12 Missing from Journals: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation,
Toxicology and Chemistry, and Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Title: Do pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other organic waste water
compounds persist when waste water is used for recharge?
Author(s): Cordy GE, Duran NL, Bouwer H, Rice RC, Furlong ET, Zaugg SD, Meyer MT,
Barber LB, Kolpin DW
Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 24 (2): 58-69 SPR 2004
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 39
Times Cited: 0
Abstract: A proof-of-concept experiment was devised to determine if pharmaceuticals
and other organic waste water compounds (OWCs), as well as pathogens, found in
treated effluent could be transported through a 2.4 m soil column and, thus, potentially
reach ground water under recharge conditions similar to those in and or semiarid
climates. Treated effluent was applied at the top of the 2.4 m long, 32.5 cm diameter soil
column over 23 days. Samples of the column inflow were collected from the effluent
storage tank at the beginning (T-begin) and end (T-end) of the experiment, and a sample
of the soil column drainage at the base of the column (Bend) was collected at the end of
the experiment. Samples were analyzed for 131 OWCs including veterinary and human
antibiotics, other prescription and nonprescription drugs, widely used household and
industrial chemicals, and steroids and reproductive hormones, as well as the pathogens
Salmonella and Legionella. Analytical results for the two effluent samples taken at the
beginning (Tbegin) and end (Tend) of the experiment indicate that the number of OWCs
detected in the column inflow decreased by 25% (eight compounds) and the total
concentration of OWCs decreased by 46% while the effluent was in the storage tank
during the 23-day experiment. After percolating through the soil column, an additional 18
compounds detected in Tend (67% of OWCs) were no longer detected in the effluent
(Bend) and the total concentration of OWCs decreased by more than 70%. These
compounds may have been subject to transformation (biotic and abiotic), adsorption, and
(or) volatilization in the storage tank and during travel through the soil column. Eight
compounds-carbamazapine; sulfamethoxazole; benzophenone; 5-methyl-1Hbenzotriazole; N, N-diethyltoluamide; tributylphosphate; tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate;
and cholesterol-were detected in all three samples indicating they have the potential to
reach ground water under recharge conditions similar to those in and and semiarid
climates. Results from real-time polymerase chain reactions demonstrated the presence
of Legionella in all three samples. Salmonella was detected only in Tbegin, suggesting
that the bacteria died off in the effluent storage tank over the period of the experiment.
This proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates that, under recharge conditions similar to
those in and or semiarid climates, some pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other OWCs
can persist in treated effluent after soil-aquifer treatment.
KeyWords Plus: POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS;
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GROUNDWATER; LEGIONELLA;
SALMONELLA; EFFLUENT; FATE; ENVIRONMENT
PDF File Found? No
Title: Removal mechanisms of endocrine disrupting compounds (steroids)
during soil aquifer treatment
Author(s): Mansell J, Drewes JE, Rauch T
Source: WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 50 (2): 229-237 2004
Document Type: Review
Language: English
Cited References: 18
Times Cited: 0
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the primary removal mechanisms
of endocrine disruptors such as steroidal hormones present in reclaimed water,
specifically 17beta-estradiol, estriol, and testosterone, during groundwater recharge via
soil aquifer treatment (SAT). Steroidal hormones were quantified using enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays. Bench-scale studies and laboratory-scale soil column
experiments were employed to determine what mechanisms (i.e., adsorption,
biodegradation, photolytic degradation) dominate the removal of the three compounds of
interest during SAT. Findings of these studies revealed that the dominating removal
mechanism for the compounds of interest during EAT is adsorption to the porous media
matrix and additional attenuation to below the detection limit occurred in the presence of
bioactivity. This additional removal occurred regardless of dominating redox conditions
(aerobic vs. anoxic) or the type of organic carbon matrix present (hydrophobic acids,
hydrophilic carbon vs. colloidal carbon).
Author Keywords: endocrine disrupting compounds; groundwater recharge; soil-aquifer
treatment; steroida hormones; water reuse
KeyWords Plus: WASTE-WATER; ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS; SURFACE-WATER;
HORMONES; BIOSOLIDS; EFFLUENT; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEMS; FATE
Addresses: Drewes JE (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div,
Golden, CO 80401 USA
Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USA
E-mail Addresses: jdrewes@mines.edu
PDF File Found ? Yes
Title: Analysis and occurrence of estrogenic hormones and their glucuronides in
surface water and waste water in The Netherlands
Author(s): Belfroid AC, Van der Horst A, Vethaak AD, Schafer AJ, Rijs GBJ, Wegener J,
Cofino WP
Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 225 (1-2): 101-108 JAN 12 1999
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 10
Times Cited: 168
Abstract: An analytical procedure was developed that enables routine analysis of four
estrogenic hormones in concentrations below 1 ng/l in surface water and waste water.
The recovery was 88-98% with a limit of detection of 0.1-2.4 ng/l depending on the
compound and the matrix measured. This method was used to determine the occurrence
of 17 beta-estradiol, 17 alpha-estradiol, estrone and 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol in the
aquatic environment in The Netherlands. The data show that estrogenic hormones can be
detected at low concentrations (up to 6 ng/l) at some locations in surface water. In
selected effluents of waste water treatment plants estrone and 17 beta-estradiol were
detected in concentrations in the ng/l range. Concentrations of 17 alpha-estradiol and the
contraceptive 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol were in most of these samples below the limit of
detection. Hormone glucuronides were not detected in most surface water and effluents.
(C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Author Keywords: estrogen; estradiol; ethinylestradiol; environment; eco-hormones;
endocrine disruptors
KeyWords Plus: CHROMATOGRAPHY; URINE
Addresses: Belfroid AC (reprint author), Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies,
Boelelaan 1115, Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV Netherlands
Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV Netherlands
Natl Inst Coastal & Marine Management, RIKZ, Middelburg, NL-4330 EA Netherlands
Inst Inland Water Mgmt & Waste Water Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad, NL-8200 AA
Netherlands
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: Estrogen receptor agonist fate during wastewater and biosolids treatment
processes: A mass balance analysis
Author(s): Holbrook RD, Novak JT, Grizzard TJ, Love NG
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 36 (21): 4533-4539 NOV 1 2002
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 55
Times Cited: 16
Abstract: The estrogen receptor agonist fate of hexane extracts from various locations
and phases (liquid and solid) within one pilot-scale and two full-scale wastewater
treatment facilities were examined by use of the receptor-binding yeast estrogen screen
(YES assay). Estrogenic activity was found in samples that contained a high concentration
of biological solids and was particularly high in the suspended solid fraction from biosolids
treatment facilities. Mass balances revealed that the estrogenic activity associated with
the processed biosolids constituted between 5 and 10% of the influent estrogenic activity,
while the treated liquid effluent prior to disinfection contained between 26 and 43%.
