Record 1 of 12
AUTHOR
TITLE
PUBLISHER
SHELF NO
Mason, C.F.
Biology of freshwater pollution / C.F. Mason.
Harlow, Essex : Longman, 1996.
628.16809169 MAS.
Record 2 of 12
AUTHOR
TITLE
catalyst :
Talbot, M.M.B. (Marie Marcel Barnard).
Bioenhancement of a river system using a biological
final report / by M.M.B. Talbot, S.W. Ascough and A.
Rankin.
PUBLISHER
SHELF NO
Pretoria : Water Research Commission, 1996.
628.112TAL.
Record 3 of 12
TITLE
in fresh
The occurrence and accumulation of selected heavy metals
water ecosystems affected by mine and industrial
polluted
PUBLISHER
SHELF NO
effluent / by H.J. Schoonbee ... (et al.).
Pretoria : Water Research Commission, 1995.
577.627OCC.
Record 4 of 12
TITLE
chemicals /
PUBLISHER
SHELF NO
Freshwater field tests for hazard assessment of
edited by Ian R. Hill ... (et al.).
Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers, 1994.
363.739464FRE.
Record 5 of 12
AUTHOR
TITLE
with
Kelly, Martyn.
Mining and the freshwater environment / Martyn Kelly ;
contributions by W.J. Allison, A.R. Garman, and C.J.
Symon.
PUBLISHER
SHELF NO
London : Elsevier Applied Science, c1988.
577.6275KEL.
Record 6 of 12
AUTHOR
TITLE
with
PUBLISHER
SHELF NO
Ellis, K.V.
Surface water pollution and its control / K.V. Ellis,
chapters by G. White and A.E. Warn.
Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1989.
363.73946ELL.
Record 7 of 12
TITLE
case
PUBLISHER
SHELF NO
Development of a nonpoint source assessment guide : test
studies / by G. Quibell ... [et al.].
Gezina, South Africa : Water Research Commission, 2003.
363.739460968 DEV.
Record 8 of 12
AUTHOR
TITLE
Pulles, W.
A manual to assess and manage the impact of gold mining
operations on the surface water environment / W.
Pulles, R.
PUBLISHER
SHELF NO
Heath and M. Howard.
Pretoria : Water Research Commission, 1996.
628.168PUL.
Record 9 of 12
AUTHOR
Amanor-Boadu, Vincent Robert.
TITLE
quality
PUBLISHER
1994.
SHELF NO
A farm level analysis of alternative surface water
protection policies / by Vincent Robert Amanor-Boadu.
Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International,
338.1809713AMA.
Record 10 of 12
AUTHOR
TITLE
A. Foran,
PUBLISHER
SHELF NO
Foran, Jeffery A.
Regulating toxic substances in surface water / Jeffery
with contributions by Larry E. Fink.
Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers, c1993.
363.7394560973FOR.
Record 11 of 12
TITLE
The quality of surface and groundwater in the rural
Western Cape
with regard to pesticides / by L. London ... [et al.].
PUBLISHER
[Pretoria] : WRC, [2000].
SHELF NO
628.11096873QUA.
Record 12 of 12
TITLE
effective
The development of techniques for the evaluation and
management of surface and ground-water contamination
in the
Orange Free State Goldfields / by V.E. Cogho ... (et
al.).
PUBLISHER
SHELF NO
Pretoria : Water Research Commission, 1992.
622.5096853DEV.
Record 1 of 73
Author(s): Dunne, EJ (Dunne, Ed J.); Reddy, R (Reddy, Ramesh); Clark, MW
(Clark, Mark W.)
Title: Biogeochemical indices of phosphorus retention and release by wetland soils
and adjacent stream sediments
Source: WETLANDS, 26 (4): 1026-1041 DEC 2006
Author Keywords: phosphorus; wetlands; streams; indices; sorption; retention; and
release
Keywords Plus: FRESH-WATER WETLANDS; SANDY SOILS; SORPTION;
CAPACITY; FLORIDA; UK; SATURATION; POLLUTION; DYNAMICS;
VIRGINIA
Abstract: Eutrophication is still a water quality problem within many watersheds.
The Lake Okeechobee Basin, Florida, USA, like many watersheds is impacted by
eutrophication caused by excess phosphorus (P). To meet water quality criteria to
reduce this impairment, several levels of information on P dynamics within the Basin
are required. The use of biogeochemical indices to help determine P retention/release
of different landscape units such as wetlands and streams provides useful information
on P dynamics. The objective of our study was to determine P retention/release
indices for a range of wetland soils and their adjacent stream sediments. We sampled
several wetlands and adjacent streams within Okeechobee's Basin, which represented
a range of P impacted systems. Regression analyses suggest that a single incubation of
sediment/soil equilibrated at 1000 mg P kg(-1) was sufficient (> 96% of the time) to
estimate maximum P sorption capacity (S-max). Using this single incubation, sampled
wetlands had nearly twice the P sorption capacity (238 +/- 21 mg P kg(-1)) of stream
sediments (146 +/- 14 mg P kg-1). Stream sediments also had a greater P saturation
ratio (PSR) than wetland soils, indicating that sediment had a greater potential to
release P. Phosphorus sorption under ambient P conditions (soil equilibrated with
ambient site water) covaried best with P concentrations in site surface water and, as
concentrations increased, P sorption also increased. Finally, we used soil P storage
capacity (SPSC) to help estimate the ability of soils and sediments to retain additional
P loadings and found that wetland soils had a greater ability to retain P. Phosphorus
sorption was predicted equally well (> 73%) using either ammonium oxalate or 1 M
HCl extractable Fe and Al. The use of indices to quantify P dynamics of different
landscape units can inform watershed management and policies aimed at reducing P
loads to receiving water bodies.
ISSN: 0277-5212
Record 2 of 73
Author(s): Chapagain, AK (Chapagain, A. K.); Hoekstra, AY (Hoekstra, A. Y.);
Savenije, HHG (Savenije, H. H. G.); Gautam, R (Gautam, R.)
Title: The water footprint of cotton consumption: An assessment of the impact of
worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton
producing countries
Source: ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, 60 (1): 186-203 NOV 1 2006
Author Keywords: cotton consumption; water footprint; green water; blue water;
virtual water; water pollution
Keywords Plus: ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT; VIRTUAL WATER; FRESHWATER; MANAGEMENT; TRADE; CYCLE
Abstract: The consumption of a cotton product is connected to a chain of impacts on
the water resources in the countries where cotton is grown and processed. The aim of
this paper is to assess the 'water footprint' of worldwide cotton consumption,
identifying both the location and the character of the impacts. The study distinguishes
between three types of impact: evaporation of infiltrated rainwater for cotton growth
(green water use), withdrawal of ground- or surface water for irrigation or processing
(blue water use) and water pollution during growth or processing. The latter impact is
quantified in terms of the dilution volume necessary to assimilate the pollution. For
the period 1997-2001 the study shows that the worldwide consumption of cotton
products requires 256 Gm(3) of water per year, out of which about 42% is blue water,
39% green water and 19% dilution water. impacts are typically cross-border. About
84% of the water footprint of cotton consumption in the EU25 region is located
outside Europe, with major impacts particularly in India and Uzbekistan. Given the
general lack of proper water pricing mechanisms or other ways of transmitting
production-information, cotton consumers have little incentive to take responsibility
for the impacts on remote water systems. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0921-8009
Record 3 of 73
Author(s): van der Welle, MEW (van der Welle, Marlies Elizabeth Wilhelmina);
Cuppens, M (Cuppens, Mieke); Lamers, LPM (Lamers, Leon Peter Maria); Roelofs,
TGM (Roelofs, Tan Gisbert Maria)
Title: Detoxifying toxicants: Interactions between sulfide and iron toxicity in
freshwater wetlands
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, 25 (6): 15921597 JUN 2006
Author Keywords: groundwater discharge; macrophytes; oligochaetes; sulfur
pollution; wetlands
Keywords Plus: ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS;
INTERNAL EUTROPHICATION; DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES;
TUBIFICOIDES-BENEDII; HYDROGEN-SULFIDE; SEDIMENTS; POLLUTION;
BIOAVAILABILITY; ACCUMULATION
Abstract: In many Dutch freshwater wetlands, concentrations of sulfate in the surface
water and groundwater have increased. It is especially in peaty areas that this can lead
to problems, including the reduction of sulfate to toxic sulfide. Our aquarium
experiments showed that even low sulfide concentrations of 50 p mu mol/L are toxic
to the freshwater macrophyte Nitella flexilis and the freshwater oligochaete
Ophidonais serpentina. Sulfide toxicity can be modified by the availability of free iron
in soil moisture or sediment from iron-rich groundwater discharge. The iron
precipitates the sulfide, thereby immobilizing it and decreasing its toxicity. However,
iron itself can be a toxicant as well. We found a detoxifying effect of moderate iron
concentrations on sulfide toxicity, as well as a toxic effect of high iron concentrations
on the growth of Potamogeton acutifolius. At the intermediate range, the formation of
metal sulfides can simultaneously decrease metal and sulfide toxicity. Results of the
experiments are discussed in relation to hydrological changes in freshwater wetlands.
ISSN: 0730-7268
Record 4 of 73
Author(s): Dotsika, E (Dotsika, E.); Poutoukis, D (Poutoukis, D.); Michelot, JL
(Michelot, J. L.); Kloppmann, W (Kloppmann, W.)
