would oceans have started to
form?
Temperature = ......................... °C
(1)
(iii)
Describe how the evolution of plants changed the Earth’s
atmosphere.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(b)
Another idea was that the Earth’s mountains and continents formed
in fixed positions as the molten ball of rock and minerals cooled and
wrinkled.
Wegener, in 1915, had the idea that the Earth’s crust and the
upper part of the mantle had cracked into plates that were able to
move. His idea meant that the mountains and continents were not
in fixed positions.
(i)
Give one piece of evidence that led to Wegener’s idea being
accepted.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Describe what causes the Earth’s tectonic plates to move.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q33.
The demand for iron and steel is high.
(a)
Iron that is extracted from its oxide by carbon reduction in a blast
furnace is called cast iron. Cast iron contains about 4% carbon.
This carbon makes cast iron very brittle.
Carbon steels can be made by the following processes.
• Blowing oxygen into molten cast iron to remove most of the
carbon.
• Adding a calculated amount of carbon.
Sometimes different metals may also be added to the molten
carbon steels.
(i)
Suggest how blowing oxygen into molten cast iron removes
most of the carbon.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
Why are different metals sometimes added to molten carbon
steels?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
The percentage of iron and steel recycled in the UK has been
increasing.
Year
%iron and steel recycled
1998
25
2000
35
2002
42
2004
46
2006
57
The UK government has set targets for the percentage of iron and
steel to be recycled.
In 2006 the target was exceeded.
Suggest two reasons why the UK government wants to encourage
recycling of iron and steel.
1
..................................................................................................
................................
............................................................................................................
.........................
2
..................................................................................................
................................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q34.
Margarine is manufactured using ‘hard’ plant oils. A margarine
company tested several plant oils to determine their hardness for use in
its margarine.
In the test iodine solution was used to find the iodine value. The units are
grams of iodine that react with 100 g of oil.
Plant oils with lower iodine values are harder and are less unsaturated.
Plant oil
Melting point in °C
Iodine value
Coconut
25
10
Palm
35
54
Olive
–6
81
Castor
–18
85
Peanut
3
93
Rapeseed
–10
98
Sunflower
–17
125
Soya bean
–16
130
(a)
Do the results in the table indicate that there is a relationship
between the melting point of a plant oil and its hardness?
Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(b)
The company stated that some of the plant oils were brown and
that this may have affected the results.
Explain why the company considered the colour of plant oils to be
a problem with this test.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(c)
A consumer group stated that the test should not be carried out by
the margarine company but by independent scientists.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(d)
The company intends to use sunflower oil to make its margarine.
Explain how the company could process the sunflower oil to make
it suitable for the manufacture of margarine.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q35.
(a) PEX is a material that is used as an alternative to copper for
hot water pipes.
PEX is made from poly(ethene).
(i)
Describe how ethene forms poly(ethene).
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
PEX is a shape memory polymer. What property does a
shape memory polymer have?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iii)
The simplified structures of poly(ethene) and PEX are shown.
Poly(ethene)
PEX
Poly(ethene) is a thermoplastic that softens easily when
heated.
Suggest and explain how the structure of PEX changes this
property.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(3)
(b)
Copper was considered to be the most suitable material to use for
hot water pipes.
PEX is now used as an alternative material for hot water pipes.
Copper is extracted from its ore by a series of processes.
1 The low-grade ore is powdered and concentrated.
2 Smelting is carried out in an oxygen flash furnace. This
furnace is heated to 1100 °C using a hydrocarbon fuel. The
copper ore is blown into the furnace with air, producing
impure, molten copper.
3 Oxygen is blown into the impure, molten copper to remove
any sulfur. The copper is cast into rectangular slabs.
4 The final purification of copper is done by electrolysis.
PEX is made from crude oil by a series of processes.
1 Fractional distillation
2 Cracking
3 Polymerisation
4 Conversion of poly(ethene) into PEX
Suggest the possible environmental advantages of using PEX
instead of copper for hot water pipes.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q36.
Hot air balloons burn hydrocarbons to heat the air.
(a)
The hot air contains these gases: nitrogen, N2
oxygen, O2
argon, Ar
carbon dioxide, CO2
water vapour, H2O
(i)
Argon is an element.
What is an element?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Name one other gas in the hot air that is also an element.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
Propane, C3H8, can be represented as:
H
H
H
H
│
│
│
C
C
C
H
│
H
│
H
│
H
Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences.
bond
(i)
carbon
compound
element
mixture
Propane is a ....................................... and is made up of
atoms of hydrogen
and .......................................
(2)
(ii)
Each line between the atoms in propane represents a
chemical .......................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q37.
Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences.
higher
oxygen
(i)
hydrogen
saturated
lower
unsaturated
Animal and vegetable oils that contain .................................. fats
can be hardened.
(1)
(ii)
When oils are hardened with .................................. gas, a chemical
change takes
place, producing margarine which has a ..................................
melting point than
the original oil.
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Q38.
Plastics are used to make many everyday items, such as the body
of the kettle.
(a)
Complete the sentences by drawing a ring around the correct
words.
catalysts
(i)
The plastic is made from many small molecules
called
monomers
polymers
(1)
(ii)
Propene is produced by cracking some of the fractions that
are
crude oil
separated
from
limestone
metal
ores
(1)
(b)
After a few years the kettle no longer worked.
•
•
•
Some parts of the kettle are made of plastic.
Some parts of the kettle are made of stainless steel.
The owner of the kettle disposed of it in a landfill site.
Consider these statements.
Suggest three reasons why the kettle should not be disposed of in
a landfill site.
1
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
2
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
3
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q39.
Global warming is thought to be happening because of the
increased burning of fossil fuels. The concentration of carbon dioxide in
the air from 1905 to 2005 has been calculated.
(a)
Draw a line of best fit for these points.
(1)
(b)
(i)
What was the concentration of carbon dioxide in 1955?
..................................................................................................
................ ppm
(1)
(ii)
In what year did the concentration of carbon dioxide reach
350 ppm?
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(c)
Use the graph to describe, in as much detail as you can, what
happened to the concentration of carbon dioxide from 1905 to
2005.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q40.
Copper metal is used for electric wires.
An alloy of copper, called brass, is used for pins and terminals of electric
plugs.
(a)
Copper metal is relatively soft and flexible.
Give another reason why copper is used for electric wires.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
Brass is an alloy.
What is an alloy?
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(c)
Open-cast mining of copper ore makes a very large hole.
(i)
Suggest one environmental problem that is caused by opencast mining of copper ore.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Some copper ores contain copper sulfide, CuS.
Copper sulfide is heated in air to produce copper and sulfur
dioxide.
CuS + O2 → Cu + SO2
Suggest one environmental problem caused by heating
copper sulfide in air.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(d)
The amount of copper-rich ores is estimated to last only a few more
years. New houses need several kilometres of copper wire.
(i)
Explain why the need to use so much copper will cause a
problem in the future.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest two ways in which society could overcome this
problem.
1
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
2
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q41.
A map of the world shows that the outline of South America looks as
if it would fit into the west coast of Africa.
•
Alfred Wegener in 1920 suggested his idea that the continents had
been joined together but then slowly drifted apart.
•
Other scientists in 1920 said that the continents were fixed on solid
Earth and had been joined by a land bridge.
Modern South American animals are different from modern African
animals.
Most fossils of animals found in South America and Africa are exactly the
same.
(a)
Consider the information above.
(i)
What evidence gave Wegener the idea that the continents of
South America and Africa had been joined?
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest two reasons why the other scientists in 1920 thought
that Wegener was wrong.
1
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
2
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(b)
Complete the sentences by writing in the correct words.
Recent evidence has supported Wegener’s idea.
The Earth’s .................................. and the upper part of the mantle
are now thought to
be composed of tectonic plates.
Heat released by radioactive processes causes convection currents
within the Earth’s
.................................. These convection currents cause the plates
to move a few
centimetres per ...................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q42.
Aluminium has many uses because of its low density, good
electrical conductivity, flexibility and resistance to corrosion.
The main steps in the extraction of aluminium are shown in the flow chart.
(a)
Use the information in the flow chart to suggest the benefits of
recycling aluminium.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(b)
Pure aluminium is rarely used for the construction of large objects.
Small amounts of other metals are usually mixed with aluminium.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q43.
Since 2000 there has been a lot more research into alternative,
environmentally-friendly fuels for road transport.
Several pollutants are found in the exhaust emissions produced when
fossil fuels are used for road transport.
Carbon monoxide (CO) interferes with the way that red blood cells carry
oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) increases the level of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere and causes global warming.
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are produced at high temperatures when
nitrogen and oxygen from the atmosphere combine.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is produced when sulfur impurities in the fuel
combine with oxygen in the atmosphere.
Tiny particles of solids are produced when the fuel does not burn
completely.
This increases the level of particulates (PM10) in the atmosphere.
(a)
Name the environmental effect caused by:
(i)
oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2)
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
the increased level of particulates (PM10).
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
Diesel obtained from crude oil is often called fossil diesel. Biodiesel
can be made from many vegetable oils. One research project
compared the exhaust emissions when fossil diesel or biodiesel
were used as fuels.
Some of the relative amounts of these exhaust emissions are
shown in the bar chart.
(i)
Use your knowledge and the information above to explain the
environmental benefits of using biodiesel as a sustainable,
low pollution fuel.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(3)
(ii)
Biodiesel is called a green fuel.
This is because the life-cycle emission of carbon dioxide from
biodiesel is less than that from fossil diesel.
Use your knowledge and the information above to explain why
biodiesel’s contribution to global warming is considered to be
much less than that of fossil diesel.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q44.
Crude oil is the source of many useful materials. Crude oil is
separated into fractions by fractional distillation.
(a)
Describe how the naphtha fraction separates from the other
fractions.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(b)
The naphtha fraction is often used to make other useful materials.
This involves the cracking of hydrocarbons in the naphtha fraction.
For example:
decane
C10H22
(i)
→
→
hexane
C6H14
+
+
ethene
C2H4
Balance the symbol equation given above.
(1)
(ii)
Describe how cracking is carried out.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(iii)
Why does ethene have different chemical properties from
decane and hexane?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(c)
Ethene is used as the starting material for many polymers. The
most common polymer is poly(ethene). One hydrocarbon molecule
in poly(ethene) will contain thousands of carbon atoms.
Complete the diagram to show the bonds in ethene.
H
H
C
C
H
H
(1)
(d)
Read the following information.
Landfill, Incineration, Recycling and Re-use of Poly(ethene)
People could be encouraged to re-use their poly(ethene) bags and
containers.
Recycling poly(ethene) saves raw materials and energy needed to make new
plastic. When polymers are recycled the plastics must be collected,
transported, sorted into different types by hand and washed. This requires
the use of fossil fuels and is expensive.
Poly(ethene) can be burnt in an incinerator with other household waste. The
heat released could be used to make steam to drive an electric generator.
Surplus heat could be used to heat greenhouses used for growing
vegetables. Incineration at too low a temperature can produce harmful
substances. The residue (ash) has to go to landfill.
Landfill is probably the easiest way to dispose of polymers and it is cheap.
Polymers are often mixed in with other household rubbish. Household waste
does not get sorted into different materials because it is disposed of in the
same hole in the ground. When the hole is eventually full, the waste is
covered by a layer of soil to stop it smelling. The waste gets compressed
under its own weight. Most polymers, such as poly(ethene), are not
biodegradable so will remain in the ground forever.