Overall, this suggests that between 51 and 67% of the estrogenic activity contained in
the influent wastewater was either biodegraded during the wastewater or biosolids
treatment processes or was unavailable to the extraction/ detection procedure. In both
aerobic and anaerobic digestion, mass balances revealed an increase in estrogenic
activity as treatment progressed and biosolids destruction occurred. The estrogenic
activity associated with the solid phase decreased during mesophilic aerobic digestion. A
correlation was observed between the estrogenicity of mixed liquor suspended solids and
aerobic sludge age and suggests that wastewater treatment facilities can be designed and
operated to enhance the sorption and removal of estrogenic compounds from the liquid
phase.
KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; ALKYLPHENOL POLYETHOXYLATE
SURFACTANTS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC
CONTAMINANTS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ACTIVATEDSLUDGE; STW EFFLUENT; WATER; BEHAVIOR
Addresses: Love NG (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil &
Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061
USA
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: The fate and behaviour of human estrogens in a night soil treatment
process
Author(s): Takigami H, Taniguchi N, Matsuda T, Yamada M, Shimizu Y, Matsui S
Source: WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 42 (7-8): 45-51 2000
Document Type: Review
Language: English
Cited References: 8
Times Cited: 10
Abstract: A night soil treatment plant which collects a high amount of human urine and
excreta, is avery unique system to Japan and the object of this investigation on the fate
and behavior of the human estrogens in the water treatment process. Water and sludge
samples at different treatment phases were taken at a night soil treatment plant. Their
hydrophobic fractions were assayed using an in vitro yeast assay (yeast estrogen screen)
and an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) employed for the detection of overall estrogenic
activity and 17 beta -estradiol (E2), respectively. Estrogenic activity observed by the
yeast assay was quantified as E2 concentration equivalent, which was comparable with
E2 concentration measured by the ELISA, in order to estimate the contribution of E2 to
the total activity. Based on the ELISA results, a sketch of the mass balance of E2 in the
treatment system was drawn and treatability of E2 was discussed.
Author Keywords: estrogen; 17 beta-estradiol; night soil treatment; ELISA; yeast
estrogen screen
KeyWords Plus: STW EFFLUENT; IDENTIFICATION; CHEMICALS
Addresses: Takigami H (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Res Ctr Environm Qual Control, 1-2
Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 5200811 Japan
Kyoto Univ, Res Ctr Environm Qual Control, Otsu, Shiga 5200811 Japan
Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd, Chuo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6508680 Japan
Kinki Anal Ctr Co Ltd, Otsu, Shiga 5200833 Japan
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: Binding of waterborne steroid estrogens to solid phases in river and
estuarine systems
Author(s): Lai KM, Johnson KL, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 34 (18): 3890-3894 SEP 15 2000
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 25
Times Cited: 58
Abstract: Natural and synthetic steroid estrogens have been detected in sewage
treatment work effluents discharged into rivers. An understanding of the partitioning of
these estrogens between water and sediment is critical for the prediction of their fates in
river systems. Hence, a series of experiments was conducted to ascertain the effects of
differing environmental conditions on estrogen partitioning to sediment. Fugacity level 1
(sediment phase) output data demonstrated a good correlation with removal of estrogens
from the water phase. Synthetic estrogens, with their higher K-ow values, were removed
more readily from the water phase than the natural estrogens. Maximum sorption to the
sediment phase was attained after 1 h of shaking. At higher estrogen concentrations,
there was a decrease in estrogen removal, while higher levels of sediment induced
greater removal. The sorption of estrogen to sediments correlated with total organic
carbon content. However, the presence of organic carbon was not a prerequisite for
sorption. Iron oxide alone was demonstrated to have a sorption capacity of 40% of that
of a sediment containing 1.1% total organic carbon. Laboratory saline water was found to
increase estrogen removal from the water phase which was found to be consistent with
partitioning experiments using actual field water samples. The addition of estradiol
valerate, a synthetic estrogen with a particularly high K-ow, suppressed sorption of other
estrogens suggesting that it competed with the other compounds for binding sites.
KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; POND SOUTHERN GERMANY; ORGANICCARBON; STW EFFLUENT; SORPTION; SEDIMENTS; SOILS; IDENTIFICATION;
PESTICIDES; CHEMICALS
Addresses: Lester JN (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH
Huxley Sch Environm Earth Sci & Engn, Environm Proc & Water Technol Grp, London,
SW7 2BP England
Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch Environm Earth Sci & Engn,
Environm Proc & Water Technol Grp, London, SW7 2BP England
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: Analysis of estrogens in sediment from a sewage-impacted urban estuary
using high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass
spectrometry
Author(s): Reddy S, Brownawell BJ
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 24 (5): 1041-1047 MAY 2005
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 25
Times Cited: 0
Abstract: We describe a highly selective and sensitive method for determination of
estrone (El) and P-estradiol (E2) in sediments, using high-performance liquid
chromatography/time-of-flight (HPLC-ToF) mass spectrometry. The method involved
sequential cleanup of sediment extracts over solid phase extraction cartridges, normal
phase HPLC, and immunoaffinity extraction, which combine to remove coeluting matrix
interferences. Resulting method detection limits (0.03 and 0.04 ng/g for E I and E2,
respectively) are sufficient to determine E1 and E2 in estuarine sediments collected from
sewage-impacted Jamaica Bay (New York, NY, USA). The ToF analyzer has a higher
resolution (> 6,000) than quadrupole mass analyzers and can provide accurate mass
estimation to within 2 mDa, which helped in distinguishing steroids from isobaric matrix
interferences. The El and E2 were internally mass calibrated with respect to their
coeluting surrogate standards, and the mass measurement error was between 1. 1 and
1.4 mDa. The levels of El and E2 ranged between 0.07 to 2.52 and 0.05 to 0.53 ng/g,
respectively. The measured concentrations of steroids in sediments correlated closely
with other wastewater tracers. Despite the low concentrations of sediment-associated
estrogens, their predicted estrogenic potency exceeds that of other measured estrogenic
contaminants.