Title: Stable isotope and chloride, boron study for tracing sources of boron
contamination in groundwater: Boron contents in fresh and thermal water in different
areas in Greece
Source: WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION, 174 (1-4): 19-32 JUL 2006
Author Keywords: Greece; hydrochemical methods; stable isotopes; origin of boron;
pollution
Keywords Plus: ORIGIN
Abstract: Boron is biologically an essential element but is toxic at high
concentrations to plants (above approximately 1 mg/L in irrigation water) and
probably to humans: The EU Drinking Water Directive fixes a threshold of 1 mg/L
and the World Health Organisation (WHO) set a recommended limit at 0.3 mg/L now
increased to 0.5 mg/L. Because of this potential toxicity and the need of
implementation of EU regulation on national level, the study of the boron levels in
both ground- and surface water is of great significance for water management.
In Greece, a significant number of thermal, mineral and superficial water springs are
found especially in Northern Greece, that present high boron values rendering such
water unacceptable according to the European standards. Nevertheless, such ground
waters or borehole water with high temperature and high boron content are used for
irrigation and drinking purposes, and could therefore have an antagonistic effect on
crop yield and health.
In order to study the boron contamination and to elucidate the origin of B, we
collected a number of hot and fresh water all over Greece. In all the water sampled,
the boron concentration exceeds the limit of 0.3 mg/L, which is the former
recommended WHO limit. Moreover, in the irrigation water examined, the boron
concentration exceeds the value of 0.75 mg/L, which is the limit for sensitive plants
(for plants of moderate and plants of high tolerance, these values vary between 0.75-3
and > 3 mg/L respectively).
In all cases, elevated boron could be attributed to natural sources, geothermal activity
and/or seawater intrusion into the aquifers. This finding has important implications for
water management: In a setting of high natural geochemical background values,
source control of the pollution is not possible and water managers have to cope with a
local to regional geochemical anomaly that implies boron specific water treatment or
mixing with unpolluted resources to bring concentrations down.
ISSN: 0049-6979
Record 5 of 73
Author(s): Da Silva, EF (Ferreira Da Silva, E.); Patinha, C (Patinha, C.); Reis, P
(Reis, P.); Fonseca, EC (Fonseca, E. Cardoso); Matos, JX (Matos, J. X.); Barrosinho,
J (Barrosinho, J.); Oliveira, JMS (Oliveira, J. M. Santos)
Title: Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments at the Corona
stream, Lousal mine (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Southern Portugal)
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, 50 (7): 1001-1013 AUG 2006
Author Keywords: acid mine drainage (AMD); acidity; metal ions; saturation index;
Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal
Keywords Plus: SURFACE WATERS; IRON; SULFATE; SULFIDE;
GEOCHEMISTRY; PENNSYLVANIA; ALUMINUM; IMPACT
Abstract: This study investigates the geochemical characteristics of the acid mine
drainage discharged from the abandoned mine adits and tailing piles in the vicinity of
the Lousal mine and evaluates the extent of pollution on water and on the stream
sediments of the Corona stream. Atmospheric precipitation interacting with sulphide
minerals in exposed tailings produces runoff water with pH values as low as 1.9 - 2.9
and high concentrations of SO42- (9,249 - 20,700 mg l(-1)), Fe ( 959 - 4,830 mg l(-1))
and Al (136 - 624 mg l(-1)). The acidic effluents and mixed stream water carry
elevated Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and As concentrations that exceed the water quality
standards. However, the severity of contamination generally decreases 4 km
downstream of the source due to mixing with fresh waters, which causes the dilution
of dissolved toxic metals and neutralization of acidity. Some natural attenuation of the
contaminants also occurs due to the general reduced solubility of most trace metals,
which may be removed from solution, by either co-precipitation or adsorption to the
iron and aluminium precipitates.
ISSN: 0943-0105
Record 6 of 73
Author(s): Angeler, DG (Angeler, David G.); Moreno, JM (Moreno, Jose M.)
Title: Impact-recovery patterns of water quality in temporary wetlands after fire
retardant pollution
Source: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES, 63
(7): 1617-1626 JUL 2006
Keywords Plus: REPEATED-MEASURES DESIGNS; ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT; SHALLOW LAKES; FOREST-FIRES; FRESH-WATER; TOP-DOWN;
BIODIVERSITY; EMERGENCE; CHEMICALS; TOXICITY
Abstract: Fire retardants, which are used in wildland fire prevention and
extinguishing operations, can cause eutrophi cation of surface waters. We measured
water quality in artificially constructed outdoor ponds over three hydrological cycles
to determine impact-recovery trajectories in retardant-contaminated, temporary
wetlands. We used a multiple before-after control-impact (MBACI) design to
determine the effects of application rates that are used in grasslands (1 L center dot
m(-2)) and scrublands (3 L center dot m(-2)). Retardant application caused a
significant increase in the trophic status of the ponds in the postcontamination period
(second and third hydrological cycle) relative to the precontamination period (first
hydrological cycle). The retardant clearly affected nutrients and indirectly affected
chlorophyll a, pH, dissolved oxygen, and Secchi transparency, resulting in a shift
from clear water to turbid water stable states. Univariate analyses showed that water
quality variables showed distinct recovery trajectories, as influenced by natural,
seasonal changes (chiefly water level fluctuations). Nonmetric, multidimensional
scaling analyses suggest that water quality did not return to precontamination levels
after two hydrological cycles in the retardant-treated ponds. Water quality affected by
retardant contamination appeared to maintain wetlands in hysteresis for at least two
hydrological cycles and prevented them from returning to the clear water, submerged
macrophyte-dominated state.
ISSN: 0706-652X
Record 7 of 73
Author(s): Camargo, JA (Camargo, Julio A.); Alonso, A (Alonso, Alvaro)
Title: Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic
ecosystems: A global assessment
Source: ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL, 32 (6): 831-849 AUG 2006
Author Keywords: inorganic nitrogen pollution; aquatic ecosystems; ecological and
toxicological effects; human risk; global assessment
Keywords Plus: HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; FRESH-WATER
INVERTEBRATES; DOMOIC ACID PRODUCTION; NITZSCHIA-SERIATA
BACILLARIOPHYCEAE; CHILDHOOD DIABETES-MELLITUS; MUNICIPAL
DRINKING-WATER; ANABAENA-FLOS-AQUAE; SHORT-TERM TOXICITY;
IOWA WOMENS HEALTH; BLUE-GREEN-ALGA
Abstract: We provide a global assessment, with detailed multi-scale data, of the
ecological and toxicological effects generated by inorganic nitrogen pollution in
aquatic ecosystems. Our synthesis of the published scientific literature shows three
major environmental problems: (1) it can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions
in freshwater ecosystems without much acid-neutralizing capacity, resulting in
acidification of those systems; (2) it can stimulate or enhance the development,
maintenance and proliferation of primary producers, resulting in eutrophication of
aquatic ecosystems; (3) it can reach toxic levels that impair the ability of aquatic
animals to survive, grow and reproduce. Inorganic nitrogen pollution of ground and
surface waters can also induce adverse effects on human health and economy.
Because reductions in SO2 emissions have reduced the atmospheric deposition of
H2SO4 across large portions of North America and Europe, while emissions of NOx
have gone unchecked, HNO3 is now playing an increasing role in the acidification of
freshwater ecosystems. This acidification process has caused several adverse effects
on primary and secondary producers, with significant biotic impoverishments,
particularly concerning invertebrates and fishes, in many atmospherically acidified
lakes and streams. The cultural eutrophication of freshwater, estuarine, and coastal
marine ecosystems can cause ecological and toxicological effects that are either
directly or indirectly related to the proliferation of primary producers. Extensive kills
of both invertebrates and fishes are probably the most dramatic manifestation of
hypoxia (or anoxia) in eutrophic and hypereutrophic aquatic ecosystems with low
water turnover rates. The decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations can also promote
the formation of reduced compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide, resulting in higher
adverse (toxic) effects on aquatic animals. Additionally, the occurrence of toxic algae
can significantly contribute to the extensive kills of aquatic animals. Cyanobacteria,
dinoflagellates and diatoms appear to be major responsible that may be stimulated by
inorganic nitrogen pollution. Among the different inorganic nitrogenous compounds
(NH4+, NH3, NO2-, HNO2, NO3-) that aquatic animals can take up directly from the
ambient water, unionized ammonia is the most toxic, while ammonium and nitrate
ions are the least toxic. In general, seawater animals seem to be more tolerant to the
toxicity of inorganic nitrogenous compounds than freshwater animals, probably
because of the ameliorating effect of water salinity (sodium, chloride, calcium and
other ions) on the tolerance of aquatic animals. Ingested nitrites and nitrates from
polluted drinking waters can induce methemoglobinemia in humans, particularly in
young infants, by blocking the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin.
Ingested nitrites and nitrates also have a potential role in developing cancers of the
digestive tract through their contribution to the formation of nitrosamines. In addition,
some scientific evidences suggest that ingested nitrites and nitrates might result in
mutagenicity, teratogenicity and birth defects, contribute to the risks of non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma and bladder and ovarian cancers, play a role in the etiology of insulindependent diabetes mellitus and in the development of thyroid hypertrophy, or cause
spontaneous abortions and respiratory tract infections. Indirect health hazards can
occur as a consequence of algal toxins, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,
pneumonia, gastroenteritis, hepatoenteritis, muscular cramps, and several poisoning
syndromes (paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic
shellfish poisoning). Other indirect health hazards can also come from the potential
relationship between inorganic nitrogen pollution and human infectious diseases
(malaria, cholera). Human sickness and death, extensive kills of aquatic animals, and
other negative effects, can have elevated costs on human economy, with the recreation
and tourism industry suffering the most important economic impacts, at least locally.
It is concluded that levels of total nitrogen lower than 0.5-1.0 mg TN/L could prevent
aquatic ecosystems (excluding those ecosystems with naturally high N levels) from
developing acidification and eutrophication, at least by inorganic nitrogen pollution.