You are asked to decide which option for the disposal of
poly(ethene) will be put forward in your area. You decide that
recycling is the best option.
Suggest one economic argument and one environmental
argument that will be made against recycling.
For each argument made, how will you persuade those making the
argument to accept your option?
(You must use only one sentence for each argument made against
your decision and only one sentence for your response to it.)
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Q45.
Hydrogen is an element.
(a)
The diagram shows the parts of a hydrogen atom.
Use words from the box to label the diagram.
electron
group
nucleus
symbol
(2)
(b)
Hydrogen can be used as a clean fuel for cars.
(i)
When hydrogen burns in air, it reacts with another element.
Complete the word equation for this reaction.
hydrogen
+ .................................
→
water
(1)
(ii)
Suggest one reason why hydrogen is called a clean fuel.
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q46.
Most electricity in the UK is generated in power stations that burn
fossil fuels. The diagram lists some of the substances released into the
air when fossil fuels are burned.
(a)
(i)
Which one of the substances released into the air causes
acid rain?
..................................................................................................
.......................
(1)
(ii)
In the sentence below, draw a ring around the correct answer.
The type of environmental pollution caused by
global dimming
smoke particle
is
global warming
rising sea
levels
(1)
(iii)
Suggest how the burning of fossil fuels may cause climate
change.
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
(2)
(b)
The table shows the percentage of electricity generated by different
energy sources.
Energy
sources
Percentage
(%)
Renewables
Nuclear
Coal
Gas and Oil
8
20
32
40
Complete the bar chart to show the percentage of electricity
generated by coal and by gas and oil.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q47.
A headline from 27 December 2004 read:
(a)
Use words from the box to complete the sentences about
earthquakes.
convection
radioactive
tectonic
volcanic
The earthquake was caused by the movement of two of the Earth’s
......................................................... plates.
The energy for this movement comes from the heat released by
natural
......................................................... processes.
(2)
(b)
It was estimated that 300 000 people died as a result of the tsunami
in 2004.
Some newspapers criticised scientists for not predicting the
tsunami, because if people had been warned they could have
moved to safety.
(i)
Suggest why we can only estimate that 300 000 people died
as a result of the tsunami.
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
(2)
(ii)
Explain why scientists could not have predicted the tsunami.
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q48.
The label on a bottle of salad dressing shows that the dressing
contains the following ingredients.
Ingredients
Water
Vegetable oil
Egg yolk
Sugar
Flour
Vinegar
Salt
(a)
Extract of spices
Preservative E202
Emulsifier E405
One of the main ingredients in salad dressing is vegetable oil.
(i)
Use the correct word from the box to complete the sentence
about the extraction of vegetable oil.
crushed
evaporated
hardened
To extract the vegetable oil, the fruits or seeds of plants are
first
......................................................... .
(1)
(ii)
The liquids can be separated from the solid parts of the fruits
or seeds by filtering.
Suggest one reason why separation by filtering is better than
separation by distilling.
..................................................................................................
.......................
..................................................................................................
.......................
(1)
(b)
(i)
A mixture of vegetable oil and water is shaken and left to
stand for several minutes. The diagram shows the result.
Complete the following sentence.
The vegetable oil and water
.................................................................................... .
(1)
(ii)
A mixture of vegetable oil, water and egg yolk is shaken and
left to stand for several minutes.
The diagram shows the result.
Use words from the box to complete the sentence.
additive
distil
emulsion
extract
mix
separate
The egg yolk causes vegetable oil and water to
........................................................
and form an ..................................................... .
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q49.
Tablet containers are often made from two different polymers.
(a)
Ethene, C2H4, and propene, C3H6, can be made from crude oil.
(i)
Complete the following sentence.
Ethene and propene are called hydrocarbons because they
are made up of carbon
and ..................................................... atoms only.
(1)
(ii)
Ethene molecules are used to form poly(ethene) molecules.
Complete the diagram to show the poly(ethene) molecule.
Ethene molecules
Poly(ethene) molecule
(2)
(b)
The tablet containers could be disposed of in a landfill site or could
be recycled.
(i)
Suggest two reasons why disposing of the tablet containers
in a landfill site could cause problems.
1
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
2
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest one reason why recycling the tablet containers would
be difficult.
..................................................................................................
.....................
..................................................................................................
.....................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q50.
Metals and their alloys have many uses.
(a)
Dentists use a smart alloy to make braces that gently push teeth
into the right position.
What is meant by a smart alloy?
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
Pure copper is made up of layers of copper atoms. Brass is an alloy
of copper and zinc.
Why are the physical properties of brass different from the physical
properties of pure copper?
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(c)
Nearly all zinc is obtained from ores that also contain lead. The
metals zinc and lead can be extracted by reducing their oxides
using carbon.
(i)
Choose one element from the box below to complete the
sentence about the reduction of zinc oxide.
lead
nitrogen
oxygen
Zinc oxide is reduced by carbon, which takes
away..................................................
to leave zinc metal.
(1)
(ii)
The melting points and boiling points of lead and zinc are
given in the table.
Metal
Lead
Zinc
Melting point in °C
328
420
Boiling point in °C
1740
907
The furnace operates at a temperature of 1200 °C.
Suggest how the lead metal and zinc metal are separated in
the furnace.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q51.
Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate.
(a)
Quicklime is produced by heating limestone.
(i)
Complete the word equation for this reaction by writing the
chemical name of the solid and the gas produced.
calcium carbonate → ................................. +
................................. .
(2)
(ii)
What is the name for this type of chemical reaction?
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
Quicklime is used in self-heating cans.
The diagram shows a self-heating can designed to raise the
temperature of coffee to
60 °C.
The button on the base of the can is pushed. The foil separator
breaks, allowing water to mix with the quicklime. After about 3
minutes, the can is opened by the ring pull. Insulating materials are
used inside the walls of the can to prevent either the lips or the
fingers from being burned.
(i)
Explain why the coffee becomes hot.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest two reasons why it is not possible to re-use this selfheating can.
1
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
2
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q52.
The hydrocarbons in crude oil can be separated into useful
fractions.
Fraction
Boiling
point
in °C
Carbon
chain
length
Relative %
in crude
oil
Relative %
demand
Naphtha
20–180
5–9
10
20
Gasoline (petrol)
20–200
5–10
10
20
Kerosene
(paraffin)
180–260
10–16
15
23
Diesel
260–340
14–20
20
25
Fuel oil
370–600
20–70
45
12
(a)
Why does gasoline (petrol) have a lower boiling point than fuel oil?
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
Suggest why gasoline (petrol) costs more than fuel oil.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(c)
Describe how fuel oil can be changed into gasoline (petrol).
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q53.
Titanium is used in aircraft, ships and hip replacement joints.
Titanium is as strong as steel but 45% lighter, and is more resistant to
acids and alkalis.
Most titanium is produced from its ore, rutile (titanium oxide), by a batch
process that takes up to 17 days.
Titanium reactors produce about 1 tonne of the metal per day.
Iron blast furnaces produce about 20 000 tonnes of the metal per hour.
(a)
Give one property of titanium that makes it more useful than steel
for hip replacement joints.
............................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(b)
In the reactor magnesium is used to produce titanium. If carbon
were used instead of magnesium, no titanium would be produced.
What does this tell you about the relative reactivities of carbon,
magnesium and
titanium?
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(c)
The use of titanium is limited because it is expensive.
Explain why titanium costs more than steel.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q54.
A company compared the relative ‘unsaturation’ of five oils. Bromine
water was added from a burette to equal amounts of each oil until the
bromine water remained orange-yellow.
The volume added was recorded.
Type of oil
Volume of bromine water
added in cm3
Maize
25.6
Olive
6.1
Palm
4.9
Soya Bean
29.9
Sunflower
25.1
(i)
What would you see when the first few drops of bromine water are
added to
each oil?
............................................................................................................
.......................
(1)
(ii)
What do these results tell you about sunflower oil compared with
the other oils?
............................................................................................................
.......................
............................................................................................................
.......................
............................................................................................................
.......................
............................................................................................................
.......................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Q55.
A large reservoir is surrounded by trees. Planners need to protect
the environment. The distance around the reservoir is many kilometres.
There will be only one road access to a car park a few kilometres from
the reservoir. From the car park people would be transported to
accommodation, activities or places of interest by steam train.
(a)
Coal contains carbon and small amounts of sulfur. The steam train
would cause environmental problems if coal were used as the fuel.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(4)
(b)
The planners have stated that, as a result of using the steam train,
there must be no overall increase of carbon dioxide added to the
atmosphere. The steam train would be considered as ‘carbon
neutral’ if wood, from the surrounding forest, were used as the fuel.
Suggest why.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q56.
Scientists study the atmosphere on planets and moons in the Solar
System to understand how the Earth’s atmosphere has changed.
(a)
Millions of years ago the Earth’s atmosphere was probably just like
that of Mars today.
The table shows data about the atmospheres of Mars and Earth as
they are now.
Mars
Earth
nitrogen
3%
nitrogen
78%
oxygen
trace
oxygen
21%
water
trace
water
trace
carbon dioxide
95%
carbon dioxide
trace
Average surface temperature –23 °C
Average surface temperature 15 °C
Suggest what has caused the main gases in the Earth’s
atmosphere of millions of years ago to change to the present-day
atmosphere.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(b)
Titan is the largest moon of the planet Saturn. It has an atmosphere
that, like the Earth’s, contains mainly nitrogen. Methane is the other
main gas.
Main gases in
Titan’s atmosphere
Percentage (%)
Boiling point in °C
Nitrogen
95
–196
Methane
5
–164
Average surface temperature –178 °C
When it rains on Titan, it rains methane! Explain why.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(c)
Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun produces simple alkenes, such as
ethene and propene, from methane in Titan’s atmosphere.
(i)
Draw the structure of propene, C3H6, to show the covalent
bonds.
(1)
(ii)
Explain how propene molecules form a polymer. You should
name the polymer formed.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q57.
Lithium metal is used in alkaline batteries.
(a)
The diagram shows the atoms in lithium metal.
Why is lithium metal described as an element?
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
The diagram below represents a lithium atom.
Choose words from the box to label parts of the atom.
bond
electron
molecule
nucleus
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Q58.
A vegetable oil can be extracted from olives.
(a)
The diagram shows the first step in this extraction.
Use the correct word from the box to complete the sentence about
this first step.
evaporating
filtering
pressing
The olive oil is extracted by
................................................................... the olives.
(1)
(b)
The contents from the mortar are tipped into a beaker. The mixture
is left to settle.
(i)
What is the name of the colourless liquid?
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
How can the olive seeds and skins be removed from the
liquids?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q59.
When electricity passes through a thin wire, the wire gets hot. If the
wire gets very hot, it may glow. This idea is used in filament lamps.
(a)
The table shows some metals and their melting points.
Metal
Aluminium
Melting point in °C
660
Copper
1084
Iron
1540
Tungsten
3410
Which metal in the table should be used to make the wire in a
filament lamp?
Give a reason for your answer.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(b)
The table shows some gases.
Gas
Argon
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Sulfur dioxide
Which gas in the table should be used in a filament lamp?
Give a reason for your answer.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q60.
Limestone contains calcium carbonate.
(a)
Calcium carbonate has the formula CaCO3.
Complete the sentence by writing in the correct numbers.
The formula of calcium carbonate is made up of 1 calcium atom,
............ carbon atom(s)
and ............ oxygen atom(s).
(2)
(b)
When limestone is heated it forms two other compounds.