Author Keywords: high-performance liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry;
sediments; steroids; estrogens
KeyWords Plus: TREATMENT PLANTS; RIVER; ASSAY; FATE; CHEMICALS; EFFLUENT;
BEHAVIOR
Addresses: Brownawell BJ (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr,
Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
E-mail Addresses: bbrownawell@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
PDF File Found? No
Title: Fate of wastewater effluent hER-agonists and hER-antagonists during soil
aquifer treatment
Author(s): Conroy O, Quanrud DM, Ela WP, Wicke D, Lansey KE, Arnold RG
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 39 (7): 2287-2293 APR 1 2005
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 50
Times Cited: 0
Abstract: Estrogen activity was measured in wastewater effluent before and after
polishing via soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) using both a (hER-beta) competitive binding
assay and a transcriptional activation (yeast estrogen screen, YES) assay. From the
competitive binding assay,the equivalent 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) concentration in
secondary effluent was 4.7 nM but decreased to 0.22 nM following SAT. The YES assay
indicated that the equivalent EE2 concentration in the same effluent sample was below
the method-detection limit (< 2.5 x 10(-3) nM) but increased to 0.68 nM in effluent
polished via SAT processes. It was hypothesized thattest-dependent differences arose
because the competitive binding assay responds positively to both estrogen mimics and
anti-estrogens; the YES assay responds to estrogen mimics, but test response is inhibited
by anti-estrogens. The hypothesis was supported when organics extracted from
wastewater effluent inhibited the YES test response to EE2 (anti-estrogenic effect). A
similar extract prepared from SAT-polished effluent augmented the EE2 curve (agonist
response). When hydrophobic organics in secondary effluent were fractionated, assay
results indicated that several physically distinct anti-estrogens were present in the
sample. From this work, it is evident that transcription-activation bioassays alone should
not be relied upon to measure estrogenic activity in complex environmental samples
because the simultaneous presence of both agonists and antagonist compounds can yield
false negatives. Multiple in vitro bioassays, sample fractionation or tests designed to
measure anti-estrogenic activity can be used to overcome this problem. It is also clear
that there are circumstances under which SAT does not completely remove estrogenic
activity during municipal wastewater effluent polishing.
KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; IN-VITRO BIOASSAYS; ESTROGENIC
ACTIVITY; SURFACE-WATER; NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS;
SOUTHWESTERN GERMANY; BREAST-CANCER; US STREAMS; CHEMICALS
Addresses: Arnold RG (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
Univ Arizona, Off Arid Lands Studies, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA
Tech Univ, Berlin, Germany
E-mail Addresses: rga@engr.arizona.edu
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: Development of an analytical procedure for determination of selected
estrogens and progestagens in water samples
Author(s): Labadie P, Budzinski H
Source: ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 381 (6): 1199-1205 MAR 2005
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 25
Times Cited: 0
Abstract: An analytical procedure has been developed for determination of eight
selected natural and synthetic hormonal steroids in surface water and in effluent samples.
Several methodological points have been investigated and are discussed; they include the
choice of the solid-phase extraction sorbent, the influence of flow rate on recovery, the
breakthrough volume for a given sorbent (Env+ and Oasis HLB), sample clean up, and
sample storage. As regards the latter point, it was found that when no preservative was
added to effluent from a sewage-treatment plant, severe loss of steroids occurred - 85%
of progesterone and about 30% of both estrone and estradiol were found to be degraded
in 24 h. The procedure developed was applied to samples from the Seine river estuary.
Sex steroids were not detected in surface water; estrone was the most commonly
detected steroid in sewage-treatment plant effluent, with levels ranging from 1.8 to 8.3
ng L-1. Synthetic estrogens (ethynylestradiol and mestranol) and progestagens
(levonorgestrel and norethindrone) were never detected, whatever the sampling season.
Overall, for 162 out of 168 measurements levels were below the detection limits of the
developed procedure.
Author Keywords: estrogens; progestagens; solid-phase extraction; sewage; surface
water
KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; CHROMATOGRAPHY/TANDEM MASSSPECTROMETRY; WASTE-WATER; STEROID ESTROGENS; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE;
SURFACE-WATER; STW EFFLUENT; RIVER; IDENTIFICATION; PROGESTOGENS
Addresses: Budzinski H (reprint author), Univ Bordeaux 1, Lab Phys Chim & Toxicochim
Syst Nat, LPTC, UMR 5472, 351 Cours Liberat, Talence, F-33405 France
Univ Bordeaux 1, Lab Phys Chim & Toxicochim Syst Nat, LPTC, UMR 5472, Talence, F33405 France
E-mail Addresses: h.budzinski@lptc.u-bordeaux1.fr
PDF File Found ? Yes
Title: Scrutinizing pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater
treatment
Author(s): Ternes TA, Joss A, Siegrist H
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 38 (20): 392A-399A OCT 15 2004
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 40
Times Cited: 2
KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ACTIVATEDSLUDGE; SURFACE WATERS; FATE; ESTROGENS; CHEMICALS; TOXICITY; HORMONES;
REMOVAL
Addresses: Ternes TA (reprint author), Fed Inst Hydrol, BfG, Poseidon Project, Koblenz,
Germany
Fed Inst Hydrol, BfG, Poseidon Project, Koblenz, Germany
Swiss Fed Isnt Environm Sci & Technol, EAWAG, Basel, Switzerland
E-mail Addresses: ternes@bafg.de
PDF File Found ? No
Title: Attenuation of two estrogen compounds in aquifer materials
supplemented with sewage effluent
Author(s): Ying GG, Kookana RS, Dillon P
Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 24 (2): 102-107 SPR 2004
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 28
Times Cited: 0
Abstract: Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is an emerging and effective management
technique in reclaiming and reusing waste water. During ASR, attenuation processes such
as sorption and degradation may play an important role in removing trace organic
contaminants in injected waste water. This study mainly investigated the role of treated
sewage effluent injectant (the waste water injected into the aquifer) on degradation of
two endocrine disrupting compounds, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethynylestradiol
(EE2), in the laboratory by comparing their behavior in incubation media-aquifer
sediment/ground water slurry from the Bolivar experimental ASR site in South Australia
and sediment/effluent slurry. Biodegradation of the two compounds in the
sediment/ground water media (1: 1, w/w) and in the sediment/effluent media (1: 1, w/w)
were conducted under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 20degreesC. In both
incubation media, E2 showed a rapid biodegradation with a DT50 value (time for 50%
loss) of similar to2 days under aerobic conditions. E2 degraded slowly in both aquifer
media under anaerobic conditions; however, the anaerobic degradation was noted to be
somewhat faster in the sediment/effluent media. In contrast, EE2 was found to be
resistant to biodegradation and remained almost unchanged within 70 days under
anaerobic conditions in both incubation media. The mobility of the two compounds in the
aquifer would depend on their sorption. The sorption coefficients measured on the aquifer
sediment were 7.7 +/- 3.4 L/kg for E2 and 10.6 +/- 5.1 L/kg for EE2 using batch
equilibration methods. The corresponding retardation factors were calculated to be 25 for
E2 and 34 for EE2 based on the physical properties of the aquifer material in the Bolivar
ASR site. This study showed that while E2 has modest sorption affinity for aquifer
material, it is rapidly biodegraded with or without the supplement of effluent under
aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, the relative rate of E2 degradation was
slightly enhanced due to the presence of effluent in the incubation media. EE2 on the
other hand was found to be persistent in this study under both aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, as well as in the presence of effluent.