Those relatively low TN levels could also protect aquatic animals against the toxicity
of inorganic nitrogenous compounds since, in the absence of eutrophication, surface
waters usually present relatively high concentrations of dissolved oxygen, most
inorganic reactive nitrogen being in the form of nitrate. Additionally, human health
and economy would be safer from the adverse effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution.
(c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0160-4120
Record 8 of 73
Author(s): Markel, D (Markel, D.); Somma, F (Somma, F.); Evans, BM (Evans, B.
M.)
Title: Using a GIS transfer model to evaluate pollutant loads in the Lake Kinneret
watershed, Israel
Source: WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 53 (10): 75-82 2006
Author Keywords: BMP; diffuse pollution; GIS; watershed
Abstract: Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) is the only large surface water body in
Israel, encompassing an area of 167km(2) and supplying some 30% of the country's
fresh water. Pollution from anthropogenic sources and water abstraction for domestic
and agricultural uses has long been threatening the water quality of the lake. Pointsource pollution in the watershed has decreased drastically with the development of
wastewater treatment. However, diffuse pollution from agricultural activities is still an
unresolved issue. In this paper we present an application of AVGWLF (a GIS-based
watershed load model) to the Lake Kinneret watershed. The model allows one to
simulate daily stream flows and monthly sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads
discharged to the lake from the surrounding watershed. Results from simulations yield
a satisfactory correspondence between simulated and measured daily water volume.
Partition by source of total phosphorus delivered to the lake in the period of 2000-04
confirms the reduction in point source nutrient contribution due to improvement of
wastewater treatment facilities in the area. Future management should focus on
reduction of nutrients originating from septic systems (point sources) and pasture and
cropland areas (diffuse sources). Results from simulations will enable watershed
managers to prioritize effective management alternatives for protecting the water
quality in the lake.
ISSN: 0273-1223
Record 9 of 73
Author(s): Steinman, A; Rediske, R; Denning, R; Nemeth, L; Chu, XF; Uzarski, D;
Biddanda, B; Luttenton, M
Title: An environmental assessment of an impacted, urbanized watershed: the Mona
Lake Watershed, Michigan
Source: ARCHIV FUR HYDROBIOLOGIE, 166 (1): 117-144 MAY 2006
Author Keywords: eutrophication; nonpoint source pollution; watershed
management; contaminated sediments; Mona Lake; Michigan
Keywords Plus: FRESH-WATER; DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES; SURFACE
WATERS; SMALL STREAMS; GREAT-LAKES; LAND-USE; PHOSPHORUS;
ECOSYSTEMS; SEDIMENT; NITROGEN
Abstract: The ecological health and integrity of watersheds throughout the world are
being threatened by a variety of stressors. Often, restoration practices focus on single
problems whereas comprehensive, multidisciplinary approaches are needed to address
both the symptoms and underlying causes of impairment. A comprehensive
assessment of a small, urbanized watershed in west Michigan, USA was conducted to
evaluate the major stressors in the system. This assessment approach for the Mona
Lake watershed included analyses of land use/land cover change, water quality in
both the major surface inflows and the receiving water body, and toxic inputs into a
major inflow. Because these issues are common to many watersheds, we developed a
conceptual model that spatially links these stressors and predicted impacts, allowing
us to assess them in a comprehensive manner. Based on our results, we generated a
set of recommendations targeted for specific source or problem areas. This approach
can be applied to other watersheds.
ISSN: 0003-9136
Record 10 of 73
Author(s): Weber, J; Kreutzmann, J; Plantikow, A; Pfitzner, S; Claus, E; Manz, W;
Heininger, P
Title: A novel particle contact assay with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for
ecotoxicological assessment of freshwater sediments
Source: JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS, 6 (2): 84-91 JUN 2006
Author Keywords: aquatic bioassay; exposure routes; freshwater sediments; particle
bound contaminants; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; sediment contact assay; toxicological
sediment assessment; whole sediment
Keywords Plus: CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS NEMATODA; PROF. DR.
FORSTNER,ULRICH; TETRAHYMENA-PYRIFORMIS; TOXICITY
ASSESSMENT; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; WHOLE-SEDIMENT; CONTAMINANTS;
POLLUTION; 65TH
Abstract: Goal, Scope and Background. Numerous xenobiotics released into surface
waters are transferred to suspended particulate matter and finally attached to
sediments. Aquatic organisms may be exposed to them by direct particle feeding, by
physical contact with contaminated surfaces as an exposure route, and by the uptake
of dissolved contaminants after equilibration via the free water phase. In order to
assess potential sediment toxicity, each of these exposure routes has to be addressed.
This paper presents a newly developed particle contact assay that uses the
fermentation performance of a specific Saccbaromyces cerevisiae strain for the
assessment of toxic effects in sediments. The test procedure is based on the
characteristic feature of growing yeast cells to attach to sediment particles, which are
also relevant for the accumulation of contaminants. The physical contact with
lipophilic contaminants mirrors an exposition pathway for the direct uptake into the
cells. In order to quantitatively characterize the toxic effects of particle attached
pollutants on the fermentation performance, unpolluted native reference sediment was
spiked with representatives for widely distributed anthropogenic contaminants.
Methods. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was established as sensitive eukaryotic
microorganism for the ecotoxicological assessment of particle attached anthropogenic
contaminants in freshwater sediments. For this purpose, yeast cells were cultivated in
sediment samples and the resulting fermentation performance was continuously
measured. Sediments artifically spiked with HCB, PCB, gamma-HCH, DDT, and
benzo(a)pyrene and solutions of each contaminant were comparatively investigated
by means of their adverse effects on yeast fermentation performance. Additionally,
four native river sediments characterized by increasing levels of pollution were
assessed by the yeast particle contact assay, and simultaneously by standard aquatic
tests with algae, daphniae, and luminescent bacteria using pore water and elutriates.
Results of the bioassays were related to specific sediment contamination with respect
to metals and organic priority pollutants.
Results and Discussion. In sediments spiked with PCB and benzo(a)pyrene
fermentation, performance was affected extensively below concentrations inhibiting
fermentation in contaminant solutions. This suggests a high efficiency of the exposure
route by physical contact. The fermentation performance was only slightly affected by
single lipophilic pollutants, whereas mixtures of individually spiked sediments caused
critically reduced fermentation performance suggesting additive synergistic effects.
Native river sediments modestly to critically polluted by hazardous organic
compounds lead to a slightly to dangerously reduced fermentation performance in the
yeast contact assay. These inhibitory effects were much less pronounced in the
standard bioassays conducted with algae, daphniae and luminescent bacteria, applying
pore waters and elutriates as sample matrices. Using pore water, inhibition was
measured only in the most polluted sediment, elutriates lead to a slight inhibition of
the algal growth in. the undiluted sample only. These results indicate an improved
sensitivity of the yeast particle contact assay compared to the standard assays, due to
uptake and physical cell contact as additional routes of exposure.
Conclusion. The yeast particle contact assay is a valuable toot for the assessment of
ecotoxicological potential in freshwater sediments. Since the assay addresses physical
contact as an exposure route, it indicates bioavailability of lipophilic compounds in
sediments.
Outlook. The sensitive indication of bioavailable contaminants associated to sediment
particles by the newly developed yeast particle contact assay recommends it as a
complementary microbial bioassay in a test battery for assessing major pathways of
contaminants in whole sediments.
ISSN: 1439-0108
Record 11 of 73
Author(s): van Griethuysen, C; de Lange, HJ; van den Heuij, M; de Bles, SC;
Gillissen, F; Koelmans, AA
Title: Temporal dynamics of AVS and SEM in sediment of shallow freshwater
floodplain lakes
Source: APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY, 21 (4): 632-642 APR 2006
Keywords Plus: ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; SIMULTANEOUSLY
EXTRACTED METALS; TOXICITY; INVERTEBRATES; RESUSPENSION;
ACCUMULATION; NETHERLANDS; CADMIUM; MARINE; MODEL
Abstract: Acid volatile sulfide (AVS) is an operationally defined sulfide fraction,
which is considered important for trace metal fate in reduced sediments.
Understanding AVS formation rates is important for the management of metal
polluted sediment. However, little lis known about the fate and dynamics of AVS in
spatially and seasonally variable freshwater environments. The authors monitored in
situ AVS formation and degradation and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in
two floodplain lakes and compared this to AVS formation rates in laboratory
experiments with the same sediment. In the laboratory experiments, the formation
rates of AVS were studied at 20 degrees C for initially oxidized sediments that were:
(a) untreated; (b) enriched with extra SO42-; and (c) treated with sodium-azide
(biocide). In the field, AVS concentrations were highly variable and were
significantly correlated to surface water temperature and O-2 concentrations as well
as to sediment composition. Between February and August, AVS formation was
approximately linear at a rate of 0.07 mu mol g(-1) d(-1). Degradation rates differed
drastically between the lakes due to different degradation mechanisms. In one lake
AVS removal was caused by reworking and oxygenation of the sediments by bream
(Abrami brama), at a rate of 0.25 mu mol g(-1) d(-1). In the other lake AVS removal
was caused by desiccation, at a rate of +/-2.6 mu mol g(-1) d(-1). This illustrates the
large differences that can be found between similar lakes, and the importance of
biological processes. In the laboratory, concentrations of AVS with and without
SO42- addition were similar during the first weeks, and increased at a rate of 0.15 mu
mol g(-1) d(-1). However, SO42- addition increased the AVS concentration at the end
of the experiment, whereas sodium-azide eliminated AVS formation, as expected.