(i)
State one safety precaution that you should take when
heating limestone.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Name the white solid produced.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iii)
Why does a piece of limestone lose mass as it is heated?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(d)
A company wants to quarry limestone. There are some houses
near the quarry.
Residents in the houses say that they do not want a quarry next to
them.
(i)
Suggest two reasons why they do not want the quarry next to
them.
1
.........................................................................................
...............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
2
.........................................................................................
...............................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest one possible benefit to the residents of having a
quarry near their houses.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q61.
Polymers are used to make many materials that people need.
(a)
Plastic bags are used to carry, protect and store food. Plastic bags
are made from polymers.
(i)
Ethene is the small molecule (the monomer) used to make
the polymer for this plastic bag.
Name the polymer that is made from ethene.
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Use the correct word from the box to complete the sentence
about ethene.
condensing
corroding
cracking
Ethene is made by breaking down large hydrocarbon
molecules into smaller
hydrocarbon molecules by a process called
.....................................................
(1)
(iii)
The hydrocarbon ethene has the formula C2H4
Complete the sentence about ethene.
Ethene is a hydrocarbon made up of carbon and
.......................................... atoms.
(1)
(b)
The hydrocarbons used to make ethene come from crude oil. The
properties of hydrocarbons are linked to the number of carbon
atoms in their molecules.
Number of carbon atoms
5
6
7
8
9
Boiling point in °C
36
69
99
125
151
(i)
Use the data in the table to complete the bar chart.
(2)
(ii)
What happens to the boiling point of a hydrocarbon as the
number of carbon atoms increases?
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iii)
All the hydrocarbons in the table are found in petrol. Petrol is
one of the fractions separated from crude oil.
Describe how the fractions are separated from crude oil.
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(c)
Most plastic bags that are made of hydrocarbons are not
biodegradable.
Used plastic bags can be:
•
dumped into large holes, which is called landfill
•
burned to give out heat energy, which would produce large
amounts of gases.
Would burning used plastic bags be better for the environment than
dumping them in landfill?
Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q62.
(a) Two hundred years ago, scientists thought that the Earth was
about 400 million years old. This estimate came from the idea that
the centre of the Earth was still molten. More recently,
measurement of radioactivity in rocks has shown that the Earth is
much older than 400 million years.
Suggest one reason why scientists now know that the Earth is
much older than 400 million years.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(b)
About one hundred years ago there was a scientist called Alfred
Wegener. He found evidence that the continents, such as South
America and Africa, had once been joined and then drifted apart.
Use the diagram to suggest two pieces of evidence that could be
used to show that the continents had once been joined.
1
..................................................................................................
................................
............................................................................................................
.........................
2
..................................................................................................
................................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(c)
About fifty years ago, new evidence convinced scientists that the
Earth’s crust is made up of tectonic plates that are moving very
slowly.
Give two pieces of evidence that have helped to convince these
scientists that the tectonic plates are moving.
1
..................................................................................................
................................
............................................................................................................
.........................
2
..................................................................................................
................................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q63.
Life on Earth would not exist without the atmosphere. Billions of
years ago the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere was very different
from the composition today.
(a)
Label the pie chart below to show the percentages and names of
the two main gases in the Earth’s atmosphere today.
(2)
(b)
There is evidence that the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere is
still changing. One possible reason is that many power stations
generate electricity by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil or
natural gas. Sulfur dioxide, SO2, is produced when coal burns in air.
(i)
What environmental problem does sulfur dioxide cause?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
How could this environmental problem be reduced in coalfired power stations?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iii)
Gas-fired power stations burn methane, CH4, in air.
Complete the word equation for this reaction.
methane + ............................... → carbon dioxide 
...............................
(2)
(c)
Excess carbon dioxide should be prevented from entering the
atmosphere.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(d)
Carbon dioxide is produced when fossil fuels burn in power
stations. The diagram represents one idea to prevent excess
carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere.
Use the diagram to explain how carbon dioxide can be prevented
from entering the atmosphere.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q64.
Many everyday items are made from iron.
(a)
Haematite is an ore of iron. Haematite contains iron oxide, Fe2O3.
(i)
What is the meaning of the term ore?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
Iron can be produced by reacting iron oxide with carbon in a
blast furnace.
What type of reaction produces the iron?
..................................................................................................
.........................
..................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(iii)
The word equation for this reaction is:
iron oxide
+
dioxide
carbon
→
iron
+
carbon
Complete and balance the symbol equation for this reaction.
.....Fe2O3
+
...................
.....C
→
................... +
(2)
(b)
Pure iron is relatively soft and not very strong.
The iron from the blast furnace is very hard and brittle. It contains
about 4% carbon and is used as cast iron.
Explain the differences in the properties of pure iron and cast iron
by referring to the diagrams.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(3)
(c)
The diagram shows the way in which iron is extracted, used and
recycled.
Explain why the recycling of iron is necessary for sustainable
development.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q65.
This information was taken from a label on a packet of crisps.
Main ingredients:
Potatoes, vegetable oil, Worcester sauce
flavour,
colourings, flavourings, salt.
Nutritional information (per 100 g):
Energy
2040 kJ
Protein
6.5 g
Carbohydrate
55 g
of which sugars
Fat
3g
27 g
of which saturates
unsaturates
9g
18 g
Fibre
4.5 g
Sodium
1.2 g
Saturated fats are linked to heart problems. In order to claim that their
crisps are healthy, the manufacturer keeps the proportion of saturated
fats low.
(i)
What type of fat contains double carbon carbon bonds?
............................................................................................................
.........................
(1)
(ii)
The colour of bromine water is orange.
What is seen when bromine water is shaken with:
an unsaturated fat
........................................................................................................
a saturated fat?
............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Unsaturated vegetable oils can be hardened to make them useful
as spreads. Describe how unsaturated vegetable oils are hardened.
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
............................................................................................................
.........................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q66.
Crude oil is a mixture of mostly alkanes.
(a)
Crude oil is separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation.
(i)
Describe and explain how the mixture of alkanes is separated
by fractional distillation.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(ii)
The table gives the name and formula for each of the first
three alkanes.
Complete the table to show the formula of butane.
Name of alkane
Formula
Methane
CH4
Ethane
C2H6
Propane
C3H8
Butane
(1)
(b)
The structural formula of methane, CH4, is:
H
H
│
C
│
H
H
Draw the structural formula of propane, C3H8
(1)
(c)
The relative amounts of and the market demand for some
hydrocarbons from the fractional distillation of crude oil are shown
in the graph.
(i)
Why is the market demand for the C5 – C8 fraction higher than
the market demand for the C21 – C24 fraction?
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Cracking is used to break down large hydrocarbon molecules
into smaller hydrocarbon molecules.
Complete the symbol equation by writing in the formula of the
other hydrocarbon.
C20H42 C16H34 + 2 ..........................................
(1)
(iii)
The C5 – C8 fraction has low supply and high market demand.
Suggest three ways in which the oil industry could overcome
this problem.
1
.........................................................................................
................................
..................................................................................................
..........................
2
.........................................................................................
................................
..................................................................................................
........................
3
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q67.
Crude oil is a natural resource from which useful fuels can be
separated.
(a)
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Complete the sentence about a hydrocarbon molecule.
A hydrocarbon molecule is made up of .......................................
and carbon atoms only.
(1)
(b)
Many fuels come from crude oil. Some of these fuels are shown in
the diagram.
Suggest two properties of these fuels that allow them to be
separated from crude oil.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(c)
Fuels from crude oil burn to provide heat energy.
When a fuel burns, it combines with oxygen in the air and produces
carbon dioxide and water. When there is not enough oxygen, the
fuel burns and also produces carbon monoxide and carbon
particles.
Draw a straight line from each substance that links it to a possible
environmental problem.
One has been done for you.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q68.
Iron ore is the main source of iron.
(a)
This was the headline in a newspaper.
‘Village protests against
quarry’
The dotted line ( ---- ) on the map is drawn around the area from
which a company
wants to quarry iron ore.
(i)
Give one reason that the company could give for the need to
quarry the iron ore.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
The people who live in the village do not want the quarry
because it would decrease the value of their homes.
Suggest two other reasons why the villagers do not want the
quarry.
1
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
2
.........................................................................................
..............................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(b)
Iron ore contains the compound iron oxide, Fe2O3.
(i)
Iron is extracted from its oxide in the blast furnace.
Complete the word equation for the extraction of iron.
iron oxide + ............................................................... → iron +
carbon dioxide
(1)
(ii)
This diagram represents pure iron.
Use the diagram to explain why pure iron is described as an
element.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(iii)
Pure iron is relatively soft. The iron from the blast furnace is
hard and brittle. The diagram below represents iron from the
blast furnace.
Use the diagram to explain why iron from the blast furnace is
hard and brittle.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q69.
The Earth is shaped like a ball and is surrounded by an
atmosphere.
(a)
The diagram shows the layered structure of the Earth.
Choose words from the box to complete the labels on the diagram.
core
mantle
plate
(2)
(b)
Some theories suggest that the Earth’s early atmosphere was like
the atmosphere of Mars today.
The bar charts show the three most common gases in each
atmosphere today.
(i)
Use the bar charts to complete the sentence by writing in the
correct gases.
In the atmosphere of Mars today there is mainly
......................................... and no
......................................... .
(2)
(ii)
Use the bar charts to complete the sentence by writing in the
correct number.
These theories suggest that there was about
......................................... % nitrogen in the Earth’s early
atmosphere.
(1)
(iii)
The atmosphere of the Earth today has much more nitrogen
than in the early atmosphere. Denitrifying bacteria released
most of this nitrogen into the atmosphere.
There are other differences between the Earth’s early
atmosphere and the atmosphere of the Earth today.
Use the bar charts to describe and explain two of these other
differences.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q70.
Limestone contains the compound calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
(a)
Limestone is used to make cement in a rotary kiln.
Use the information in the diagram to name the two main waste
gases from this rotary kiln.
1
..................................................................................................
...............................
2
..................................................................................................
...............................
(2)
(b)
Columns used as supports for buildings can be made from
materials such as limestone blocks or concrete.
From the diagrams, name which you think is the better material for
making a column.
............................................................................................................
........................
Give three advantages for your choice of material.
1
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
2
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
3
..................................................................................................
...............................
............................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q71.
Copper is a widely used metal. The main ore of copper contains
copper sulfide. Copper can be extracted from copper sulfide in a three
stage process.
(a)
In the first stage of extraction the copper sulfide is heated in air.
(i)
Balance the symbol equation for the reaction.
Cu2S + ........O2 → .........CuO + SO2
(1)
(ii)
Explain why there would be an environmental problem if the
gas from this reaction were allowed to escape into the
atmosphere.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(b)
In the second stage copper oxide, CuO, is reduced using carbon.
Describe and explain what happens during this reaction.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(c)
During the third stage the copper can be purified as shown in the
diagram.
(i)
What is the name of the type of process used for this
purification?
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Give one use of purified copper.
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(d)
Copper-rich ores are running out.
New ways of extracting copper from low grade ores are being
researched.
Recycling of copper may be better than extracting copper from its
ores.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q72.
The Earth is shaped like a sphere and is surrounded by an
atmosphere.
(a)
The diagram shows a section of the layered structure of the Earth.
(i)
Complete the diagram by writing in the missing label.
(1)
(ii)
Earthquakes within the Earth’s crust can be sudden and
disastrous. Scientists cannot accurately predict when
earthquakes will occur.
Explain why.