KeyWords Plus: ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; WASTE-WATER;
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; TREATMENT PLANTS; ENGLISH RIVERS;
BISPHENOL-A; DEGRADATION; ALKYLPHENOLS; SORPTION
Addresses: Ying GG (reprint author), CSIRO Land & Water, Adelaide Lab, PMB2, Glen
Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
CSIRO Land & Water, Adelaide Lab, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
CSIRO Land & Water, Water Reclamat Res Grp, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
E-mail Addresses: guang-guo.ying@csiro.au, rai.kookana@csiro.au,
peter.dillon@csiro.au
Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH
43081 USA
PDF File Found? No
Title: Sediments are major sinks of steroidal estrogens in two United Kingdom
rivers
Author(s): Peck M, Gibson RW, Kortenkamp A, Hill EM
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 23 (4): 945-952 APR 2004
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 28
Times Cited: 7
Abstract: The occurrence of intersex fish in a number of European rivers has been
attributed to exposure to estrogenic chemicals present in sewage treatment work (STW)
effluents. To further understand the environmental fate of these contaminants, the
estrogenic activity of effluents, water. and sediments were investigated both upstream
and downstream of the major STW discharge in two United Kingdom rivers. Estrogenic
activity, determined using the yeast estrogen-receptor transcription screen, of the major
STW effluents on both rivers was similar, ranging from 1.4 to 2.9 ng 17beta-estradiol
equivalents (EEQ)/L. Estrogenic activities of surface waters 1 km upstream and
downstream of both STW inputs were less than the limits of detection (0.04 ng/L);
however, levels of estrogenic activity in sediments were between 21.3 and 29.9 ng
EEQ/kg and were similar at both upstream and downstream sites. Effluent and sediment
extracts were fractionated by reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography,
and estrogenic active fractions were further analyzed by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry. The major active chemicals in the two effluents and in the sediments were
estrone with lesser amounts of 17beta-estradiol; however, at one site, a number of other
unidentified estrogenic fractions were detected in the sediments. These results suggest
that riverine sediments are a major sink and a potential source of persistent estrogenic
contaminants.
Author Keywords: toxicity identification/evaluation; analysis; estrogens; sediment;
rivers
KeyWords Plus: ROACH RUTILUS-RUTILUS; GAMMARUS-PULEX L.; TREATMENT WORKS;
ENGLISH RIVERS; SEXUAL DISRUPTION; WASTE-WATER; ESTRADIOL; CHEMICALS;
FISH; 17-ALPHA-ETHINYLESTRADIOL
Addresses: Hill EM (reprint author), Univ Sussex, Dept Chem Phys & Environm Sci,
Brighton, E Sussex BN1 9QJ England
Univ Sussex, Dept Chem Phys & Environm Sci, Brighton, E Sussex BN1 9QJ England
Univ London, Sch Pharm, London, WC1N 1AX England
E-mail Addresses: e.m.hill@sussex.ac.uk
PDF File Found ? No
Title: Human pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment processes
Author(s): Jones OAH, Voulvoulis N, Lester JN
Source: CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 35 (4):
401-427 2005
Document Type: Review
Language: English
Cited References: 133
Times Cited: 0
Abstract: The presence of human pharmaceutical compounds in surface waters is an
emerging issue in environmental science. In this study the occurrence and behavior of
human pharmaceuticals in a variety of wastewater treatment processes is reviewed.
Although some groups are not affected by sewage treatment processes others are
amenable to degradation, albeit incomplete. While water purification techniques such as
granular activated carbon could potentially remove these pollutants from wastewater
streams, the high cost involved suggests that more attention should be given to the
potential for the optimization of current treatment processes, and reduction at source in
order to reduce environmental contamination.
Author Keywords: fate; pharmaceuticals; pollution; sewage treatment plants;
wastewater
KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS;
FLUOROQUINOLONE ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS
SPECTROMETRY; RAY CONTRAST-MEDIA; IN-GROUND WATER; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT;
DRINKING-WATER; MUNICIPAL SEWAGE; STEROID ESTROGENS
Addresses: Lester JN (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac
Life Sci, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, London, SW7 2BP England
Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Life Sci, Dept Environm Sci & Technol,
London, SW7 2BP England
E-mail Addresses: j.lester@imperial.ac.uk
Publisher: TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA
19106 USA
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: Analysis and distribution of estrogens and progestogens in sewage sludge,
soils and sediments
Author(s): Kuster M, Lopez MJ, de Alda MJL, Barcelo D
Source: TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 23 (10-11): 790-798 NOV-DEC 2004
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 55
Times Cited: 1
Abstract: This article focuses on solid samples and reviews the main findings so far
concerning the source, the presence and the fate of estrogens and progestogens in the
aquatic environment. We discuss the very few existing analytical methods for
determination of estrogens and progestogens in environmental matrices (soils, sediments
and sludge). Estrogens are continuously released in the aquatic environment mainly
because treatment plants are unsuccessful in removing them. Studies show that
estrogens and progestogents are easily distributed in the environment and are likely to
accumulate in river sediments and in soils. However, it is not yet clear whether sorption
or biodegradation processes play a major role in their elimination from the aquatic
environment. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KeyWords Plus: ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; WATER TREATMENT PLANTS;
STEROID SEX-HORMONES; WASTE-WATER; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE;
SYNTHETIC ESTROGENS; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; TREATMENT WORKS; SURFACE-WATER
Addresses: de Alda MJL (reprint author), CSIC, Dept Environm Chem, IIQAB, C Jordi
Girona 18-26, Barcelona, E-08034 Spain
CSIC, Dept Environm Chem, IIQAB, Barcelona, E-08034 Spain
E-mail Addresses: mlaqam@cid.csic.es
Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON, 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR,
ENGLAND
PDF File Found? No
Title: Production of androgens by microbial transformation of progesterone in
vitro: A model for androgen production in rivers receiving paper mill effluent
Author(s): Jenkins RL, Wilson EM, Angus RA, Howell WM, Kirk M, Moore R, Nance M,
Brown A
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 112 (15): 1508-1511 NOV 2004
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 24
Times Cited: 0
Abstract: We have previously documented the presence of progesterone and
androstenedione in the water column and bottom sediments of the Fenholloway River,
Taylor County, Florida. This river receives paper mill effluent and contains masculinized
female mosquitofish. We hypothesized that plant sterols (e.g., beta-sitosterol) derived
from the pulping of pine trees are transformed by bacteria into progesterone and
subsequently into 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and other androgens.
In this study, we demonstrate that these same androgens can be produced in vitro from
the bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis. In a second part to this study, we reextracted
and reanalyzed the sediment from the Fenholloway River and verified the presence of
androstadienedione, a Delta1 steroid with androgen activity.