This suggests that AVS formation was SO42--limited in the laboratory as well as in
these shallow freshwater lakes. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0883-2927
Record 12 of 73
Author(s): Maal-Bared, R
Title: Comparing environmental issues in Cuba before and after the Special Period:
Balancing sustainable development and survival
Source: ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL, 32 (3): 349-358 APR 2006
Author Keywords: comparative environmental risk assessment (CERA); Cuba;
Special Period; environmental priority setting
Keywords Plus: COMPARATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT
Abstract: Following the Earth Summit in 1992, Cuba designed and implemented a
variety of programs, administrative structures, and public awareness activities to
promote sound environmental management and sustainable development. This came
shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union and the strengthening of the US blockade in
1990, which resulted in a 35% drop in Cuban GDP. This period, referred to as the
Special Period, witnessed a decrease in many environmentally damaging activities
both by choice and by necessity, but also resulted in many decisions to resuscitate the
Cuban economy. The purpose of this work was to compare and rank the
environmental risks Cuba faced before and during the Special Period (1990-2000)
using two Comparative environmental risk assessments (CERAs). To do so, an
ecosystem integrity risk assessment matrix was constructed with 42 risk end points.
The matrix assessed the fisk posed by 17 problem areas including air pollution, water
contamination, solid waste sites, pesticides and ecosystem degradation. The risks
were calculated using five criteria: area affected, vulnerability of affected population,
severity of impact, irreversibility of effect and uncertainty. To construct this matrix,
both literature reviews and expert interviews in Cuba were conducted in 2000. The
results showed a general decrease in risk scores during the Special Period. Before the
Special Period, high risks were posed by: terrestrial degradation and industrial
wastewater and sludge, followed by freshwater degradation, surface water stressors,
and pesticides. After the Special Period, industrial wastewater and sludge and
pesticides were no longer high-risk areas, but municipal wastewater and marine
coastal degradation ranked higher than previously. Also, the fisk endpoints most
stressed after 1990 were affected by activities controlled by the government, such as
mining and tourism, and lack of infrastructure. Therefore, the claims that public
environmental education is the main pathway to sustainable development in Cuba
seem uninformed and other management practices should be evaluated. (c) 2005
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0160-4120
Record 13 of 73
Author(s): Fisher, TSR; Lawrence, GA
Title: Treatment of acid rock drainage in a meromictic mine pit lake
Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE, 132 (4): 515526 APR 2006
Author Keywords: Canada; copper; mine wastes; water pollution
Keywords Plus: TURBULENT BUOYANT CONVECTION; BRITISHCOLUMBIA; RESTORATION; STABILITY; MEROMIXIS; REGION; PLUME
Abstract: The Island Copper Mine pit near Port Hardy, Vancouver Island, B.C.,
Canada, was flooded in 1996 with seawater and capped with fresh water to form it
meromictic (permanently stratified) pit lake of maximum depth 350 m and surface
area 1.72 km(2). The pit lake is being developed as a treatment system for acid rock
drainage. The physical structure and water quality has developed into three distinct
layers: a brackish and well-mixed upper layer; a plume stirred intermediate layer; and
a thermally convecting lower layer. Concentrations of dissolved metals have been
maintained well below permit limits by fertilization of the Surface waters. The initial
mine closure plan proposed removal of heavy metals by metal-sulfide precipitation
via anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria, once anoxic conditions were established in
the intermediate and lower layers. Anoxia has been achieved in the lower layer, but
oxygen consumption rates have been less than initially predicted, and anoxia has yet
to be achieved in the intermediate layer. If anoxia can be permanently established in
the intermediate layer then biogeochemical removal rates may be high enough that
fertilization may no longer be necessary.
ISSN: 0733-9372
Record 14 of 73
Author(s): Stief, P; Nazarova, L; De Beer, D
Title: Chimney construction by Chironomus riparius larvae in response to hypoxia:
microbial implications for freshwater sediments
Source: JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
24 (4): 858-871 DEC 2005
Author Keywords: Chironomidae; macrofauna; freshwater sediment; oxygen
depletion; biogenic structure; sediment bacteria; diffusive oxygen uptake; animalmicrobe interaction; sediment microcosm; microsensor
Keywords Plus: SULFATE REDUCTION; DIPTERA; BACTERIA; ZONE; DEEP;
SEA; H2S; BIOTURBATION; MICROSENSORS; ENVIRONMENT
Abstract: Many shallow aquatic ecosystems with high nutrient loads experience
periods of 02 depletion that evoke behavioral responses by macrobenthic organisms.
The sediment-dwelling midge larva Chironomus riparius reduces its deposit-feeding
activity and allocates more time to burrow ventilation during periods of hypoxia. We
investigated another striking behavioral adaptation of this species, i.e., the elongation
of U-shaped sediment burrows to chimneys that tower above the sediment surface.
Chironomus riparius larvae gradually abandoned burrow construction and took up
chimney construction when exposed to hypoxic conditions in laboratory microcosms.
Microsensors were used to show that the chimneys were oxic sediment compartments
that were periodically irrigated by the larvae with oxygenated surface water. O-2
uptake rates per unit interface area were significantly higher for chimneys than for the
flat sediment surface. This observation was consistent with the dense colonization of
the chimneys by bacteria. Chimneys may facilitate the larval acquisition of both O-2
for respiration and microbial biomass for food. Given the mass abundance of C.
riparius in many polluted and O-2-deficient habitats, the chimneys also may
contribute significantly to the patchiness of the benthic microbial community in terms
of structure and function. In particular, the presence of chimneys might favor aerobic
bacterial populations and their metabolism.
ISSN: 0887-3593
Record 15 of 73
Author(s): Nezlin, NP; DiGiacomo, PM; Stein, ED; Ackerman, D
Title: Stormwater runoff plumes observed by SeaWiFS radiometer in the Southern
California Bight
Source: REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, 98 (4): 494-510 OCT 30 2005
Author Keywords: ocean color; sea-spectral reflectance; freshwater discharge;
plumes; precipitation; Southern California Bight; 32 degrees 00 '-34 degrees 30 ' N;
120 degrees 00 '-117 degrees 00 ' W
Keywords Plus: SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; OCEAN COLOR DATA;
COASTAL WATERS; SEDIMENT PLUMES; MONICA BAY; 1ST FLUSH;
QUALITY; BASIN; DISCHARGES; IMPACTS
Abstract: Understanding the factors that influence the incidence and dispersal
patterns of freshwater runoff plumes in southern California is important for
management of coastal water quality. Significant river discharge is associated with
episodic winter rainstorms, leading to turbid pollutant and pathogen-laden stormwater
plumes that are clearly visible nearshore in the Southern California Bight. We
analyzed 1.1-km spatial resolution sea-spectral reflectance data acquired in 1997-2003
by the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), focusing on four regions
with distinctive adjacent watershed properties: Ventura, Santa Monica Bay, San Pedro
Shelf, and Orange County/San Diego. The area of each plume was detected by the
backscattering characteristics of surface waters, i.e., normalized water-leaving
radiation of green-yellow wavelength 555 nm (nLw555). Plume area size was
correlated with the rainstorm magnitude, which was estimated from atmospheric
precipitation averaged over the total area of the watersheds connected to the seashore.
The time lag between rainstorm and maximum plume was one day in San Pedro Shelf
and two days in other three regions. Assessing maximum correlation between
precipitated rainwater and the plume size, we estimated the optimal nLw555 values
best characterizing the plume boundaries in each of the four study regions. Another
quantitative characteristic derived from maximum correlation between rainwater and
plume size was the "coefficient of persistence", related to the speed of freshwater
discharge and the time of plume water dissipation; it was also different in different
watersheds. The primary factors regulating the relationship between rainstorm and
plume were watershed land-use characteristics, size, and elevation. (C) 2005 Elsevier
Inc. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0034-4257
Record 16 of 73
Author(s): Pavlic, Z; Vidakovic-Cifrek, Z; Puntaric, D
Title: Toxicity of surfactants to green microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and
Scenedesmus subspicatus and to marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and
Skeletonema costatum
Source: CHEMOSPHERE, 61 (8): 1061-1068 DEC 2005
Author Keywords: ecotoxicity; surfactants; Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata;
Scenedesmus subspicatus; Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Skeletonema costatum
Keywords Plus: FRESH-WATER ALGAE; SELENASTRUMCAPRICORNUTUM; GROWTH-INHIBITION; TESTS; SENSITIVITY
Abstract: Ecotoxicity of different commercial surfactants (six anionic, two
amphoteric and one nonionic), essential constituents of cleansing hair products
(shampoos), as well as ecotoxicity of eight shampoos containing different
combinations of these surfactants, were tested in order to evaluate their possible toxic
effects on microalgae. Specific objective of this research was to compare the
sensitivity of selected freshwater and marine microalgae to these widely used
surfactants and well-known pollutants in surface waters. Internationally validated
methods (ISO standards) for the determination of toxic effects on the growth of
planktonic freshwater green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Scenedesmus
subspicatus and marine diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum
tricornutum, were used. The obtained results showed that the concentrations of tested
surfactants and shampoos, which resulted in 50% growth reduction of planktonic
freshwater green algae, when compared to the controls without test substances
(EC50), were in the range from 0.32 to 4.4 mg l(-1) for surfactants and from 2.1 to 8.5
mg l(-1) for shampoos expressed as active substance. Marine diatoms were
significantly more sensitive to the tested surfactants than freshwater green algae
(EC50 0.14-1.7 mg l(-1) for surfactants and 0.35-1.25 mg l(-1) for shampoos).
According to the classification on the basis of environmental effects, the obtained
results suggested that all tested surfactants can be classified as having toxic effects on
freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Some of them indicated that
they have a very toxic effect on Scenedesmus subspicatus and marine diatoms
Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All
rights reserved.