To obtain full marks you must support your answer with a
description of what causes earthquakes.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(4)
(b)
Some theories suggest that the Earth’s early atmosphere was like
the atmosphere of Mars today.
The atmosphere of
Mars
today
The atmosphere of
Earth
today
Carbon dioxide
%
95
0.03
Nitrogen %
3
Gases
(i)
Argon %
1.5
0.97
Oxygen %
0.5
21
Complete the table by writing in the percentage of nitrogen in
the atmosphere of Earth today.
(1)
(ii)
Use the information in the table to describe the changes that
have happened to two of the gases in the Earth’s
atmosphere.
Explain what has caused these changes.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q73.
(a) The diagrams show the results of shaking a vegetable oil with
the substances indicated.
(i)
Give a reason for the result in Flask 1.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Explain the result in Flask 2.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(b)
Saturated fats are linked to heart problems. Oils that are
unsaturated help to prevent heart disease. A company wants to
make a ‘healthy’ soft margarine.
The company tested the same volume of different vegetable oils by
shaking each with three drops of iodine solution. The results are
shown in the table.
Vegetable
oil
(i)
Time in minutes for the
colour of iodine to
‘disappear’
Olive oil
3.5
Peanut oil
3.0
Soya oil
1.5
Sunflower oil
1.0
Why does iodine react with the molecules in these oils?
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Use the company results to evaluate which one appears to be
the most ‘healthy’ vegetable oil to use in the soft margarine.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(c)
The ingredients of soft margarine include hydrogenated vegetable
oil.
(i)
Why is hydrogenated vegetable oil used in soft margarine?
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Describe how vegetable oils are hydrogenated.
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q74.
Known crude oil reserves are being used up rapidly. Crude oil is
used to produce many useful fuels, such as petrol. One way to conserve
crude oil reserves would be to increase the production of bio-fuels.
(a)
Ethanol can be produced for use as a bio-fuel. Cars can be
powered by ethanol or ethanol–petrol mixtures.
Sugar cane can be fermented to give a mixture of water (boiling
point 100 °C) and ethanol (boiling point 78 °C).
(i)
How can ethanol be separated from water?
..................................................................................................
........................
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Ethanol, C2H5OH, burns to release heat energy.
Complete the balanced symbol equation by writing in the
formulae of the two products.
C2H5OH
+
3O2
2.........
+
3.........
(2)
(b)
The cost of producing a bio-fuel, such as ethanol, by fermentation,
is at least three times higher than the production cost of petrol. It
costs less to produce ethanol from alkanes. In the production, the
vapour of an alkane is passed over a hot catalyst.
Ethene is then converted into ethanol.
(i)
What has happened to the hexane to produce ethene?
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(ii)
Complete the structural formula for ethene, C2H4.
C
C
(1)
(iii)
Name the compound that is added to ethene to produce
ethanol, C2H5OH.
..................................................................................................
........................
(1)
(c)
As explained in parts (a) and (b), ethanol can be made using either
sugar or alkanes as the starting material.
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using these two
starting materials to produce ethanol.
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
............................................................................................................
........................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q75.
(a)
Complete this sentence about crude oil.
Crude oil is mainly a mixture of compounds called
...................................... which
contain carbon and hydrogen only.
(1)
(b)
The diagram shows a laboratory experiment used to separate
crude oil.
Complete each sentence by choosing the correct words from the
box.
condensation
distillation
melting
evaporation
sublimation
The main process taking place at A is
.......................................................................
The main process taking place at B is
.......................................................................
This method of separating crude oil is called
............................................................
(3)
(c)
Complete this sentence by crossing out the word in each box that is
wrong. The first one has been done for you.
This method of separating crude oil works because the
the molecules are,
the
they are.
their boiling point and the
volatile
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
M1.
(a)
(i)
C2H4
1
(ii)
poly(ethene)
1
(b)
(i)
is not biodegradable
1
(ii)
not enough landfill sites / space
accept landfill sites are filling up or plastics
remain for years or plastics not broken
down
ignore cost / waste of resources / not
biodegradable / wildlife
1
(iii)
less (crude) oil / fuels / energy used
accept (crude) oil is a non-renewable
resource
1
[5]
M2.
(a)
(i)
nitrogen / N2
1
(ii)
carbon dioxide / CO2
1
(b)
(i)
humans / scientists had not evolved
accept it was billions / millions of years ago
allow too long ago
1
(ii)
temperature is above 100°C or any water would evaporate /
boil
accept Venus is too hot
1
(c)
any three from:
•
used by plants
•
used for photosynthesis
accept plants take in carbon dioxide and
give out oxygen for the first two bullet points
ie 2 marks
•
dissolves in oceans / seas
allow absorbs into oceans / seas
•
used to form the shells / skeletons of marine organisms
•
locked up as limestone / carbonates
•
locked up as fossil fuels / oil / coal
3
[7]
M3.
(a)
(i)
wood
1
(ii)
30 (kJ)
1
(iii)
carbon / C
or hydrogen / H
or sulfur / S
or oxygen / O
1
(iv)
3 / three (g)
1
(b)
(i)
releases most energy
accept releases a lot of energy / burns
rapidly
ignore references to cost
1
no harmful gases / no or less pollution formed / no global
warming /
no climate change / no greenhouse gas
accept produces water (only) /steam
accept does not produce sulfur dioxide /
carbon dioxide / carbon monoxide / particles
/ smoke
1
(ii)
any one from:
•
expensive
•
difficult to produce
accept large volume needed
•
not available in large quantities
•
explosive / dangerous
•
not a natural fuel / resource
allow will run out / non-renewable
•
made from fossil fuels
•
difficult to store
1
[7]
M4.
(a)
conducts (electricity) or
accept flexible
allows electrons / current to flow
ignore conducts heat
1
(b)
electron
1
(c)
(i)
lithium>copper>tungsten or
Li>Cu>W
all correct
allow 1 mark for one metal in the correct
position
2
(ii)
has high / highest melting point
accept has high / highest boiling point
or
can withstand the highest temperature
1
(d)
unreactive
1
[6]
M5.
(i)
23 to 59
accept 36
1
(ii)
decolourise or (orange to) colourless
ignore discolours / fades
do not allow oil decolourises
1
(because bromine reacts with the) (carbon) double bond
ignore alkenes or reference to unsaturation
1
(iii)
any one from:
•
an anomalous result (11.2) / Test 2
accept
•
(= 23.6)
11.2 / Test 2 is ignored when averaging
accept average of tests 1 and 3
1
(iv)
unsaturation 67%
average was less than it should be / only
26.8 cm3
1
(this means there is) 33% saturated fat
it should have been 28.0 cm3 to give a
percentage of 70%
1
[6]
M6.
(a)
(i)
oxygen / air reacts with carbon / methane (to form carbon
dioxide)
accept from the decomposition / reaction of
calcium carbonate
ignore CO2 from the air
1
nitrogen is (unreacted) from the air
1
(ii)
CaO
1
CO2
any order
ignore words
any incorrect balancing max 1 mark
1
(b)
any one from:
•
more energy / efficient
allow converse for present fuel
•
from a sustainable / renewable resource
•
produces less / no carbon dioxide / greenhouse gases /
global warming
ignore no pollution / environmental damage
•
more profit or money for local economy
accept fuel is cheap(er)
•
more readily available
it = different fuel
1
(c)
(i)
any two from:
•
not near where people / residents live
accept not between cement works and
where people live
ignore sensors are unsightly
•
not positioned where concentration of particles was
likely to be highest
•
not positioned downwind
2
(ii)
the average / concentration was 1.8(ppm) or the average /
concentration
was below 2(ppm)
accept 1.8(ppm) is less than 2.0 (ppm)
1
(iii)
any three from:
•
children / people suffering asthma attacks
•
result was an average
•
readings (at some (2/3) sensors) could have been
higher than 2ppm
•
sensors did not detect particles below 0.5mm
•
small particles / particles below 0.5mm / 0.4mm /
0.3mm / 0.2mm could (still) cause cancer / asthma
ignore global dimming or cars becoming
dirty or position of sensors
3
[11]
M7.
(a) (Kent reported because) damage was caused or it was above
3 (on the Richter scale)
accept description of damage
1
(others not reported because) no vibrations / not felt / not noticed
allow below 3 (on Richter scale)
ignore no damage
1
(b)
movement of (tectonic) plates
allow collision of plates or plates rubbing
together
or plates pushing against each other
1
any two from:
•
vibration / (shock)waves (in the earth) or p and s waves
accept sudden jolts / slips
•
caused by convection currents (in the mantle)
•
heat / energy released from radioactive processes
2
(c)
any two from:
scientists do not know:
•
what happens under the crust / mantle / under the surface
accept anything under the crust
•
where forces / pressures are building up
•
how to measure these forces / pressures
•
when these forces / pressures reach their limit
accept there is no pattern
ignore random / speed of movement
2
[7]
M8.
(a)
(Chromium =) 20
1
in correct order
(Nickel =) 8
accept Chromium = 8 and Nickel = 20 for 1
mark
1
(b)
(i)
(because iron is made up of only) one type of atom
1
(ii)
not strong
ignore soft / corrosive / flexible
accept it rusts / corrodes or that it could
wear away
accept could change shape / bend
accept layers / atoms could slide (over each
other)
1
(iii)
has different sized atoms / particles
or
structure is different/distorted / disrupted
accept not in layers or not regular
1
so it is difficult for layers / atoms / particles to slip / slide (over
each other)
accept layers cannot slip / slide
1
[6]
M9.
(a)
(i)
the greater the number (of carbon atoms), the higher its
boiling point
do not accept hydrocarbons for carbon
atoms
allow converse
allow melting point
1
(ii)
accept answers in the range 344 to 350
1
(iii)
216
1
(b)
(i)
EITHER
shortage of petrol or demand for petrol is higher than supply
diesel is in excess or supply of diesel is higher than demand
1
OR
petrol low supply and diesel high supply (1)
petrol high demand and diesel low demand (1)
petrol / diesel not specified = max 1
1
(ii)
any one from:
•
use diesel to make petrol
accept crack diesel or description of
cracking
•
make diesel cheap(er) (than petrol)
or make petrol more expensive
accept lobby the government to reduce the
tax
on diesel / increase tax on petrol
•
mix ethanol with petrol
ignore biodiesel
1
[6]
M10.
(a)
(i)
polyethene / poly(ethene)
accept polythene / polyethylene
1
(ii)
needs heat / energy / high temperature / fuel (for cracking)
ignore other processes
1
produces carbon dioxide / CO2
ignore use of CO2 or ‘produces carbon’
1
(b)
any three from:
•
use water from local sources or water from close to home
•
recycle bottles in the UK / close to home
accept do not recycle in other countries /
Asia
•
(reduction in distance travelled) would reduce CO2 emitted by
transport
accept use of transport with low / no carbon
dioxide emissions
•
use tap water
•
use glass bottles / waxed cartons / metal bottles
do not accept ‘do not use plastic bottles’
without an alternative material
•
do not put in landfill or recycle more
•
reuse / refill plastic bottles
•
tax imported water / plastic bottles (to offset carbon cost)
•
make more / all plastic bottles in UK
answers must be about the reduction of
carbon cost
3
[6]
M11.
(a)
core
1
(b)
(i)
3 or below / low on the Richter scale
accept vibrations not felt / causes no
damage
ignore references to injuries
1
(ii)
4
1
(iii)
movement of (Earth.s / tectonic) plates
allow plates collide
1
(iv)
(earthquakes) cannot be predicted / sudden / without warning
/ random
ignore under / in the sea
1
[5]
M12.