Author Keywords: 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone; androgen-dependent gene
expression; androstadienedione; androstenedione; biotransformation of progesterone;
environmental androgens; Fenholloway River; Florida; Gambusia holbrooki; masculinized
mosquitofish; Mycobacterium smegmatis
KeyWords Plus: MASCULINIZATION; ANDROSTENEDIONE; MOSQUITOFISH; STEROIDS;
IDENTIFICATION; PHYTOSTEROLS; ACTIVATION; AROMATASE; HOLBROOKI; WATER
Addresses: Angus RA (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Biol, Birmingham, AL 35294
USA
Univ Alabama, Dept Biol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
Univ Alabama, Comprehens Canc Ctr Mass Spect Shared Facil, Birmingham, AL 35294
USA
Univ N Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC USA
Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USA
Univ N Carolina, Reprod Biol Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USA
Samford Univ, Dept Biol, Birmingham, AL USA
E-mail Addresses: raangus@uab.edu
PDF File Found ? Yes
Title: Analysis of estrogens in river water and effluents using solid-phase
extraction and gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation mass
spectrometry of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivatives
Author(s): Xiao XY, McCalley DV, McEvoy J
Source: JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A 923 (1-2): 195-204 JUL 20 2001
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 17
Times Cited: 38
Abstract: A procedure was developed for the analysis of estrogens in environmental
water and effluents. Samples were extracted by passing through polymer-impregnated
solid-phase extraction discs or C-18 cartridges. followed by gas chromatography-negative
chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivatives. The
derivatives were stable and gave diagnostic negative molecular ions as the base peak for
each of the major estrogens studied. The absolute recovery of estrogens spiked into
clean groundwater using the disc procedure was 84-116% at the 10 ng l(-1) level
(calculation not based on use of internal standards). Using doubly deuterated estradiol as
internal standard added prior to extraction, the % relative standard deviation of estrogen
extraction and analysis in spiked groundwater at the 10 ng l(-1) level was 2.6-9.8%.
Detection limits were 0.2 ng l(-1) or below for the major estrogens, based on a 2.5 litre
sample. The most abundant estrogen was estrone, with concentrations over the range
6.4-29 ng l(-1) in effluents, and 0.2 to 17 ng l(-1) in water from the River Thames, (C)
2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Author Keywords: water analysis; environmental analysis; estrogens; steroids
KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; WASTE-WATER; HORMONES;
METABOLISM; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEMS
Addresses: McCalley DV (reprint author), Univ W England, Fac Sci Appl, Frenchay
Campus,Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, Avon BS16 1QY England
Univ W England, Fac Sci Appl, Bristol, Avon BS16 1QY England
Environm Agcy, Reading, Berks RG1 8DQ England
Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: Field studies on the fate and transport of pharmaceutical residues in bank
filtration
Author(s): Heberer T, Mechlinski A, Fanck B, Knappe A, Massmann G, Pekdeger A, Fritz
B
Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 24 (2): 70-77 SPR 2004
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 29
Times Cited: 1
Abstract: Bank filtration and artificial ground water recharge are important, effective,
and cheap techniques for surface water treatment and removal of microbes, as well as
inorganic, and some organic, contaminants. Nevertheless, physical, chemical, and
biological processes of the removal of impurities are not understood sufficiently. A
research project titled Natural and Artificial Systems for Recharge and Infiltration
attempts to provide more clarity in the processes affecting the removal of these
contaminants. The project focuses on the fate and transport of selected emerging
contaminants during bank filtration at two transects in Berlin, Germany. Several
detections of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in ground water samples from
bank filtration sites in Germany led to furthering research on the removal of these
compounds during bank filtration. In this study, six PhACs including the analgesic drugs
diclofenac and propyphenazone, the antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine and primidone,
and the drug metabolites clofibric acid and 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-dimethyl-oxamoyl-2phenylhydrazide were found to leach from the contaminated streams and lakes into the
ground water. These compounds were also detected at low concentrations in receiving
public supply wells. Bank filtration either decreased the concentrations by dilution (e.g.,
for carbamazepine and primidone) and partial removal (e.g., for diclofenac), or totally
removed PhACs (e.g., bezafibrate, indomethacine, antibiotics, and estrogens). Several
PhACs, such as carbamazepine and especially primidone, were readily transported during
bank filtration. They are thought to be good indicators for evaluating whether surface
water is impacted by contamination from municipal sewage effluent or whether
contamination associated with sewage effluent can be transported into ground water at
ground water recharge sites.
KeyWords Plus: DRINKING-WATER TREATMENT; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MUNICIPAL SEWAGE; BERLIN SURFACE;
GROUND-WATER; GC-MS; REMOVAL; METABOLITES
Addresses: Heberer T (reprint author), Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Sekr TIB 4-31,Gustav Meyer Alle 25, Berlin, D-13355 Germany
Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Berlin, D-13355 Germany
Alfred Wegener Inst, Res Unit Potsdam, Potsdam, D-14473 Germany
Free Univ Berlin, Dept Earth Sci, Hydrogeol Workgrp, Berlin, D-12249 Germany
NASRI Project, Berlin, D-10709 Germany
KompetenzZentrum Wasser Berlin gGmbH, Berlin, D-10709 Germany
E-mail Addresses: heberer@food-chemistry.de, andymechlinski@web.de,
britta.fanck@tu-berlin.de, aknappe@awi-potsdam.de, massmann@zedat.fu-berlin.de,
pekdeger@zedat.fu-berlin.de, birgit.fritz@kompetenz-wasser.de
PDF File Found ? No
Title: Occurrence and distribution of organic contaminants in the aquatic system
in Berlin. Part 1: Drug residues and other polar contaminants in Berlin surface
and groundwater
Author(s): Heberer T, Schmidt-Baumler K, Stan HJ
Source: ACTA HYDROCHIMICA ET HYDROBIOLOGICA 26 (5): 272-278 SEP 1998
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 29
Times Cited: 63
Abstract: Several polar contaminants were found in screening analyses of 30
representative surface water samples collected from rivers, lakes, and canals in Berlin.
Residues of pharmaceuticals and N-(phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine originating from various
sewage treatment plants effluents were found at concentrations up to the mu g/L-level in
the surface water. whereas the concentrations of polar pesticides such as dichlorprop and
mecoprop were always below 0.1 mu g/L. The pharmaceuticals most frequently detected
in the surface water samples include clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, propihenazone,
and two other drug metabolites. Additional investigations of groundwater wells of a
drinking water plant have shown that polar contaminants such as drug residues or N(phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine easily leach through the subsoil into the groundwater aquifers
when contaminated surface water is used for groundwater recharge in drinking water
production.