ISSN: 0045-6535
Record 17 of 73
Author(s): Mapani, BS
Title: Groundwater and urbanisation, risks and mitigation: The case for the city of
Windhoek, Namibia
Source: PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH, 30 (11-16): 706-711 2005
Author Keywords: groundwater; pollution; fractured aquifer; mitigation; reclamation
scheme; leakage
Abstract: The City of Windhoek is underlain by the Kuiseb Schist, locally known as
the "Windhoek Schist" and amphibolites. In the low-lying parts of the Windhoek
valley, gravels and sands are present. The Windhoek schist has several lithologies,
dominated by garnet-muscovite-chlorite-biotite schist, with distinctive cleavage. This
pervasive cleavage renders the underlying lithology permeable to fluids percolating
from the surface into the aquifer. Other minor lithologies are trachytes, metarhyolites
and quartzites found to the east of the city. The amphibolite is part of the Matchless
belt, and traverses the city in a NE-SW fashion. When weathered, it forms a perfect
aquiclude. North-south and northeast-southwest trending faults with a few splays cut
across the Kuiseb Schist. The faults play a significant role in increasing the fracture
density of the fissile schist. The faults are the major links that form channels between
the surface and the aquifer below. The city of Windhoek uses the aquifer both as a
source of fresh water and as a storage facility. The recharge areas of the aquifer lie to
the east and south- to southeast of the city in the vicinity of the suburb of Kleine
Kuppe. The soil horizon over the Windhoek schist is very shallow and most buildings
are built directly on bedrock. The thin soil horizon makes the aquifer prone to
pollution, caused either by accidents such as spills or by carelessness due to
unsupervised dumping. The fissility and fracture density of the schist imply that
leakage of surface waters, phenols, septic-tank spills, sewer-bursts, chemical and
industrial contaminants and other such materials can reach the aquifer in unusually
high rainfall years. The effects of fuels and oils are much more adverse, as they may
remain in soils for long periods. The rapid urbanization and building of informal
settlements without sewage reticulation has increased the risk of pollution to the
Windhoek aquifer. The close monitoring of sewage pipes, filling stations and dump
sites (including cemeteries), preferably using a GIS-based model, is the best way to
prevent future pollution. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 1474-7065
Record 18 of 73
Author(s): Nezlin, NP; DiGiacomo, PM
Title: Satellite ocean color observations of stormwater runoff plumes along the San
Pedro Shelf (southern California) during 1997-2003
Source: CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH, 25 (14): 1692-1711 SEP 2005
Author Keywords: ocean color; freshwater discharge; plumes; precipitation; San
pedro shelf; 33.47-33.79 degrees N; 118.4-117.7 W
Keywords Plus: RIVER PLUME; MONICA BAY; COASTAL WATERS;
SEASONAL VARIABILITY; HUNTINGTON BEACH; BARBARA CHANNEL;
CURRENT SYSTEM; TEMPERATURE; IMPACTS; QUALITY
Abstract: Knowledge of freshwater runoff plume dynamics in southern California is
important for management of coastal water quality, because river discharge associated
with episodic winter rainstorms can be a major source of pollutants and pathogens to
coastal waters. The purpose of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics
of plumes at the San Pedro Shelf in southern California and identify factors
influencing the incidence and dispersal patterns of plumes. We used 1.1-km spatial
resolution satellite images collected in 1997-2003 by the SeaWiFS optical radiometer.
The area of each plume was detected by the backscattering characteristics of surface
waters in the vicinity of the mouths of four rivers that discharge to the San Pedro
Basin. The rainstorm magnitude was estimated from atmospheric precipitation
averaged over the total area of local watersheds. The plume size estimated from the
backscattering coefficient nLw555 > 1.3 mW cm(-2) mu m(-1) sr(-1) was highly
correlated with the amount of rainwater precipitated over the watershed area and
accumulated during the period preceding the plume. The relation between rainstorm
and plume area was linear with zero intercept: that means that the minimum rainstorm
magnitude under which no plume occurred in the study area was almost zero, and
even small precipitation resulted in a plume. The persistence of the plumes was
estimated by fitting the coefficients of the model of plume water dissipation to
achieve maximum correlation between the plume area and rainstorm: Twenty-five
percent of rainwater dissipated daily, which gradually decreased the plume size. The
size, alongshore and cross-shelf translocation of the plumes were modulated slightly
by the local circulation, forced remotely by the equatorward wind a few hundred km
to the south (along the coast of Baja California). The influence of tidal circulation on
the plume area was slight and statistically insignificant. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All
rights reserved.
ISSN: 0278-4343
Record 19 of 73
Author(s): El-Dars, FMS
Title: Evaluation of groundwater quality within a typical Egyptian village, north of
Cairo, Egypt
Source: ANNALI DI CHIMICA, 95 (5): 357-368 MAY 2005
Abstract: Groundwater is the second most abundant water resource in Egypt, 2/3 of
which is consumed within the Nile Delta Region and the valley. However, with recent
intensification of agricultural and urbanizing activities over the past 40 years, the
water quality in the Nile basin aquifer has significantly deteriorated. The objective of
this study is to survey the variation in the groundwater quality tapped within a typical
Egyptian village located in the valley, north of Cairo, from January until April 2000.
Results revealed that locations close to agricultural lands reflected an increase in the
TDS, ammonia, nitrates, chlorides and sulfates contents as a implication of vertical
and side infiltration of multiple pollutants. In addition, locations within residential
quarters recorded significant BOD and COD concentrations, reflecting a significant
organic matter intrusion at these wells. Multivariate analysis for the January data
indicated that agricultural activities had a greater impact on these waters causing an
overall increase in TDS and EC contents. However, with the increase in Nile surface
water flow during April, there was an increase in fresh water infiltration within this
area, which helped to reduce the TDS, EC and other inherent ionic constituents of
these waters.
ISSN: 0003-4592
Record 20 of 73
Author(s): Long, SC; El-Khoury, SS; Oudejans, SJG; Sobsey, MD; Vinje, J
Title: Assessment of sources and diversity of male-specific coliphages for source
tracking
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 22 (3): 367-377 MAYJUN 2005
Author Keywords: male-specific coliphages; source tracking; assessment
Keywords Plus: MALE-SPECIFIC BACTERIOPHAGES; WASTE-WATER
TREATMENT; RNA-BACTERIOPHAGES; ENTERIC VIRUSES; INDICATOR
ORGANISMS; NATURAL-WATERS; MODEL VIRUSES; FRESH-WATER;
HUMAN FECES; SEWAGE
Abstract: Watershed managers and utilities responsible for source water protection
are looking for ways to minimize risk from both human and nonhuman pathogen
reservoirs. The ability to accurately identify microbial input source(s) would allow
water managers to develop and apply effective, cost-efficient corrective measures. In
this study, the potential role of F-specific coliphages with a special focus on the
F+DNA coliphages as delineators of sources of surface water microbial pollution was
investigated. A variety of source samples from across the United States were analyzed
including wastewater and septic system samples, animal slurry lagoon samples, and
freshly voided animal fecal samples. Samples were analyzed for fecal coliforms, Fspecific coliphages, and somatic coliphages. F-specific phages were isolated and
typed to determine whether they were F+RNA or F+DNA coliphages, and were
subsequently serotyped and genotyped. F-specific coliphages were detected more
often in wastewater samples and slurry lagoon samples when compared to individual
fecal samples, where they were rarely detected. F+DNA coliphages were detected in
all wastewater samples, in two cow manure samples, and were absent from avian
fecal samples. Serotyping and genotyping analysis of F+DNA coliphages did not
exclusively associate one subtype with human or animal wastes. A significant
proportion of F+DNA isolates demonstrated inconclusive serotyping results, although
a majority of the solely M13 serotyped isolates were from domestic wastewater
sources. In wastewater samples, 77% were F+DNA while 23% were F+RNA
coliphages. Consistent with previous studies, F+RNA coliphage serotyping analysis
demonstrated a predominance of group H and III F+RNA coliphages in the
wastewater samples, whereas group I and group W predominated in animal fecal
samples and animal slurry lagoon samples. Overall, the results from this study
suggests that the presence of F+DNA coliphages, and especially M13 type F+DNA
coliphages. could be a potential indicator of human-related wastes.
ISSN: 1092-8758
Record 21 of 73
Author(s): Sharpley, A; Kleinman, P; Weld, J
Title: Assessment of best management practices to minimise the runoff of manureborne phosphorus in the United States
Source: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, 47 (4):
461-477 DEC 2004
Author Keywords: eutrophication; leaching; non-point source pollution; risk
assessment; soil conservation; surface runoff; watersheds
Keywords Plus: POULTRY LITTER; SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS; MILKPRODUCTION; SURFACE WATERS; SWINE MANURE; FESCUE PLOTS;
SOIL; EXCRETION; NITROGEN; LOSSES
Abstract: Phosphorus (P), an essential nutrient in crop and livestock agriculture, can
cause and accelerate freshwater eutrophication. Intensification of farming systems has
resulted in local accumulations of P in some agricultural watersheds with related
increases in P runoff. In most cases, continual land application of manure at rates
exceeding crop P removal is the proximate cause of P runoff. To mitigate associated
water quality impairments, P-based agricultural best management practices (BMPs)
are now becoming a part of farm nutrient planning. This planning involves the
selection, timing, and implementation of source and transport BMPs at field, farm,
and watershed scales. Source measures include balancing P imports and exports,
improved livestock feed management, chemical and physical treatment of manures,
appropriate rate, method, and timing of land application based upon regular soil and
manure testing, adequate manure storage and transport infrastructure, and composting.
Transport measures aim to reduce runoff and erosion via practices such as
conservation tillage, contour ploughing, and vegetative filter strips. To be effective,
these measures must be carefully selected and targeted to areas at greatest risk to P
loss. This vulnerability can be identified and ranked by P indices, which account for
source and transport factors controlling P loss. We demonstrate that the P Index can
provide flexible yet reliable manure management and provide farmers with options to
minimise the risk of P loss from several farms in Pennsylvania, United States.