(a)
(i)
pressing
1
(ii)
dissolve
1
(b)
bromine
1
(c)
temperature needs to be high / above 100 °C
allow melting point
1
or
(sunflower oil has a) high(er) boiling point
or
boiling point of water is not high enough
any one from:
•
remove water / make potato crisp(er)
accept water makes potato soft / soggy
•
adds / gives flavour
1
[5]
M13.
(a)
(i)
1
1
3
1
(ii)
nucleus
1
electron
1
(b)
(i)
methane / CH4
accept natural gas
ignore air
do not allow other gases
1
(ii)
carbon dioxide
1
(c)
(i)
any two from:
•
medical risks
•
asthma
•
cancer
•
dirt
•
causes global warming / global dimming / greenhouse
effect / acid rain
ignore death
accept effect on health
accept difficulty breathing/ lung disease
allow smoke particles
allow harmful for the environment
2
(ii)
any two from:
•
have a test done / scientific evidence
•
independent (evidence)
•
comparison of smoke particles / when different
fuels used
•
medical evidence or more / less asthma attacks or
cancer or dirt on cars
2
[10]
M14.
(a)
atoms
1
(b)
mixture
1
metal
1
structure
1
smart
1
(c)
(i)
any two from:
•
saves raw materials / iron ore
•
saves energy / fuels
accept cheaper / saves money
•
make new / useful items
•
make money / it is economic
•
reduces pollution
allow less harmful for the environment
•
decreases cost of steel cans
•
reduces carbon dioxide emissions
•
decreases waste materials / use of landfill
2
(ii)
any one from:
•
provide information / education of the need to recycle
•
legislate against / charge for waste
•
reward / pay people to recycle
accept fine people for not recycling
•
put labels on the cans
•
provide recycling bags / bins / areas
1
[8]
M15.
(a)
to remove solid / dust particles
1
(b)
because at –200 °C both (water and carbon dioxide) are solids
1
this would therefore block pipes / equipment
1
(c)
oxygen
1
(d)
(i)
helium
1
(ii)
nitrogen > argon > oxygen
1
[6]
M16.
(a)
(i)
(healthiest oil is) sunflower (oil) or rapeseed (oil)
sunflower (oil) is healthiest because it has less saturated
fat than both olive (oil) and corn (oil)
or
rapeseed (oil) is healthiest because it has the lowest
value of saturated fat compared with the other oils
1
sunflower (oil) is healthiest because it has the highest
value of polyunsaturated fat compared with all the other oils
or
rapeseed (oil) is healthiest because it has more
polyunsaturated fat than both olive (oil) and corn (oil)
1
no mark for the choice of oil
accept the use of values from the table for
these comparisons
(ii)
no, because hydrogen adds to the unsaturated fat
or no, because hydrogen reduces the number of
carbon–carbon double bonds
accept no because reacting with hydrogen
increases number of single bonds
1
therefore there will be less polyunsaturated fat
accept therefore there will be more
saturated fat
1
(b)
molecules in egg yolk act as emulsifiers
accept lecithin molecules act as emulsifiers
1
because molecules in egg yolk have a ‘head’ which dissolves
in / attracted to water
accept because molecules in egg yolk are
hydrophilic
1
because molecules in egg yolk have a ‘tail’ which dissolves
in / attracted to oil
accept because molecules in egg yolk are
hydrophobic
1
[7]
M17.
(a)
(i)
thermal decomposition
1
(ii)
hydration
1
(iii)
add bromine (water)/iodine solution (to K and L)
1
K will decolourise these solutions
or
L will not decolourise these solutions
1
(b)
(i)
352 (g)
for correct answer
if answer is incorrect 400 + 114 – 162 gains
1 mark
2
(ii)
because 2 molecules of hydrocarbon J had 25
molecules of oxygen added
or
because 2 molecules of hydrocarbon J produced 16
molecules of carbon dioxide
allow because oxygen has been added to
hydrocarbon J
for 1 mark
2
(c)
(i)
raw materials are renewable
accept does not use crude oil
1
(ii)
alcohol does not need to be distilled
accept alcohol produced is pure
1
process is continuous
1
[11]
M18.
(a)
(i)
because large amounts of energy would be needed to
extract the copper
accept because it is labour-intensive to
extract copper from this land
accept because copper would have to be
extracted from a large area of land (owtte)
1
(ii)
any one from:
•
produces large amounts of solid waste
•
atmospheric pollution from carbon dioxide / sulfur
dioxide
•
more lorries / traffic
1
(b)
(i)
iron is cheap
accept iron is much more abundant than
copper
1
(ii)
iron displaces copper from solutions of its salts
accept iron is more reactive than copper
1
(c)
(i)
any two from:
•
less expensive / energy to extract the small amounts
of copper
•
plants will remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
as they grow
•
can release energy when plants are burned
2
(ii)
not continuous as it takes a long time for plants to grow
accept supply not continuous as plants only
harvested once / twice a year
1
[7]
M19.
(a)
calcium oxide
1
calcium hydroxide
1
calcium carbonate
1
substances must be in the order shown
(b)
(i)
strength of mortar decreases (as volume of sand increases)
1
(ii)
400 (cm3)
1
because the height the metal ball dropped from should
be 42 cm and not 37 cm
accept because the other results show that
the height the metal ball dropped from
should have an interval of 6cm
1
(c)
contains aggregate
allow bonding is stronger
1
[7]
M20.
(a)
two sodium atoms (react)
1
two (bonded) chlorine atoms (react)
allow one chlorine molecule (reacts)
1
two sodium ions and two chloride ions (are produced)
allow two molecules of sodium chloride (are
produced) or two sodium chloride particles
(produced)
1
(b)
(i)
(2x)
max 1 if candidate changes the number of
electrons in the first energy level / shell
8x (in second energy level / shell)
1
1x (in outer energy level / shell)
1
(ii)
sodium has 1 electron in its outer energy level / shell
or
chlorine has 7 electrons in its outer energy level / shell
1
[6]
M21.
(a)
(i)
the continents of South America and Africa would
have fitted together like a jigsaw
1
there are matching / similar rocks / fossils on the
continents of South America and Africa
1
(ii)
other scientists thought that continents are fixed / cannot
float or Wegener had no evidence to prove that
continents can move
allow Wegener was not respected by other
scientists / PhD in astronomy
1
and that a land bridge could explain the matching /
similar rocks / fossils on the continents of South
America and Africa
1
(b)
radioactive
1
mantle
1
words must be in the order shown
[6]
M22.
(a)
alkanes
1
catalyst
1
substances must be in the order shown
(b)
many (ethenes/monomers)
1
bond/join together
1
allow ethenes / monomers bond / join
together to form very large molecules for 2
marks
(c)
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the
Quality of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the
standard of the scientific response.
No relevant content.
0 marks
There is a brief description of a positive and a negative
environmental impact involved with one or more methods
used to reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.
Level 1 (1–2 marks)
There is some description of both positive and negative
environmental impacts involved with at least 2 methods
used to reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.
Level 2 (3–4 marks)
There is a clear, balanced and detailed description of both
a positive and a negative environmental impact of using
each of the 3 methods used to reduce the amount of plastic
bags sent to landfill.
Level 3 (5–6 marks)
examples of the chemistry points made in the response
reuse:
reuse means less bags used so:
positive environmental impact
•
saves raw materials / crude oil
•
saves energy
•
cuts down on CO2 emissions
•
less global warming
negative environmental impact
•
could cause litter
•
could still be sent to landfill
recycle:
bags bought can be recycled so:
positive environmental impact
•
used to make new plastic bags / objects
•
saves raw materials / crude oil
•
saves energy compared to producing plastic bags
from crude oil
•
cuts down on CO2 emissions
•
less global warming
negative environmental impact
•
collection point sites cause an eyesore / litter problem
•
transportation to recycling plant releases carbon
dioxide / causes global warming
burn:
bags can be burned so:
positive environmental impact
•
could provide energy for heating buildings
•
could provide energy for generating electricity
negative environmental impact
•
increases CO2 emissions
•
increases global warming
•
could release toxic gases
does not conserve raw materials / crude oil
[10]
M23.
(a)
(i)
both have one / 1 electron in the outer energy level /
shell
allow both react in a similar way
1
(ii)
eleven / 11
1
(iii)
twelve / 12
1
(iv)
(2x)
max 1 if candidate changes the number of
electrons in the first energy level / shell
8x (in second energy level / shell)
1
1x (in outer energy level / shell)
1
(b)
two sodium atoms (react)
1
two (bonded) chlorine atoms (react)
allow one chlorine molecule (reacts)
1
two sodium ions and two chloride ions (are produced)
allow two molecules of sodium chloride (are
produced) or two sodium chloride particles
(are produced)
1
[8]
M24.
(a)
(i)
copper
1
(ii)
50p
1
(iii)
25 (%)
1
(b)
any two from:
•
high value of copper
allow copper is expensive or contains other
metals
(that may have higher value now)
•
less copper available or copper ores exhausted /
only low-grade ores available
allow copper is non-renewable
•
high demand for copper
•
inflation of prices
2
[5]
M25.
(a)
decane has the largest molecules
1
methane and butane are gases at 20 °C
1
(b)
(i)
water
1
(ii)
carbon dioxide
1
(c)
sulfur dioxide is produced when sulfur burns
1
therefore sulfur must be removed from these fuels because
sulfur dioxide causes acid rain
1
[6]
M26.
(a)
causes dust pollution
1
increases traffic
1
(b)
(i)
decomposition
1
(ii)
44(g)
1
(c)
(calcium) hydroxide
1
(calcium) carbonate
1
substances must be in the order shown
[6]
M27.
(a)
(i)
nitrogen
1
(ii)
carbon dioxide
1
(iii)
because water boils at 100°C and the temperature
on Venus is 460°C
1
therefore any water on the surface would boil to form
steam / water vapour / gas
1
(b)
any three from:
•
by photosynthesis
•
by dissolving in oceans
•
by the formation of (calcium) carbonate or limestone
•
by the formation of oil or coal
accept by the formation of fossil fuels
3
(c)
(i)
0.0317 (%)
1
(ii)
the percentage of carbon dioxide has increased
1
(iii)
any one from:
•
burning of fossil fuels
•
deforestation
•
release of ‘locked up’ carbon dioxide
1
[10]
M28.
(a)
D
1
C
1
A
1
letters must be in the order shown
(b)
(i)
floats
1
(ii)
an emulsion
1
[5]
M29.
[4]
M30.
(a)
(i)
3 / three
1
(ii)
5 / five
1
(b)
any one from:
•
less / no transport
accept less / no distance
•
less / no (fossil) fuel used
ignore references to carbon dioxide / carbon
emissions
1
(c)
(i)
carbon dioxide / CO2
for a correct emission
1
(causes) global warming / climate change / greenhouse gas
explanation must be correct for named
emission
ignore ozone layer
or
(cement) particles / smoke (1)
(causes) asthma / dust / (global) dimming (1)
accept breathing problems
or
sulfur dioxide / SO2 / nitrogen oxides / NOx (1)
(causes) acid rain (1)
do not accept nitrogen or water vapour for
emissions
do not accept no named emission
1
(ii)
absorb / trap / capture / filter / pass through water / scrub /
electrostatic attraction
ignore condense / off setting / different fuel
1
[6]
M31.