Author Keywords: pharmaceuticals; N-(phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine; sewage works
effluents; groundwater contamination; capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry;
GC-MS; GCMS/MS
KeyWords Plus: CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SEWAGE WATER
Addresses: Heberer T (reprint author), Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Gustav Meyer
Allee 25, Berlin, D-13355 Germany
Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Berlin, D-13355 Germany
Publisher: WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH, MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN,
GERMANY
Subject Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY;
WATER RESOURCES
IDS Number: 126LZ
ISSN: 0323-4320
PDF File Found ? Yes
Title: Investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to
streams in the United Kingdom
Author(s): Ashton D, Hilton M, Thomas KV
Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 333 (1-3): 167-184 OCT 15 2004
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 35
Times Cited: 1
Abstract: The occurrence of 12 selected pharmaceutical compounds and pharmaceutical
compound metabolites in sewage treatment works (STW) effluents and surface waters
was investigated. The substances selected for the monitoring programme were identified
by a risk ranking procedure to identify those substances with the greatest potential to
pose a risk to the aquatic environment. STW final effluent and surface water samples
were collected from Corby, Great Billing, East Hyde, Harpenden and Ryemeads STWs.
Ten of the 12 pharmaceutical compounds were detected in the STW effluent samples:
propranolol (100%, median = 76 ng/l), diclofenac (86%, median = 424 ng/l), ibuprofen
(84%, median = 3086 ng/l), mefenamic acid (81%, median = 133 ng/l),
dextropropoxyphene (74%, median= 195 ng/l), trimethoprim (65%, 70 ng/l),
erythromycin (44%, <10 ng/l), acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (33%, median = <50 ng/l),
sulfamethoxazole (9%, median = <50 ng/l), tamoxifen (4%, median = <10 ng/l). In the
corresponding receiving streams, fewer compounds and lower concentrations were found:
propranolol (87%, median = 29 ng/l), ibuprofen (69%, median = 826 ng/l), mefenamic
acid (60%, median = 62 ng/l), dextropropoxyphene (53%, median = 58 ng/l), diclofenac
(47%, median = <20 ng/l), erythromycin (38%, median = <10 ng/l), trimethoprim,
(38%, median = <10 ng/l), acetyl sulfamethoxazole (38%, median = <50 ng/l). Four
human pharmaceutical compounds were detected in samples upstream of the STWs
sampled: ibuprofen (57%, median = 181 ng/l), trimethoprim (36%, median <10 ng/l),
erythromycin (17%, median = <10 ng/l), propranolol (14%, median = <10 ng/l),
suggesting that longer range stream transport of some compounds is possible.
The particular STW that was sampled and the month that it was sampled significantly
influenced the measured concentrations of several, but not all, substances. There was no
significant relationship between usage data and the overall frequency with which different
substances were detected. There was however, some evidence to suggest that usage
data are positively associated with concentrations of pharmaceuticals in effluent and,
particularly, with concentrations measured in surface waters below STWs.
These results suggest that most sewage treatment works in England and Wales are likely
to be routinely discharging small quantities of pharmaceuticals into UK rivers. None of the
pharmaceuticals were found at concentrations that were high enough to cause acute toxic
impacts to aquatic organisms. However, insufficient data were available to be able to
comment on whether the concentrations measured have the potential to result in more
subtle long-term effects on aquatic organisms (e.g. effects on growth, ability to
reproduce). (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Author Keywords: pharmaceutical compounds; environmental occurrence;
trimethoprim; diclofenac; sulfamethoxazole; acetyl-sulfamethoxazole; paracetamol;
mefenamic acid; ibuprofen; erythromycin; dextropropoxyphene; Lofepramine; tamoxifen;
propranolol
KeyWords Plus: TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS;
WASTE-WATER; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; DRUG RESIDUES;
SURFACE WATERS; CONTAMINANTS; FATE; ANTIBIOTICS
Addresses: Ashton D (reprint author), Natl Ctr Ecotoxicol & Hazardous Subst, Environm
Agcy, Evenlode House,Howbery Pk, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BD England
Natl Ctr Ecotoxicol & Hazardous Subst, Environm Agcy, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BD
England
CEFAS Burnham Lab, Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Brunham on Crouch,
Essex CM0 8HA England
E-mail Addresses: danielle.ashton@environment-agency.gov.uk
Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: THE FATE OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMICALS IN THE AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT
Author(s): RICHARDSON ML, BOWRON JM
Source: JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY 37 (1): 1-12 1985
Document Type: Review
Language: English
Cited References: 18
Times Cited: 129
Addresses: RICHARDSON ML (reprint author), THAMES WATER AUTHOR, NEW RIVER
HEAD, ROSEBERY AVE, LONDON, EC1R 4TP ENGLAND
Publisher: ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOC GREAT BRITAIN, 1 LAMBETH HIGH ST,
LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 7JN
Subject Category: PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY
IDS Number: AAK78
PDF File Found? No
Title: Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants
in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance
Author(s): Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB,
Buxton HT
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 36 (6): 1202-1211 MAR 15 2002
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 63
Times Cited: 370
Abstract: To provide the first nationwide reconnaissance of the occurrence of
pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in water
resources, the U.S. Geological Survey used five newly developed analytical methods to
measure concentrations of 95 OWCs in water samples from a network of 139 streams
across 30 states during 1999 and 2000. The selection of sampling sites was biased
toward streams susceptible to contamination (i.e. downstream of intense urbanization
and livestock production). OWCs were prevalent during this study, being found in 80% of
the streams sampled. The compounds detected represent a wide range of residential,
industrial, and agricultural origins and uses with 82 of the 95 OWCs being found during
this study. The most frequently detected compounds were coprostanol (fecal steroid),
cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), N,N-diethyltoluamide (insect repellant), caffeine
(stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire
retardant), and 4-nonylphenol (nonionic detergent metabolite). Measured concentrations
for this study were generally low and rarely exceeded drinking-water guidelines, drinkingwater health advisories, or aquatic-life criteria. Many compounds, however, do not have
such guidelines established. The detection of multiple OWCs was common for this study,
with a median of seven and as many as 38 OWCs being found in a given water sample.
Little is known about the potential interactive effects (such as synergistic or antagonistic
toxicity) that may occur from complex mixtures of OWCs in the environment. In addition,
results of this study demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully
understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrologic system but also
their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment.
KeyWords Plus: IN-GROUND WATER; SURFACE WATERS; DRUG RESIDUES;
ANTIBIOTICS; ENVIRONMENT; PESTICIDES; SEWAGE; FISH; CIPROFLOXACIN;
SPECTROMETRY
Addresses: Kolpin DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St,Box 1230,
Iowa City, IA 52244 USA
US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA
US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA
US Geol Survey, Ocala, FL 34474 USA
US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA
US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA
Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA
Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: Occurrence and fate of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac in surface
waters: Rapid photodegradation in a lake
Author(s): Buser HR, Poiger T, Muller MD
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 32 (22): 3449-3456 NOV 15 1998
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 17
Times Cited: 70
Abstract: The pharmaceutical drug diclofenac (2-[(2,6dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid) was detected in rivers and lakes in Switzerland.