Overall, a comprehensive and holistic approach to manure management can decrease
P transfers from land to water.
ISSN: 0028-8233
Record 22 of 73
Author(s): Bursch, W; Fuerhacker, M; Gemeiner, M; Grillitsch, B; Jungbauer, A;
Kreuzinger, N; Moestl, E; Scharf, S; Schmid, E; Skutan, S; Walter, I
Title: Endocrine disrupters in the aquatic environment: the Austrian approach ARCEM
Source: WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 50 (5): 293-300 2004
Author Keywords: drinking water treatment; endocrine disrupters; estrogenic
effects; freshwater fish; monitoring; risk assessment; waste water treatment
Keywords Plus: WATER; SURFACE
Abstract: A consortium of Austrian scientists (ARCEM) carried out a
multidisciplinary environmental study on Austrian surface and ground waters
including chemical monitoring, bioindication, risk assessment and risk management
for selected endocrine disrupters: 17beta-estradiol, estriol, estrone, 17alphaethinylestradiol, 4-nonylphenol, 4-nonylphenol ethoxylates (4-NP1EO,4-NP2EO) and
their degradation products, ocytlphenol, ocytlphenol ethoxylates (OP1EO, OP2EO) as
well as bisphenol A. To obtain data representative for Austria, a material flow
analysis served to select relevant compounds and water samples were collected
monthly over one year at those sites routinely used in Austrian water quality control.
The following results were obtained and conclusions drawn:
1. Chemical monitoring: As compared to other countries, relatively low levels of
pollution with endocrine disrupters were detected.
2. Bioindication: In the surface waters under study, male fish showed significant signs
of feminization and demasculinization (increased production of the egg-yolk protein
and histological changes of the gonads.
3. Risk assessment: For humans, exposure via either drinking water abstraction
(ground water) or fish consumption was considered. The exposure levels of the
compounds under study were below those considered to result in human health risks.
Likewise, for bisphenol A and octylphenols, there was no indication for risk posed
upon the aquatic environment (fish). However, nonylphonol or 17alphaethinylestradiol exposure along with results of bioindication (2) suggest a borderline
estrogenic activity in a considerable number of surface waters. Consequently the
emissions of these substances into the surface waters affected have to be reduced.
4. Risk management: Waste water treatment experiments revealed a positive
correlation between the removal rate of endocrine disrupters from the waste water and
the sludge retention time in the treatment plants. These substances are removed to a
higher extend at low loaded plants designed for nutrient removal than at plants that
remove carbon and/or employ nitrification only. As to drinking water treatment,
chlorine dioxide and ozone were found to eliminate all investigated substances, except
nonylphenol ethoxylates.
ISSN: 0273-1223
Record 23 of 73
Author(s): Bondarenko, S; Gan, JY; Haver, DL; Kabashima, JN
Title: Persistence of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in waters
from a coastal watershed
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, 23 (11): 26492654 NOV 2004
Author Keywords: chlorpyrifos; diazinon; total maximum daily load; pesticide
hydrolysis; watershed
Keywords Plus: NATURAL-WATERS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; CHLORPYRIFOS;
PESTICIDES; CALIFORNIA; DEGRADATION; HYDROLYSIS; DIAZINON;
USA; TOXICITY
Abstract: Organophosphate and carbamate compounds are among the most widely
used pesticides. Contamination of surface water by these compounds is of concern
because of potential toxicity to aquatic organisms, especially those at lower trophic
levels. III this study we evaluated the persistence of diazinon, chlorpyrifos, malathion,
and carbaryl in waters from various sites in the Newport Bay-San Diego Creek
watershed in southern California (USA). The persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos
was much longer than that of malathion or carbaryl and was further prolonged in
seawater. Microbial degradation contributed significantly to the dissipation of
diazinon and chlorpyrifos in freshwater, but was inhibited in seawater, leading to
increased persistence. In contrast, degradation of malathion and carbaryl was rapid
and primarily abiotic. A greater temperature dependence was observed for carbaryl
degradation in all waters and for diazinon degradation in freshwater. The interactions
of pesticide persistence with water location, temperature, and type of pesticides
suggest that site- and compound-specific information is needed when evaluating the
overall ecotoxicological risks of pesticide pollution in a watershed. Because the
persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos may increase significantly in seawater,
mitigation should occur before the pesticides reach seawater. The relatively short
persistence of these compounds in freshwater suggests that practices aimed at
extending residence time (e.g., diversion to wetlands) may effectively reduce
pesticide output to downstream water bodies.
ISSN: 0730-7268
Record 24 of 73
Author(s): Jamieson, R; Gordon, R; Joy, D; Lee, H
Title: Assessing microbial pollution of rural surface waters - A review of current
watershed scale modeling approaches
Source: AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 70 (1): 1-17 OCT 15 2004
Author Keywords: modeling; watersheds; microbial; fecal coliforms; agricultural;
rural; water quality; transport; survival
Keywords Plus: FECAL-COLIFORM BACTERIA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI;
INDICATOR BACTERIA; ENTERIC BACTERIA; FRESH-WATER;
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; STREAM SEDIMENTS; MORTALITYRATES; BOTTOM SEDIMENT; NATURAL-WATERS
Abstract: Liquid and solid wastes generated from both animal and domestic sources
can significantly impair drinking, irrigation and recreational water sources in rural
areas. The assessment and management of non-point sources of microbial pollution,
in particular, is an issue of great interest. A representative watershed scale water
quality model would be an invaluable tool in addressing microbial pollution issues.
The objective of this review is to present and evaluate current approaches to modeling
the microbial quality of surface waters in rural watersheds. A complete watershed
scale microbial water quality model includes subroutines which (i) characterize the
production and distribution of waste and associated microorganisms, (ii) simulate the
transport of microorganisms from the land surface to receiving streams, and (iii) route
microorganisms through stream networks. Current watershed scale models only
account for microbial transport to surface waters through overland flow and ignore
subsurface transport. The movement of microorganisms on the soil surface is
predicted using simple empirical equations or by assuming that microorganism
transport is only associated with sediment erosion. However, several studies have
indicated that the assumption that microorganism transport is directly linked with
sediment transport may not be valid. The simulation of microorganism survival and
transport in receiving streams is complicated by sediment/microorganism interactions.
More research is needed to be able to quantitatively assess and model microbial
processes in alluvial streams. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0378-3774
Record 25 of 73
Author(s): Dean, KE; Palachek, RM; Noel, JM; Warbritton, R; Aufderheide, J;
Wireman, J
Title: Development of freshwater water-quality criteria for perchlorate
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, 23 (6): 14411451 JUN 2004
Author Keywords: perchlorate; water-quality criteria
Keywords Plus: LOW-DOSE PERCHLORATE; THYROID-FUNCTION;
METAMORPHOSIS; CONTAMINATION; LAMPREY
Abstract: The anion perchlorate (ClO-) is an oxidizing component commonly used in
solid propellants for rockets and missiles; in explosives, flares, fireworks, chemical
processes, and automobile air-bag inflators; and for other assorted uses. With recent
advances in analytical detection capability, perchlorate has been found in a variety of
ground and surface waters throughout the United States. Because perchlorate has been
associated with thyroid problems in humans and may have similar effects on wildlife,
it is desirable to develop a water-quality criterion to assist in identifying
concentrations of perchlorate in water likely to pose an ecological health risk. In the
present study, we compiled all available data regarding the effects of perchlorate to
aquatic organisms, and we performed additional toxicity and bioconcentration tests as
required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) for the
development of water-quality criteria for aquatic life. A criterion maximum
concentration of 20 mg/L and a criterion continuous concentration of 9.3 mg/L were
calculated based on the test results. Although these are not formal Clean Water Act
Section 304(a) criteria, which must be published by the U.S. EPA, these criteria may
be useful in the determination of remedial action levels for contaminated sites, for
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit limits, and other waterquality management practices.
ISSN: 0730-7268
Record 26 of 73
Author(s): Schulz, R
Title: Field studies on exposure, effects, and risk mitigation of aquatic nonpointsource insecticide pollution: A review
Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, 33 (2): 419-448 MARAPR 2004
Keywords Plus: SAN-JOAQUIN RIVER; IN-SITU BIOASSAY; INTEGRATED
PEST-MANAGEMENT; OFF-TARGET DEPOSITION; LOWER FRASER
VALLEY; CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS; SOUTH-AFRICA; WATER-QUALITY;
FRESH-WATER; SURFACE WATERS
Abstract: Recently, much attention has been focused on insecticides as a group of
chemicals combining high toxicity to invertebrates and fishes with low application
rates, which complicates detection in the field. Assessment of these chemicals is
greatly facilitated by the description and understanding of exposure, resulting
biological effects, and risk mitigation strategies in natural surface waters under field
conditions due to normal farming practice. More than 60 reports of insecticidecompound detection in surface waters due to agricultural nonpoint-source pollution
have been published in the open literature during the past 20 years, about one-third of
them having been undertaken in the past 3.5 years. Recent reports tend to concentrate
on specific routes of pesticide entry, such as runoff, but there are very few studies on
spray drift-borne contamination. Reported aqueous-phase insecticide concentrations
are negatively correlated with the catchment size and all concentrations of >10 mug/L
(19 out of 133) were found in smaller-scale catchments (<100 km(2)). Field studies on
effects of insecticide contamination often lack appropriate exposure characterization.
About 15 of the 42 effect studies reviewed here revealed a clear relationship between
quantified, non-experimental exposure and observed effects in situ, on abundance,
drift, community structure, or dynamics. Azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, and
endosulfan were frequently detected at levels above those reported to reveal effects in
the field; however, knowledge about effects of insecticides in the field is still sparse.