(a)
(i)
calcium oxide / quicklime
allow calcium monoxide
do not accept calcium dioxide
ignore chemical formulae
1
(ii)
any three from:
•
carbon dioxide / CO2
•
(carbon dioxide) reacts (with the calcium hydroxide /
slaked
lime / plaster)
allow reaction 3 identified
do not allow incorrect reaction
ignore mixes, unless they state the correct
product
•
limestone / calcium carbonate / CaCO3 forms
allow marble / chalk
•
water is lost / evaporates
it = plaster
allow moisture
ignore dries
3
(b)
(i)
as the amount / volume of sand decreases the strength of the
mortar increases
accept as sand decreases the mortar is
stronger / harder to crack
allow as sand decreases the mortar
increases
allow converse
ignore references to height of metal ball
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
400 / 5th result is anomalous
accept two results (36 and 37 / 400 and 500
/ 4th and 5th) are almost the same
accept result at 400 should be 42
•
the interval between the others is similar or the interval
is about 6/7
allow the other results fit a pattern / are on a
straight line
•
he has only one set of results
allow he has only done it once
ignore reliable
2
[7]
M32.
(a)
(i)
(gases from) volcanoes
1
(ii)
100 allow 99
1
(iii)
any two from:
•
photosynthesis
•
carbon dioxide used
allow carbon dioxide decreased
•
oxygen produced
allow oxygen increased
ignore nitrogen / respiration
they = plants
2
(b)
(i)
any one from:
•
sea floor spreading
accept oceanic ridges / magnetic stripes
•
periodic measurements between continents
accept continents move a few centimetres
each year
•
evidence from rocks / fossils on different continents
accept continents fit together
•
new mountain ranges
accept new islands
1
(ii)
in the mantle
any two from:
•
convection (currents) / movement
do not accept movement of the plates
•
radioactivity / radioactive decay / nuclear reactions
1
•
releases heat / thermal energy
accept heat from core
2
[8]
M33.
(a)
(i)
reacts with carbon / C
accept burns / oxidises carbon
1
carbon dioxide / CO2 / gas is formed / given off
accept carbon monoxide / CO
accept correctly balanced equation for 2
marks
ignore state symbols
1
(ii)
change / improve properties
accept any specific property
accept to make alloys / special steels
ignore brittle
1
(b)
any two from:
•
to conserve ores / iron
accept ores / iron are non-renewable / nonsustainable
allow less quarrying / mining
•
to prevent the use of landfills
allow reduce waste
•
to conserve energy / fuel
accept fossil fuels are non-renewable
•
to reduce carbon / carbon dioxide emissions
•
to meet EU / International targets
ignore costs / demand
2
[5]
(a) yes (there is the general trend) ‘as the iodine value increases
the melting
point decreases’ or ‘as the hardness decreases the mp decreases’
accept converse statement
do not accept boiling point
M34.
or
no melting points are in random order / go up and down
1
one specific use of comparative data from the table either showing
the
trend or an anomaly
can be gained from yes or no answer
ignore bp
1
(b)
the iodine turns colourless
1
this would be difficult to see (if the oil was dark coloured)
allow similar colour as iodine or iodine is
brown
1
(c)
(consumer may think that) the company (scientists) would be
biased
1
consumer more likely to trust independent scientists
allow independent scientists not biased
1
(d)
add (measured amount of) hydrogen
accept hydrogenation
1
any two from:
•
(nickel) catalyst
•
hot / 60°C temperature
•
hardened
accept add a hard / hydrogenated fat / oil or
make an emulsion
2
[9]
M35.
(a)
(i)
many ethene / molecules / monomers
accept double bonds open / break
1
join to form a long hydrocarbon / chain / large molecule
accept addition polymerisation
ignore references to ethane
correct equation gains 2 marks
1
(ii)
(can be deformed but) return to their original shape (when
heated or cooled)
ignore ‘it remembers its shape’
1
(iii)
cross links / extra bonds in PEX
accept inter-molecular bonds
ignore inter-molecular forces
1
molecules / chains in PEX are held in position
accept rigid structure
1
molecules / chains in PEX unable to slide past each other /
move
it = PEX throughout
1
(b)
any four from:
•
less (hydrocarbon) fuels used
allow less energy
•
less / no electrical energy used
allow no electrolysis
•
reduce carbon / carbon dioxide emissions
allow less global warming
•
reduce / no pollution by sulfur dioxide / acid rain
•
continuous process
allow less / no transportation
•
conserve copper which is running out or only low-grade ores
available
•
reduce the amount of solid waste rock that needs to be
disposed
allow less waste
•
reduce the need to dig large holes (to extract copper ores)
allow less mining
ignore costs / sustainability / non-renewable
4
[10]
M36.
(a)
(i)
made up of one sort of atom
accept it is in the periodic table
or
has its own symbol
1
(ii)
nitrogen / N / N2 or oxygen / O / O2
do not accept argon or helium
do not accept oxide
1
(b)
(i)
compound
1
carbon
1
(ii)
bond
1
[5]
M37.
(i)
unsaturated
1
(ii)
hydrogen
1
higher
1
[3]
M38.
(a)
(i)
monomers
1
(ii)
crude oil
1
(b)
any three from:
•
metal may not corrode away / remains
•
plastic remains / does not break down (decay) / not affected
by microorganisms
accept non-biodegradable
•
should recycle / conserve resources / mend the kettle / burn
(plastic) as a fuel
accept it is a waste of materials / resources
•
landfill sites are limited / filling up
•
water pollution
ignore harms wildlife / habitats or problems
caused by burning the kettle
3
[5]
M39.
(a)
curve of best fit drawn through
or close to all of the points
1
(b)
(i)
313
1
(ii)
1989 +/– 1
1
(c)
concentration / amount of carbon dioxide has increased
1
recently the rate of increase is increasing
1
[5]
M40.
(a)
good (electrical) conductor
allow low reactivity / resistance to corrosion
do not accept heat conductor
1
(b)
a mixture of metals
accept contains more than one type of metal
1
(c)
(i)
any one from:
•
eyesore
•
destruction of habitats
•
pollution of water
•
dust pollution
•
noise
•
traffic pollution
1
(ii)
acid rain
allow sulfur dioxide is a pollutant
1
(d)
(i)
running out of copper (ores)
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
any specific example of using less copper
•
reuse / recycle
allow do not throw copper / brass away
•
use low-grade copper ores
•
use other metals / materials in place of copper
2
[7]
M41.
(a)
(i)
old animals / fossils / rocks match (when the continents
are put together)
or (continents) fit together
ignore ‘they are the same shape’
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
continents / plates cannot move (thousands of
kilometres)
accept the continents / plates are attached
to the Earth or continents / plates cannot
drift / float
•
modern / new animals are different
•
a land bridge (could explain the matching fossils / rocks)
ignore ‘no evidence’ ‘no proof’ ‘no
reputation’
2
(b)
crust
allow lithosphere
1
mantle
1
year
1
[6]
M42.
(a)
any three from:
•
resources / aluminium / ores are conserved
accept converse argument
•
less / no mining or less associated environmental problems
eg quarrying / eyesore / dust / traffic / noise / loss of land /
habitat
ignore just pollution
•
less / no waste (rock) / landfill
do not accept ‘wastes 50% of the ore’
•
no purification / separation (of aluminium oxide)
•
(aluminium extraction / production) has high energy /
electricity / heat / temperature requirements
•
less carbon dioxide produced
accept no carbon dioxide produced
ignore references to cost
3
(b)
statement
ignore density
1
linked reason
eg
(pure) Al / it is weak / soft (1)
as layers / rows can slide (over each other)
(1)
or
alloy / other metals / they make it stronger /
harder (1)
stops layers / rows sliding over each other
(1)
accept disrupts the structure owtte if no
other mark awarded
accept to form an alloy or to change
properties for 1 mark
1
[5]
M43.
(a)
(i)
acid rain
accept consequences of acid rain
allow asthma / bronchitis
ignore toxic gas
1
(ii)
global dimming
accept dimming alone
1
(b)
(i)
sustainable:
maximum two from:
•
crops (that produce oil) can be grown in most places
owtte
•
renewable
•
use less fossil fuels / diesel
•
use (refined) waste oils
low pollution:
maximum two from:
ignore references to CO2 here
•
most emissions are lower or any two named emissions
from CO / SO2 / PM10 are lower
•
much / lot less SO2 emissions (than the others) owtte
•
accept spillages / waste is biodegradable
•
less new CO2 or (more) carbon neutral
3
(ii)
plants / photosynthesis use carbon (dioxide) from the air*
1
it / biodiesel releases carbon (dioxide) from plants / crops /
photosynthesis*
(*) allow 1 mark for biodiesel is (more)
carbon neutral
1
(fossil) diesel releases ‘locked up’ / new carbon (dioxide) /
doesn’t
absorb CO2 / absorbed it millions of years ago
1
[8]
M44.
(a)
any two from:
•
naphtha has a different / low(er) boiling point
accept different volatility
•
condenses at a different temperature / height / place in the
column / when it reaches it’s boiling point
•
different size of molecules
2
(b)
(i)
C10H22 → C6H14 + 2C2H4
allow multiples
1
(ii)
(hydrocarbon) heated / vapours
1
(passed over a) catalyst / alumina / porous pot
ignore other catalysts
1
(iii)
it / ethene is unsaturated or decane and hexane / they are
saturated
accept decane and hexane are alkanes /
CnH2n+2
or ethene is an alkene / CnH2n
or different homologous series / general
formula
1
ethene has a double (carbon carbon) bond or decane and
hexane have only
single (carbon carbon) bonds
accept ethene has a reactive double
(carbon carbon) bond for 2 marks
1
(c)
all bonds drawn correctly
1
(d)
economic argument against recycling
any one from:
•
poly(ethene) / plastic must be collected / transported / sorted /
washed
•
this uses (fossil) fuels which are expensive
1
environmental argument against recycling
any one from:
•
uses (fossil) fuels that are non-renewable / form
CO2 / CO / SO2 / NOx / particulates
ignore pollution / harmful gases / etc
•
washing uses / pollutes water
1
counter arguments
any two from:
•
collect / transport alongside other waste
•
use biofuels (instead of fossil)
•
landfill is running out
•
landfill destroys habitats
•
incinerators are expensive to build
•
saves raw materials / crude oil
•
saves energy needed to make new plastic
•
incinerators may produce harmful substances
•
incinerator ash goes to landfill
•
poly(ethene) is non-biodegradable
•
poly(ethene) can be made into other useful items
•
more jobs / employment for people
2
[12]
M45.
(a)
electron
words must be in correct position
1
nucleus
1
(b)
(i)
oxygen / O2
ignore air
1
(ii)
any one from:
•
(water) does not pollute
accept no harmful gas(es)
•
(only) water is produced
•
no carbon dioxide (is produced)
accept no greenhouse gas(es) / effect
•
no sulfur dioxide (is produced)
accept no acid rain
•
no nitrogen oxides (are produced)
•
no carbon / no particles (are produced)
1
[4]
M46.
(a)
(i)
sulfur dioxide / SO2
1
(ii)
global dimming
1
(iii)
carbon dioxide / CO2
ignore ozone
1
increases the levels (of carbon dioxide)
accept it is a greenhouse gas or causes
global warming / greenhouse effect
1
(b)
gas / oil bar correct length
1
coal bar correct length
1
[6]
M47.