The data strongly suggest inputs of diclofenac from human medical use via wastewater
treatment plants. Interestingly, the concentrations in a major tributary to a lake
(Greifensee) were significantly higher (up to 370 ng/L) than those in the outflow of this
lake (up to 12 ng/L). It is estimated that more than 90% of the diclofenac entering the
lake is eliminated in the lake, most likely by photolytic degradation. Diclofenac was not
detected in the sediments of the lake, and in a laboratory experiment, it showed
negligible adsorption onto sediment particles. Incubation of lake water, fortified with
diclofenac, showed no degradation in the dark, suggesting minimal chemical and
biological degradation. However, when the fortified water was exposed to sunlight, rapid
photodegradation was observed with a (pseudo) first-order kinetic and a half-life of less
than 1 h (October and 47 degrees N latitude). Modeling these experimental data for the
situation of Greifensee, the data indicated that photodegradation can account for the
rapid elimination of diclofenac in the lake. Several photoproducts were characterized in
the laboratory experiments but were so far not detected under the natural conditions in
the lake. Whereas photodegradation is often one among several degradation pathways
for environmental contaminants, the photolysis experiments and the computer simulation
suggested this process to be the predominant one for diclofenac in the lake.
KeyWords Plus: ATRAZINE
Addresses: Buser HR (reprint author), Swiss Fed Res Stn, Wadenswil, CH-8820
Switzerland
Swiss Fed Res Stn, Wadenswil, CH-8820 Switzerland
Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA
Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
IDS Number: 138RQ
ISSN: 0013-936X
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers
Author(s): Ternes TA
Source: WATER RESEARCH 32 (11): 3245-3260 NOV 1998
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 39
Times Cited: 258
Abstract: The occurrence of 32 drug residues belonging to different medicinal classes
like antiphlogistics, lipid regulators. psychiatric drugs, antiepileptic drugs, betablockers
and beta(2)-sympathomimetics as well as five metabolites has been investigated in
German municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) discharges, river and stream waters.
Due to the incomplete removal of drug residues during passage through a STP, above
80% of the selected drugs were detectable in at least one municipal STP effluent with
concentration levels up to 6.3 mu g l(-1) (carbamazepine) and thus resulting in the
contamination of the receiving waters. 20 different drugs and 4 corresponding
metabolites were measured in river and stream waters. Mainly acidic drugs like the lipid
regulators bezafibrate, gemfibrozil, the antiphlogistics diclofenac, ibuprofen, indometacine,
naproxen, phenazone and the metabolites clofibric acid, fenofibric acid and salicylic acid
as well as neutral or weak basic drugs like the betablockers metoprolol, propranolol and
the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine were found to be ubiquitously present in the rivers
and streams, mostly in the ng l(-1)-range. However, maximum concentrations were
determined up to 3.1 mu g l(-1) and median values as high as 0.35 mu g l(-1) (both
bezafibrate). The drugs detected in the environment were predominantly applied in
human medicine. It can therefore be assumed that the load of municipal STP effluents in
the surface water highly influences the contamination. Due to their wide spread presence
in the aquatic environment many of these drugs have to be classified as relevant
environmental chemicals. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Author Keywords: drugs; antiphlogistics; lipid regulating agents; anticancer agents;
diazepam; betablockers; beta(2)-sympathomimetics; carbamazepine; rivers and streams;
sewage treatment plant effluents
KeyWords Plus: PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT;
THERAPEUTIC USE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; METABOLITES
Addresses: Ternes TA (reprint author), ESWE Inst Water Res & Water Technol,
Sohnleinstr 158, Wiesbaden, D-65201 Germany
ESWE Inst Water Res & Water Technol, Wiesbaden, D-65201 Germany
Publisher: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,
KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND
Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES;
WATER RESOURCES
IDS Number: 129RF
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: Fate and transport of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting
compounds during ground water recharge
Author(s): Masters RW, Verstraeten IM, Heberer T
Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 24 (2): 54-57 SPR 2004
Document Type: Editorial Material
Language: English
Cited References: 25
Times Cited: 0
KeyWords Plus: WASTE-WATER; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; DRINKING-WATER;
RESIDUES; DRUGS; CONTAMINATION; REMOVAL; SEWAGE
Addresses: Masters RW (reprint author), NGWA, 601 Dempsey Rd, Westerville, OH
43081 USA
NGWA, Westerville, OH 43081 USA
USGS, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA
Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Berlin, D-13355 Germany
E-mail Addresses: rmasters@ngwa.org, imverstr@usgs.gov, heberer@foodchemistry.de
Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH
43081 USA
Subject Category: WATER RESOURCES
PDF File Found? No
Title: Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and alkylphenol ethoxylate
metabolites in an effluent-dominated river and wetland
Author(s): Gross B, Montgomery-Brown J, Naumann A, Reinhard M
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 23 (9): 2074-2083 SEP 2004
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 40
Times Cited: 1
Abstract: The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites, and
other wastewater-derived contaminants in surface waters is a potential environmental
concern, especially since the discovery of contaminants with endocrine-disrupting
properties. The present study investigated the discharge of emerging contaminants into
the Santa Ana River (CA, USA) and their attenuation during river transport and passage
through a constructed wetland. Contaminants studied included pharmaceuticals
(gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, and carbamazepine) and their metabolites,
hormones, the metabolites of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEMs), N-butyl
benzenesulfonamide (NBBS), and chlorinated tris-propylphosphates (TCPPs). The APEMs
included alkylphenols (APs), short-chain AP polyethoxylates (APEOs), AP
polyethoxycarboxylates (APECs), and carboxylated APECs (CAPECs). In wastewater
treatment plant effluent, APECs and CAPECs represented the dominant APEM fraction
(1.8-18.7 mug/L), whereas APEOs and APs contributed only small amounts to the overall
APEM concentrations (0.10-0.92 and less than or equal to 0.1 mug/L, respectively)
except where the effluent was infiltrated into soil (5.2 mug/L). In effluents, ibuprofen and
its metabolites TCPPs, and NBBS were detected regularly (<0.5 mug/L), and the other
pharmaceuticals were detected occasionally. Transport in the Santa Ana River for 11 km
resulted in the significant attenuation of all contaminants, from 67% for gemfibrozil to
100% for others. Wetland treatment (residence time, 2-4 d) resulted in partial removal of
ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, and TCPPs and transformed APEOs to APECs.