Following a short overview of various risk mitigation or best management practices,
constructed wetlands and vegetated ditches are described as a risk mitigation strategy
that have only recently been established for agricultural insecticides. Although only
11 studies are available, the results in terms of pesticide retention and toxicity
reduction are very promising. Based on the reviewed literature, recommendations are
made for future research activities.
ISSN: 0047-2425
Record 27 of 73
Author(s): Korfali, SI; Davies, BE
Title: Speciation of metals in sediment and water in a river underlain by limestone:
role of carbonate species for purification capacity of rivers
Source: ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, 8 (3-4): 599-612 MAR
2004
Author Keywords: metals; speciation; sediment; water; carbonate; self-purification;
Nahr-Ibrahim river; Lebanon
Keywords Plus: INTERACTIONS CONTROLLING ZINC; TRISTATE MINING
DISTRICT; X-RAY-ABSORPTION; TRACE-METALS; SURFACE WATERS;
SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION; CHEMICAL SPECIATION; LEAD
CONCENTRATIONS; HEAVY-METALS; FRESH-WATER
Abstract: Rivers whose basins are underlain by limestone possess a high buffering
capacity for discharged pollutants. During the discharge of metals in the aquatic
environment, metals are partitioned between the sediment and the water column
phases. Further partitioning of metals occurs within the sediment chemical fractions
and metal speciation in water column, thus leading to the possible reduction of the
toxic free hydrated metal ion. The present study focuses on one of Lebanon's rivers;
the Nahr-Ibrahim whose basin is underlain by limestone and its river water is
dominated by carbonate species due to the high pH and alkalinity values. The
objectives of this study were: first, to determine the metal speciation (Fe, Zn, Pb and
Cd) in the (operationally defined) sediment chemical fractions and metal speciation in
river water; second, to evaluate the role of carbonate species in the self-purification
process from metal pollutant inputs into the river. Bed sediments and water were
collected from eight locations in one dry season (September, 1997), and a sequential
chemical fractionation scheme was applied to the <75 mum sieved sediment fraction.
The data show that the highest percentages of total metal content in sediment are for:
Fe in the residual fraction followed by moderately reducible fraction, Zn and Pb in the
carbonate and in the moderately reducible fractions and Cd primarily in the carbonate
fraction. Aqueous metal speciation was predicted using AQUACHEM software
interfaced to PHREEQC geochemical computer model. The water speciation data
predicted that a high percentage of Pb and Zn were present as carbonate species, very
low percentages as free hydrated ion species; whereas Cd exhibited high percentage
occurrence as a free hydrated metal ion species. Iron was present in water mainly as
ferric hydroxide ion pair species. This study has evaluated the role of carbonate
species for self-purification process by the reported high percentage occurrence of
metals in the carbonate sediment fraction and the interaction of metals with the
carbonate water species. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 1093-0191
Record 28 of 73
Author(s): Krieger, KA
Title: Effectiveness of a coastal wetland in reducing pollution of a Laurentian Great
Lake: Hydrology, sediment, and nutrients
Source: WETLANDS, 23 (4): 778-791 DEC 2003
Author Keywords: nonpoint-source pollution; pollution abatement; Laurentian Great
Lakes; Lake Erie; Old Woman Creek; coastal wetland; phosphorus; nitrogen;
sediment; wetland hydrology; nutrient
Keywords Plus: FRESH-WATER WETLAND; OLD WOMAN CREEK; ERIE;
PHOSPHORUS; QUALITY; OHIO; RETENTION; EXPORT; LOADS; USA
Abstract: The ability of coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes to reduce
pollution from tributaries has not been documented in detail or over multiple seasons.
This study developed a surface-water budget for a coastal wetland along Lake Erie
and estimated monthly, annual, and storm-related exports of total suspended solids
and selected nutrients from the wetland. Water-budget measurements included
precipitation, evaporation, surface discharge into the wetland, and net surface
discharge into Lake Erie. Water samples collected upstream and downstream and
composite dryfall-precipitation samples were analyzed for total suspended solids
(TSS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), nitrate + nitrite
nitrogen (NO2+3) ammonia nitrogen (NH3), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), soluble
reactive silica, chloride, and specific conductance. Seasonal and storm-related
concentration patterns and a wide variation in monthly, seasonal, and annual loads
from the tributary into the wetland were typical of streams draining the western Lake
Erie basin. All substances reached higher maximum concentrations upstream than
downstream; however, median monthly time-weighted mean concentrations of TP,
TSS, NH3, and TKN were higher downstream. Concentrations without discharge data
were inadequate to estimate removal rates. Annual loads of TSS, NH3, and TKN
increased during passage through the wetland, whereas those of TP, SRP, NO2+3, and
soluble reactive silica decreased. During storm runoff events, various proportions of
TP, SRP, TSS, NO2+3, and soluble reactive silica were removed, despite brief
hydraulic residence times, whereas more NH3 exited than entered. Wetlands
occupying the flooded lower reaches of Great Lakes tributaries collectively are
probably important in maintaining and enhancing the water and sediment quality of
the lakes. Water levels throughout the Laurentian Great Lakes have decreased in
recent years; consequently, wetland areas with standing water and hydraulic residence
times have decreased, probably reducing the effectiveness of the wetlands in
mitigating pollution.
ISSN: 0277-5212
Record 29 of 73
Author(s): Dangles, O; Malmqvist, B; Laudon, H
Title: Naturally acid freshwater ecosystems are diverse and functional: evidence from
boreal streams
Source: OIKOS, 104 (1): 149-155 JAN 2004
Keywords Plus: EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; LAKE ACIDIFICATION;
NORTHERN SWEDEN; LEAF-LITTER; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE;
CONTRASTING PH; SURFACE WATERS; SPRING FLOOD; BREAKDOWN;
COLONIZATION
Abstract: Acidification has strongly affected natural ecosystems due to the deposition
of acidifying pollutants in geographical areas with low buffering capacity. Here we
show both that taxonomic richness of benthic invertebrates (as a measure of stream
health) and breakdown rate of leaf litter (a major process in stream ecosystems) in
three naturally acid streams were not significantly different from richness and
breakdown rates of three circumneutral control streams in the same area in northern
Sweden. In contrast, a comparative data-set representing a gradient from
circumneutral to acidified streams in France showed decreasing richness and litter
breakdown rates (by 60% and 70% between pH 6.5 and 4.5, respectively) typical of
acidified streams. The strong negative effects found in many freshwater systems may
be a consequence of low capacity to adjust to rapidly changed conditions. In contrast,
organisms in naturally acidic systems, such as streams of the boreal region in
catchments with accumulating organic material and a geology poor in buffering
substances, seem better adapted as a consequence of protracted exposure to low pH
over evolutionary time. These results have implications for the management of
streams and rivers in northern Sweden, where considerable efforts are spent on
remediation without consideration of the fact that the natural state of many of these
systems is acidic.
ISSN: 0030-1299
Record 30 of 73
Author(s): Long, SC; Shafer, E; Arango, FC; Siraco, D
Title: Evaluation of three source tracking indicator organisms for watershed
management
Source: JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGYAQUA, 52 (8): 565-575 DEC 2003
Author Keywords: Bifidobacteria; coliphage; F-specific coliphage; Rhodococcus
coprophilus
Keywords Plus: HUMAN FECAL POLLUTION; SORBITOL-FERMENTING
BIFIDOBACTERIA; RHODOCOCCUS-COPROPHILUS; RNA COLIPHAGES;
FRESH-WATER; BACTERIOPHAGES; SURVIVAL; BACTERIA;
HYBRIDIZATION; ADOLESCENTIS
Abstract: The use of indicator organisms to ensure the microbial safety of drinking
water is a standard practice throughout the developed world. Traditional coliform
indicators, however, are not always the most suitable indicator for all waterborne
pathogens, especially viruses and protozoans. Drinking water contaminated with
human waste is typically associated with a higher risk of infection by human
pathogens. For that reason, source-specific or source tracking indicators would be
beneficial in identifying the source of water contamination. The focus of this research
was to determine the potential of three source-specific indicators (sorbitol-fermenting
Bifidobacteria, Rhodococcus coprophilus and serogroups of F-specific coliphages) for
differentiating human, grazing animal and other wildlife microbial inputs into a
drinking water watershed. Three locations within a surface water source watershed
management area were sampled over a 13-month period. The results indicated that the
three indicators tested might be a good means of discriminating between microbial
input sources into drinking water supplies.
ISSN: 0003-7214
Record 31 of 73
Author(s): Finkl, CW; Charlier, RH
Title: Sustainability of subtropical coastal zones in southeastern Florida: Challenges
for urbanized coastal environments threatened by development, pollution, water
supply, and storm hazards
Source: JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH, 19 (4): 934-943 FAL 2003
Author Keywords: environmental integrity; submarine groundwater discharge;
nutrient loading; water quality; remediation; ecosystem collapse; coastal management
Keywords Plus: GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE; SEDIMENTARY
PETROLOGY; UNITED-STATES; PATTERNS; KEYS; EXPERIENCE;
LESSONS; BEACH; USA
Abstract: The subtropical Atlantic coastal zone of southeastern Florida supports
nearly 7 million inhabitants on a coastal plain conurbation that stretches from West
Palm Beach to Miami. About a quarter of the present population originally settled on
higher topography along the shore-parallel Atlantic Coastal Ridge. From about the
middle 1900s, however, urbanization intensified along the shore and spread westward
into freshwater marshlands. Population densities approaching 2500 persons per km(2) along some coastal sectors and dredge and fill operations to create urban land in
western marshes degraded coastal environments bringing in question sustainability.