(a)
tectonic
words must be in correct places
1
radioactive
1
(b)
(i)
any two from:
•
records not available / made / accurate
•
bodies not found
•
affected many islands / large area
2
(ii)
any two from:
•
cannot predict earthquakes / plate movement
•
(cannot) accurately (predict earthquakes)
•
(earthquakes / tsunamis) are random / not regular /
sudden
•
do not know what is happening below / in the Earth’s
crust / in the mantle
•
very slow / thousands of years build up of pressure
ignore references to technology / equipment
2
[6]
M48.
(a)
(i)
crushed
if line blank allow crushed circled in the box
1
(ii)
any one from:
•
‘costs’ less / cheaper
•
easier / faster
•
less complicated equipment
•
does not need heating / energy
•
distilling could decompose the oil
1
(b)
(i)
any one from:
•
do not mix / dissolve
•
(stay) separate
•
form layers
•
are immiscible
1
(ii)
mix
words must be in correct places
1
emulsion
1
[5]
M49.
(a)
(i)
hydrogen
must be name
1
(ii)
a line of four or more ethene molecules joined to the original
two
with single bonds
at least two other ethene molecules joined
to the original two in a chain gains 1 mark
2
(b)
(i)
any two from:
•
non-biodegradable
accept remains a long time
•
landfill sites are filling up / limited
accept land / space used up
•
waste of a resource / could be recycled / reused
ignore references to tablets / animals
2
(ii)
any one from:
•
(two) different polymers / plastics / materials
•
need to be separated
•
limited collection points / many need to be collected
•
tablets may still be present
1
[6]
M50.
(a) (an alloy) that can return to its original shape (after being
deformed / bent / twisted)
accept (on heating / cooling) it returns to its
shape
1
(b)
any two from:
•
brass / it is a mixture
accept brass / it is not pure
•
zinc changes structure / disrupts patterns or layers
•
copper metal atoms / layers able to slide over each other
accept zinc prevents atoms / layers sliding
over each other
2
(c)
(i)
oxygen / O2 / O
1
(ii)
lead remains (in furnace) because of its high boiling point
1
zinc boils / evaporates (out of furnace) because of its low
boiling point 1 if neither mark awarded then allow 1 mark for
different boiling points
ignore references to melting points
1
[6]
M51.
(a)
(i)
calcium oxide / CaO
1
carbon dioxide / CO2
products can be in either order
ignore chemical names other than calcium
oxide or carbon dioxide
1
(ii)
(thermal) decomposition
accept endothermic
1
(b)
(i)
(chemical) reaction / react
accept calcium hydroxide / slaked lime
produced
ignore incorrect products
1
energy / heat released / exothermic
ignore gets hot / heats up
if neither mark awarded then allow ‘mixing
the chemicals heats up the coffee’ for 1
mark
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
foil has been broken(*)
•
ring pull used(*)
(*)if neither mark awarded accept ‘cannot /
difficult to repair’ for 1 mark
ignore button pushed
•
quicklime and / or water mixed / reacted
accept reaction not reversible
accept cannot / difficult to replace quicklime
/ water / chemicals
2
[7]
M52.
(a)
any one from:
•
gasoline / petrol / it contains short(er) chains / hydrocarbons
or small(er) molecules or contains few(er) carbons
accept fuel oil contains long(er) chain length
/ large(r) molecules or contains many
carbons
ignore particles
•
gasoline / petrol / it has weak(er) / small(er) intermolecular
forces
accept fuel oil has strong(er) / great(er)
intermolecular forces
1
(b)
only accept figures if used in a comparative statement
any two from:
•
gasoline / petrol / it is in high demand
accept fuel oil is in low demand
•
gasoline / petrol / it is in short supply
accept fuel oil is plentiful
accept answers such as ‘gasoline / petrol /
its supply is less than demand for 2 marks
or gasoline / petrol / its percentage in crude
oil is less than demand for 2 marks
•
(high) tax / duty
•
cracking costs in terms of money / energy
accept cracking expensive
2
(c)
any two from:
ignore particles
•
(fuel oil / it) heated / vaporised
•
with catalyst
accept a named catalyst
if first two bullet points are not awarded
‘cracking’ gains 1 mark
•
(to give / form / produce) short(er) chains / hydrocarbons or
small(er)
molecules or contains few(er) carbons
if wrong process named max 1 mark
2
[5]
M53.
(a)
any one from:
•
light(er) / less dense
ignore stronger
•
resistant to acids / alkalis / chemical
accept resistant to corrosion
1
(b)
any two from:
it must be clear
list principle applies
allow reverse argument
ignore reference to temperature
•
magnesium is more reactive than titanium
magnesium is above titanium in the
reactivity series
•
titanium is more reactive than carbon
•
magnesium is more reactive than carbon
•
magnesium is most reactive
•
carbon is least reactive
2
(c)
any three from:
it = titanium
ignore references to cost / easier /
usefulness alone or references to incorrect
processes
•
takes a long time to process
•
low abundance (of ore)
•
small amount produced
•
batch process used or blast furnace is continuous
•
more stages used to manufacture titanium
allow ≥ 3 / many / several
•
more energy used (per tonne of titanium)
allow high energy requirement
ignore references to temperature
•
magnesium / chlorine is expensive
•
labour intensive
3
[6]
M54.
(i)
turns colourless
accept colour disappears
ignore fading
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
unsaturated fat content / healthiness about the same / similar
to maize
accept about the same number of double
carbon bonds as maize accept ‘a bit less’ for
similar
•
less unsaturated / less healthy than soya
accept fewer / less double bonds than soya
ignore ‘more saturated’
•
more unsaturated / more healthy than olive / palm
accept more double bonds than olive / palm
ignore ‘less saturated’
if no other mark awarded accept sunflower
oil has (about) the same result as maize oil
for 1 mark
ignore comments about saturated fats
2
[3]
M55.
(a)
any two environmental problems with linked explanations
•
global warming (1)
accept effects of global warming
caused by (formation of) carbon dioxide / greenhouse gas (1)
ignore greenhouse effect
•
acid rain (1)
accept effects of acid rain
ignore respiratory problems
caused by ( formation of) sulfur dioxide (1)
accept sulfur oxide
ignore sulfuric acid
•
global dimming (1)
ignore respiratory problems
caused by ( formation of) particles / particulates / fires /
smoke / carbon / pm 10 (1)
•
scarring of landscape (1)
caused by mining / quarrying of coal (1)
ignore ozone layer
max 4
(b)
any three from:
•
replant the trees / renewable / sustainable
ignore reusable
•
carbon dioxide is used by the trees / photosynthesis
accept trees absorb carbon dioxide as they
grow
do not allow respiration
•
it’s a (continuous carbon) cycle
accept ‘carbon dioxide goes back into the
air’
accept trees use CO2 which is released
when trees are burnt
•
no ‘new’ carbon (dioxide) is produced or
no locked up carbon (dioxide) is released
accept no carbon (dioxide) from fossil fuels
is produced
3
[7]
M56.
(a)
any two from:
asks for cause therefore no marks for just
describing the change
must link reason to a correct change in a
gas
carbon dioxide has decreased due to:
accept idea of ‘used’ to indicate a decrease
•
plants / micro organisms / bacteria / vegetation / trees
•
photosynthesis
ignore respiration
•
‘locked up’ in (sedimentary) rocks / carbonates / fossil fuels
•
dissolved in oceans
ignore volcanoes
oxygen has increased due to:
accept idea of ‘given out / produced’
•
plants / bacteria / micro organisms / vegetation / trees
•
photosynthesis
ignore respiration
nitrogen increased due to:
accept idea of ‘given out / produced’
•
ammonia reacted with oxygen
•
bacteria / micro organisms
ignore (increase in) use of fossil fuels /
deforestation
2
(b)
(because methane’s) boiling point is greater than the average /
surface temperature or Titan’s (average / surface) temperature
is below methane’s boiling point
ignore references to nitrogen or water
1
any methane that evaporates will condense
accept boils for evaporates
accept cooling and produce rain for
condensing
1
(c)
(i)
bonds must be displayed correctly
ignore bond angles
1
(ii)
poly(propene) / polypropene / polypropylene
do not allow polypropane
any two from:
•
double bonds open up / break / become single(*)
•
propene molecules / monomers / they join / undergo addition
polymerisation(*)
1
•
form chains / long molecules(*)
(*)correct chemical equation gains 2 marks
ignore large
using monomer incorrectly max 2 marks
2
[8]
M57.
(a)
made of one sort of atom
accept it is in the periodic table
accept it only has lithium atoms
1
(b)
nucleus labelled correctly
1
electron labelled correctly
1
[3]
M58.
(a)
pressing
1
(b)
(i)
water
accept hydrogen oxide / H2O
1
(ii)
filtration or description of this process
accept decanting or similar description of a
means of separating the seeds and skins
from the liquids
accept sieving
do not accept distillation / evaporation
1
[3]
M59.
(a)
tungsten
1
has the high(est) melting point
accept that metals other than tungsten
are likely to melt
1
(b)
argon
1
is an unreactive gas
accept that gases other than argon are
reactive
accept that argon is a noble gas or in Group
0
1
[4]
M60.
(a)
1 / one
1
3 / three
1
(b)
(i)
(wear safety) glasses / masks / gloves
accept do not handle hot objects / use
tongs or accept other safety points
such as, ‘tie hair back’
1
(ii)
calcium oxide
accept quicklime
1
(iii)
carbon dioxide / CO2 is given off
accept a gas is given off
1
(d)
(i)
any two from:
•
dust / atmospheric pollution
•
noise
•
eyesore
•
destroys habitats
•
(extra) traffic
•
any other named pollution or description of pollution
2
(ii)
any one from:
•
employment
•
increases local trade / makes money
•
future development of quarry recreation / park / lake /
reservoir
do not accept cheaper houses / land /
new roads
1
[8]
M61.
(a)
(i)
poly(ethene)
accept polythene
1
(ii)
cracking
1
(iii)
hydrogen
1
(b)
(i)
bar labelled 9
1
bar drawn to correct height
1
(ii)
(boiling point) increases
1
(iii)
heat / evaporate (the crude oil)
accept separate by boiling point
1
cool / condense (hydrocarbons at different temperatures)
accept smaller molecules go to top / larger
molecules stay at bottom
accept fractional distillation for two marks or
distillation / fractionation for one mark
1
(c)
yes
any two from:
•
because plastic does not biodegrade or running out of space
for landfills or
land cannot be used for a long time
•
it provides heat energy
•
which can be used to generate electricity / heat homes or
greenhouses
•
any other advantage of burning
•
any other disadvantage of landfill
or
no
•
burning plastic produces carbon dioxide / carbon emissions /
toxic gases
accept landfill does not produce
carbon dioxide / carbon emissions
•
causes global warming / climate change / increase
greenhouse effect / global dimming / acid rain
•
any other disadvantage of burning
•
any other advantage of landfill
2
[10]
M62.
(a)
radioactivity (keeps the core hot)
accept half-life of radioactive elements has
proved the Earth is
older than 400 million years
accept the Earth is not cooling
do not accept fossil / rock evidence
1
(b)
any two from:
•
the shapes of the two continents fit together (like a jigsaw)
OWTTE\
do not accept the continents / they are the
same shape
•
the same type of rocks have been found
accept ‘rocks match’
•
the same fossils have been found
accept ‘fossils match’
•
rising magma rising through a gap under the Atlantic
2
(c)
any two from:
•
earthquakes
accept seismic waves
•
volcanoes
•
idea of distance between America and Europe / Africa is
increasing e.g.
continental drift
•
oceanic ridges
accept ocean floor spreading
•
formation of (new) mountain ranges
accept fold mountains or mountains
increasing in height
•
formation of (new) islands
•
magnetic stripes
•
tsunamis
2
[5]
M63.