Author Keywords: emerging contaminants; pharmaceuticals endocrine; disruptors river;
transport; wetland
KeyWords Plus: SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; WASTE-WATER; AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT; POLYETHOXYLATE SURFACTANTS; CONSTRUCTED WETLAND;
ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS; CLOFIBRIC ACID; STW EFFLUENT; BEHAVIOR; IBUPROFEN
Addresses: Reinhard M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn,
Stanford, CA 94305 USA
Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
E-mail Addresses: reinhard@stanford.edu
PDF File Found? No
Title: Fate of pharmaceuticals during ground water recharge
Author(s): Drewes JE, Heberer T, Rauch T, Reddersen K
Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 23 (3): 64-72 SUM 2003
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 27
Times Cited: 4
Abstract: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have recently. been
detected in the aquatic environment. Many studies have identified domestic waste water
discharge as the source for detectable concentrations of PPCPs in surface water. PPCPs
are a concern for the aquatic environment when production and use are sufficiently large
and physicochemical properties are appropriate. Hydrophilic PPCPs present in surface
water or waste water may also affect ground water quality where water is used to
recharge ground water. However, less is known about how efficiently PPCPs are removed
during percolation, through the subsurface. The scope of this study was to. examine the
fate of selected PPCPs during ground water recharge at two water reuse sites where
secondary and tertiary treated waste water is used for subsequent ground water recharge.
The ground water recharge sites selected differ in aboveground treatment and
geohydrological settings. The selected pharmaceutials represent blood lipid regulators,
analgesics/anti-inflammatories, blood viscosity agents, and antiepileptics. Organic iodine
was used as a surrogate parameter for X-ray contrast agents. Composite samples of
treated waste water and from ground water monitoring wells were collected and,
analyzed for pharmaceuticals using gas chromatography with mass
spectroscopic,detection.
The study revealed that the stimulant caffeine, analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs such as
diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and fenoprofen, and blood lipid regulators
such as gemfibrozil were efficiently removed to concentrations near or below the
detection limit of the analytical method after retention times of less than six months
during ground water recharge. The antiepileptics carbamazepine and primidone were not
removed during ground water recharge under either anoxic saturated or aerobic
unsaturated flow conditions during travel times of up to eight years. Organic iodine
showed a partial removal only under anoxic, saturated conditions as compared to aerobic
conditions and persisted in the recharged ground water.
KeyWords Plus: AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; SURFACE WATERS; WASTE-WATER;
CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONTAMINANTS; PRODUCTS; RESIDUES; SEWAGE
Addresses: Drewes JE (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div,
Golden, CO 80401 USA
Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USA
Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Berlin, D-13355 Germany
Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Program, Golden, CO 80401 USA
Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH
43081 USA
PDF File Found? No
Title: From municipal sewage to drinking water: fate and removal of
pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment in urban areas
Author(s): Heberer T, Reddersen K, Mechlinski A
Source: WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 46 (3): 81-88 2002
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 23
Times Cited: 25
Abstract: Recently, the occurrence and fate of pharmaceutically active compounds
(PhACs) in the aquatic environment was recognized as one of the emerging issues in
environmental chemistry and as a matter of public concern Residues of PhACs have been
found as contaminants in sewage, surface, and ground- and drinking water samples
Since June 2000, a new long-term monitoring program of sewage, surface, ground- and
drinking water has been carried out in Berlin, Germany Samples, collected periodically
from selected sites in the Berlin area, are investigated for residues of PhACs and related
contaminants The purpose of this monitoring is to investigate these compounds over a
long time period to get more reliable data on their occurrence and fate in the different
aquatic compartments Moreover, the surface water investigations allow the calculation of
season-dependent contaminant loads in the Berlin waters In the course of the monitoring
program, PhACs and some other polar compounds were detected at concentrations up to
the mug/L-level in all compartments of the Berlin water cycle The monitoring is
accompanied and supported by several other investigations such as laboratory column
experiments and studies on bank filtration and drinking water treatment using
conventional or membrane filtration techniques.
Author Keywords: contamination; drinking water; groundwater; pharmaceutically
active compounds (PhACs); sewage effluents; surface water
KeyWords Plus: DRUGS; SURFACE
Addresses: Heberer T (reprint author), Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Sekr TIB 4-31,Gustav Meyer Allee 25, Berlin, D-13355 Germany
Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Food Chem, Berlin, D-13355 Germany
Publisher: I W A PUBLISHING, ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS,
ENGLAND
Subject Category: ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES;
WATER RESOURCES
PDF File Found? Yes
Title: Fate of steroidal hormones during soil-aquifer treatment
Author(s): Mansell BL, Drewes JE
Source: GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 24 (2): 94-101 SPR 2004
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 28
Times Cited: 0
Abstract: There is increasing concern that endocrine disrupting compounds such as
steroidal hormones present in treated waste water effluents can affect ground water
quality where waste water is used to recharge local ground water. Little is known how
efficiently steroidal hormones are removed or transformed during percolation through the
subsurface. The scope of this study was to examine the fate of hormones during soilaquifer treatment (SAT) leading to ground water recharge in controlled laboratory soilcolumn studies and at two water reuse field sites where treated waste water is fed to
ground water recharge basins. The selected steroidal hormones represented estrogens
(17beta-estradiol and estriol) and androgens (testosterone). Composite samples of
treated waste water and from ground water monitoring wells were collected and analyzed
for steroidal hormones using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The study revealed
that the mobility of the selected hormones in subsurface systems was low, and estriol
and testosterone were both not detected (< 0.6 ng/L) in ground water monitoring wells
or shallow lysimeters representing water samples after 1.5 m of travel through porous
media. 17beta-estradiol, however, was consistently detected at concentrations < 2 ng/L
in monitoring wells after travel of 1.5 m through porous media. Results from field sites
that have been operational for more than 13 years indicated no breakthrough of the
target compounds in ground water samples collected downstream of the surface
spreading operation. These findings were confirmed by controlled laboratory studies
simulating SAT in soil-column experiments. It appeared that the majority of attenuation
was due to adsorption of the three target compounds to the porous media matrix, and
additional attenuation to below the detection limit occurred due to the presence of
bioactivity regardless of dominating redox conditions (aerobic vs. anoxic) or the type of
organic carbon matrix present (hydrophobic acids, hydrophilic carbon vs. colloidal carbon).
KeyWords Plus: ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS;
WASTE-WATER; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; ESTROGENS; BEHAVIOR; DEGRADATION;
BIOSOLIDS; SYSTEMS; RIVER
Addresses: Colorado Sch Mines, Environm Sci & Engn Div, Golden, CO 80401 USA
E-mail Addresses: jdrewes@mines.edu
Publisher: NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC, 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH
43081 USA
Subject Category: WATER RESOURCES
PDF File Found? No