(a)
oxygen and nitrogen
1
20 – 21 % and 78 – 80 %
accept any two correct responses in the
correct space for one mark
1
(b)
(i)
acid rain
accept toxic gas or consequence of acid
rain
1
(ii)
idea of the removal or use of sulfur
dioxide gas (from the waste gases)
do not accept remove sulfur from coal
1
(iii)
oxygen
accept O2
1
water
accept H2O
accept hydrogen oxide / steam
1
(c)
any two from:
•
it’s a ‘greenhouse gas’ or increase greenhouse effect
accept action of a ‘greenhouse gas’
•
causes global warming or increase in the Earth’s temperature
•
sea-levels rise or flooding
•
climate change
•
(polar) ice-caps melt
•
extension of deserts
mention of ozone / acid rain / global
dimming = max 1 mark
2
(d)
idea trap / store / lock the carbon dioxide
1
in the oil reservoir or under the sea bed
do not accept ‘into the oil’ / ‘under the sea’
1
[10]
M64.
(a)
(i)
contain enough metal to make it economical / worth
while to extract
1
(ii)
reduction
accept displacement
accept redox
1
(iii)
Fe + CO2
do not accept Fe2 / Fe4
1
correct balancing
accept multiples and halves
2Fe2O3 + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO2
allow Fe2 / Fe4 as ecf
1
(b)
Pure Iron
(in pure metal all the atoms are the same size and) able to slip /
slide over each
other – (property soft)
OWTTE
ignore references to molecules / particles
if they say ‘move’ both times, allow one
mark but ‘crack’ or ‘split’ is wrong..
1
Cast iron
(in cast iron) different sized atoms / larger atoms or structure is
distorted / disrupted
OWTTE
1
so it is difficult for layers of atoms to slip / slide over each other
OWTTE
1
(c)
any three from:
•
conserves / saves resources / metal ores
•
saves energy resources (used for extraction / processing)
accept cheaper / saves money
•
decreases waste materials
•
decreases a named pollution
do not accept acid rain
3
[10]
M65.
(i)
(poly)unsaturated
accept monounsaturated
1
(ii)
(turns) colourless or colour disappears / decolourises
do not accept clear
1
stays the same colour / orange / no change
allow yellow-orange / orange-brown / redorange
1
(iii)
(react) with hydrogen / H2 / hydrogenation
1
any one from:
•
heated / 60 °C
•
catalyst / nickel
1
[5]
M66.
(a)
(i)
heat / evaporate the crude oil / change to gas or vapour
do not accept heat with catalyst
1
cool / condense (hydrocarbons)
allow small molecules at top and / or large
molecules at bottom
1
at different temperatures / boiling points
if the answer describes cracking ‘ no marks
1
(ii)
C4H10
1
(b)
H
│
H ─C ─
│
H
H
H
│
│
C─ C─H
│
│
H
H
1
(c)
(i)
C5 to C8 fraction are fuels or easier to burn or petrol (fraction)
accept C21 to C24 fraction not useful as fuels
do not accept produce more energy
1
(ii)
C2H4
do not accept C4H8
1
(iii)
any three from:
•
use different / lighter crude oils
•
develop markets for low demand fractions
•
develop new techniques / equipment to use low
demand fractions
as fuels
•
cracking
•
convert low demand fractions to high demand fractions
or bigger
molecules to smaller molecules
•
develop alternative / bio fuels
do not accept price
3
[10]
M67.
(a)
hydrogen
ignore formulae
1
(b)
any two from:
•
different sized molecules / more or less (carbon) atoms (in
molecules)
ignore different densities
•
fuels have different boiling points
•
fuels condense at different temperatures
2
(c)
all three correct = 3 marks
two correct = 2 marks
one correct = 1 mark
3
[6]
M68.
(a)
(i)
any one from:
•
iron ore is a limited resource / non-renewable
•
iron is in high demand
•
provide jobs
•
economic advantage
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
would damage (wildlife) habitats / countryside /
greenfield sites
•
extra traffic
•
visual (pollution) / eyesore
•
noise (pollution) / sound (pollution)
•
dust (pollution)
•
river (pollution)
•
carbon dioxide (from traffic) / adds to greenhouse effect
/ global
warming
•
damage roads / buildings by vibrations / shockwaves
2
(b)
(i)
carbon monoxide / carbon
accept formulae CO / C
1
(ii)
atoms
accept (particles) are all the same (size) /
type for one mark
1
are all the same (size) / type
1
(iii)
any two from:
•
impurities / carbon / different (sized) atoms or elements
or metals
•
changes the structure / disrupts the pattern or layers
•
prevents layers sliding over each other
•
it is an alloy
2
[8]
M69.
(a)
core
ignore outer or inner
1
mantle
1
(b)
(i)
carbon dioxide
accept formula CO2
1
oxygen
accept formulae O2 / O
1
(ii)
4%
1
(iii)
carbon dioxide has decreased / from 95% to 0%
1
oxygen has increased / from 0% to 21%
1
any one from:
(carbon dioxide decrease)
•
carbon dioxide used during photosynthesis / by plants
•
carbon dioxide dissolves in oceans
•
carbon dioxide is locked up in rocks / carbonates / fossil
fuels
(oxygen increase)
•
oxygen released during photosynthesis / by plants
1
[8]
M70.
(a)
any two from:
•
nitrogen
accept formulae N / N2
•
carbon dioxide
accept formula CO2
ignore CO
•
water (vapour) / steam
accept formula H2O
2
(b)
any three from:
no mark for ‘limestone’ or ‘concrete’ on first
line – mark advantages only
limestone
•
abundant / local
ignore ideas of speed of production or
easier to use
•
natural material or no ‘processing’ needed
•
relatively easy to cut
•
appearance better
concrete
•
raw materials are abundant
•
can be reinforced (by steel rods) / strong(er) / supported (by
steel rods)
accept ‘can build higher’
•
concrete mixture can be poured / moulded / constructed on
site
•
less reactive with acid rain / weathering / erosion
ignore density / extraction / quarrying /
pollution / cost
3
[5]
M71.
(a)
(i)
Cu2S + 2O2  2CuO + SO2
accept fractions and multiple
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
sulfur dioxide
accept sulphur dioxide / sulphur oxide /
SO2
•
causes acid rain
ignore other comments eg global
warming / ozone / global dimming /
greenhouse effect
•
consequence of acid rain eg kills fish / plants
2
(b)
any two from:
•
heat (copper oxide with carbon)
•
oxygen is removed by carbon
accept copper (oxide) loses oxygen
or
carbon gains oxygen
accept carbon oxide
or
carbon monoxide / carbon dioxide is produced
or
carbon displaces copper
accept a correct word or balanced
symbol equation
•
because carbon is more reactive than copper
allow a correct comparison of reactivity
2
(c)
(i)
electrolysis
accept electroplating
1
(ii)
(electrical) wiring / appliances / coins / pipes / cladding for
buildings / jewellery / making alloys
1
or
named alloys
(d)
any three explanations from:
for recycling
•
less acid rain (pollution)
•
copper reserves last longer / conserved
or
do not run out
•
energy for extraction (saved)
or
less energy required
•
less mining / quarrying
•
less waste (copper) / electrical appliances dumped
or
less landfill
against recycling
•
collection problems
•
transport problems
•
difficult to separate copper from appliances
•
energy used to melt the collected copper
ignore electrolysis / pollution
ignore ideas about less machinery / plant
ignore idea of cost
3
[10]
M72.
(a)
(i)
core
1
(ii)
plate (boundaries)
accept parts of the crust
ignore crust alone
1
sudden movement / colliding
accept movement but ignore movement
apart
or
normally move a few centimetres per year
accept continental drift
1
convection currents / driven by heat from radioactive
processes / decay
idea of source of energy for the movement
1
the idea of uncertainty with an explanation
eg scientists do not know (with any certainty)
•
what happens under the crust
•
where the forces / pressure are building up
•
we cannot measure the forces
•
when the forces reach their limit
ignore references to volcanoes
1
(b)
(i)
78
(ii)
marks awarded for any 2 gases from the following 3 gases
max 3 marks from CO2
1
any four from:
ignore references to respiration
carbon dioxide has decreased:
•
used by plants / bacteria (stromatolites)
•
during photosynthesis (must be linked to CO2 decrease)
•
‘locked up’ in (sedimentary) rocks / carbonates / fossil
fuels
•
dissolved in oceans
and / or
oxygen has increased because:
•
released by plants / bacteria (stromatolites)
•
during photosynthesis (must be linked to O2 increase)
and / or
nitrogen has increased because
•
ammonia reacted with oxygen (to release nitrogen)
•
nitrogen is released by bacteria
4
[10]
M73.
(a)
(i)
water and oil do not mix / are immiscible
ignore density
1
or
don’t dissolve each other
ignore emulsifier alone
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
emulsifier
•
forms an emulsion
accept description of an emulsion
•
holds the two components together
accept stops them separating / they mix
allow bonds / binds for holds
•
by lowering the surface tension
accept a description of how an
emulsifier works for two
marks
eg ‘tadpole’ diagram or dispersal of oil
drops
2
(b)
(i)
(because they contain) a double (carbon carbon) bond
accept unsaturated
ignore poly or mono
1
(ii)
results suggest sunflower oil is best
or
‘the one that took the least time’
1
because (sunflower oil) has the highest amount of
unsaturation /
most double bonds / least saturated
ignore uses up I2 most quickly
second mark is dependent on first
1
(c)
(i)
any one from:
•
have a higher melting point than (vegetable) oil
•
are solid at (room temperature) / hardened / harder
accept useful as spreads or doesn’t
soak into bread
ignore hard / soft(er)
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
hydrogen added
do not accept ‘water’
•
to carbon carbon double bond / to saturate
•
(nickel) catalyst / temperature 60 – 150 °C
wrong catalyst doesn’t get this mark
ignore high / warm temperature
2
[9]
M74.
(a)
(i)
by (fractional) distillation
accept a description of the distillation
process (heat and how separation works) eg
heat and condense
accept boil / vapourise etc for heat
or
fractionation
1
(ii)
CO2
note the order of these products must be
correct
1
H2O
wrong way round = 1 mark
1
(b)
(i)
(hexane) has been broken down (into smaller hydrocarbons /
molecules)
1
accept (thermal) decomposition / cracked /
split / broken up owtte
(ii)
H
H
│
│
C
= C
│
│
H
H
accept CH2 = CH2
1
(iii)
water / hydrogen oxide / steam
accept H2O
1
(c)
candidates must include both sugar cane and crude oil in their
evaluation
and both an advantage and a disadvantage to gain full marks.
if they do not then the maximum mark is three
any four from:
advantages of using sugar
•
country has no wealth to buy (large quantities of) crude oil
not ‘expensive’ alone
•
country has limited technological development
or
underdeveloped / third world country
•
able / suitable climate to grow sugar cane
•
enough land to grow sugar cane / land cannot be used to
grow food / deforestation
•
sugar is a renewable source
or
crude oil is a non-renewable resource / finite resource /
limited resources
•
CO2 / carbon neutral
advantages of using alkanes:
•
economic costs are low
•
continuous process
•
country has large oil resources
•
country has oil refineries / cracking plants
•
very pure product
•
faster process
4
[10]
M75.
(a)
hydrocarbons
1
(b)
evaporation
1
condensation
1
distillation
allow fractional distillation
1
(c)
lower and more
1
[5]