Efforts to maintain environmental integrity initially focused on shore protection first
via "hard" engineering works, which later ont included massive beach renourishment
projects along developed coasts subject to critical erosion. Marine algal blooms, led to
eutrophication, degraded coastal water quality, and deterioration of coral reefs
indicate environmental problems at least as serious as beach erosion. Recognition of a
potential eco-catastrophe, collapse of entire marine and coastal wetland ecosystems in
southern Florida, led turn to the Everglades Restoration Project, the largest single
environmental recovery effort in the world. Cleanup of terrestrial systems is essential
to sustainability of marine ecosystems now jeopardized by nutrient loading.
Serious degradation of the Florida Reef Tract, a coral-algal barrier reef system, is
beyond question as extensive sectors of coral reef die from increased loading of
nearshore waters by elevated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrient levels
delivered to the coast by submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). The source of N-P
input into the Biscayne Aquifer, which has one of the highest carbonate aquifer
transmissivities in the world, is sugar cane farming in the Everglades Agricultural
Area on the inner portion of the coastal plain. Groundwater discharges for Palm
Beach County are, for example, estimated from a groundwater MODFLOW model at
1,659 X 10(6) m(3) yr(-1). Total N in groundwater below the coastal plain adjacent to
remnant Everglades averages about 1.25 mg l(-1). SGD nutrient fluxes to the coast are
5727 and 414 metric tons per year for P and N, respectively. Surface water
contributions for P and N are respectively 197 and 2,471 metric tons per year.
Nutrient delivery to beach and nearshore environments is a serious problem that
threatens coastal water quality which in turn will impact tourism-related activities
such as sunbathing, beach walking, swimming, snorkeling, SCUBA diving, and surf
fishing. The full magnitude of the problem has yet to surface because it takes about
three to eight decades for groundwater from the interior parts of the coastal plain to
reach the nearshore zone. Pollution of groundwater increases with time due to higher
doses of fertilizers on croplands and runoff from expanding urban areas.
Solutions to present environmental threats are obvious and, perhaps surprisingly, do
not fall within the scientific arena because causes and remedies are already known
and future impacts are anticipated. The present environmental cleanup efforts, which
are of mammoth proportions and financial cost, are doomed to failure until the causes
of problems are eliminated or neutralized. Even though sustainable management
procedures are well known, sustainability cannot be achieved by treating symptoms.
Sustainable coastal habitats in subtropical southeast Florida will be secured when
there is application of best management practices based on environmental ethics
rather than capital gain, development of political will directed towards continuous
multiple land use rather than terminal single use, and inculcation of proactive public
perception of best land management practices rather than politically-correct land-use
policies.
ISSN: 0749-0208
Record 32 of 73
Author(s): Shen, PP; Shi, Q; Hua, ZC; Kong, FX; Wang, ZG; Zhuang, SX; Chen, DC
Title: Analysis of microcystins in cyanobacteria blooms and surface water samples
from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China
Source: ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL, 29 (5): 641-647 AUG 2003
Author Keywords: eutrophication; cyanobacteria bloom; microcystin; direct
competitive ELISA; detection
Keywords Plus: GROWTH; HEPATOTOXINS; STRAINS
Abstract: Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. In recent years, the
water pollution of cyanobacteria blooms has become a severe problem in this area.
Microcystins (MCs) are an important group of toxic compounds mainly produced by
some cyanobacteria species and have both acute and chronic hepatotoxic effects on
animals and humans. This paper presents the first data on the identification and
detection of MCs in both natural occurring cyanobacteria blooms and surface water
samples (0 - 0.5 m), collected from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. A conventional
method for extraction and isolation of MCs from cyanobacteria blooms was applied.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the main
toxic component in the cyanobacteria materials was MC-LR. The monoclonal
antibody (mAb) against MC-LR produced by hybridoma technique was employed for
direct competitive ELISA to detect the concentrations of MCs in bloom and water
samples collected in 2001. The results not only revealed the presence of MCs but also
temporal variations of MCs levels of three sampling stations in Meiliang Bay in I
year. It is obvious that the MC contents were relatively higher during warm months
and related with the status of eutrophication. Our study indicates the threat associated
with MCs in water body of Taihu Lake. To prevent the MCs potential hazard on
public health in this area, some necessary measures of monitoring and control of
growth of cyanobacteria are urgently needed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All
rights reserved.
ISSN: 0160-4120
Record 33 of 73
Author(s): Lopez-Flores, R; Quintana, XD; Salvado, V; Hidalgo, M; Sala, L;
Moreno-Amich, R
Title: Comparison of nutrient and contaminant fluxes in two areas with different
hydrological regimes (Emporda Wetlands, NE Spain)
Source: WATER RESEARCH, 37 (12): 3034-3046 JUL 2003
Author Keywords: Mediterranean wetlands; pesticides; heavy metals; confinement;
non-point source pollution
Keywords Plus: TRANSIENT POLLUTION EVENTS; HEAVY-METALS;
PLANKTON DYNAMICS; WATER-QUALITY; PESTICIDES; SEDIMENTS;
RIVER; PREDOMINANCE; CATCHMENT; INCIDENTS
Abstract: Nutrient (N and P), heavy metal (Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb) and pesticide
(DDT, DDD, DDE, lindane, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, permethrin, atrazine and
simazine) concentrations in water and sediment were analysed in the Emporda
Wetlands, a Mediterranean wetland area in NE Spain: Mean nutrient and contaminant
concentrations and input and output loads via tributaries were compared in two
marshes with different water turnover: a freshwater marsh (FWM), with a high water
turnover rate due to continuous surface water inputs and outputs, and a brackish water
marsh (BWM), with lower turnover and no continuous surface-output, where water
remains confined during dry periods. Mean concentrations of most heavy metals
exceeded the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in BWM, whilst only some
pesticides reached MPC in FWM. The confined waters of BWM showed higher
sensitivity to contaminant input loadings than FWM due to the lack of continuous
water outputs. Non-point source pollution inputs during runoff (mainly in FWM) and
concentration during confinement (mainly in BWM) showed as the main
environmental problems related to nutrients and contaminants in these ecosystems.
Thus, the importance of confinement and its effect on pollutant concentrations must
be borne in mind to achieve correct management of Mediterranean wetlands. (C) 2003
Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0043-1354
Record 34 of 73
Author(s): Kan, I; Schwabe, KA; Knapp, KC
Title: Microeconomics of irrigation with saline water
Source: JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS, 27
(1): 16-39 JUL 2002
Author Keywords: drainage disposal; economics; irrigation; nonpoint source
pollution; salinity
Keywords Plus: PRICING POLICIES; SOIL-SALINITY; DRAINAGE; MODEL;
AGRICULTURE; EFFICIENCY; MANAGEMENT; FRAMEWORK; QUALITY;
REUSE
Abstract: Water management and reuse at the field level are analyzed under saline,
limited drainage conditions. A function relating crop yield and deep percolation flows
to applied water and salinity concentration is developed. This function fits simulated
data well and is tractable for theoretical and empirical analysis of irrigation
economics. With a single irrigation source, irrigation water for cotton and tomatoes at
first increases and then decreases with salt concentration. Drain-water reuse is found
to be an efficient strategy in events of high surface-water prices and costly solutions
to drainage-related environmental problems. However, blending freshwater and
drainage appears plausible only under surface water scarcity.
ISSN: 0162-1912
Record 35 of 73
Author(s): Meili, M; Bishop, K; Bringmark, L; Johansson, K; Munthe, J; Sverdrup,
H; de Vries, W
Title: Critical levels of atmospheric pollution: criteria and concepts for operational
modelling of mercury in forest and lake ecosystems
Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 304 (1-3): 83-106 MAR 20
2003
Author Keywords: Hg; methylmercury; critical load; deposition; soil runoff; lake
sediment; fish; pike; humic; model
Keywords Plus: CRITICAL LOADS; BOREAL ECOSYSTEMS; SURFACE
WATERS; HEAVY-METALS; DEPOSITION; SOILS; METHYLMERCURY;
SEDIMENT; CONTAMINATION; SUBSTANCES
Abstract: Mercury (Hg) is regarded as a major environmental concern in many
regions, traditionally because of high concentrations in freshwater fish, and now also
because of potential toxic effects on soil microflora. The predominant source of Hg in
most watersheds is atmospheric deposition, which has increased 2- to > 20-fold over
the past centuries. A promising approach for supporting current European efforts to
limit transboundary air pollution is the development of emission-exposure-effect
relationships, with the aim of determining the critical level of atmospheric pollution
(CLAP, cf. critical load) causing harm or concern in sensitive elements of the
environment. This requires a quantification of slow ecosystem dynamics from shortterm collections of data. Aiming at an operational tool for assessing the past and
future metal contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, we present a simple
and flexible modelling concept, including ways of minimizing requirements for
computation and data collection, focusing on the exposure of biota in forest soils and
lakes to Hg. Issues related to the complexity of Hg biogeochemistry are addressed by
(1) a model design that allows independent validation of each model unit with readily
available data, (2) a process- and scale-independent model formulation based on
concentration ratios and transfer factors without requiring loads and mass balance,
and (3) an equilibration concept that accounts for relevant dynamics in ecosystems
without long-term data collection or advanced calculations. Based on data
accumulated in Sweden over the past decades, we present a model to determine the
CLAP-Hg from standardized values of region- or site-specific synoptic concentrations
in four key matrices of boreal watersheds: precipitation (atmospheric source), large
lacustrine fish (aquatic receptor and vector), organic soil layers (terrestrial receptor
proxy and temporary reservoir), as well as new and old take sediments (archives of
response dynamics). Key dynamics in watersheds are accounted for by quantifying
current states of equilibration in both soils and lakes based on comparison of
contamination factors in sediment cores. Future steady-state concentrations in soils
and fish in single watersheds or entire regions are then determined by corresponding
projection of survey data. A regional-scale application to southern Sweden suggests
that the response of environmental Hg levels to changes in atmospheric Hg pollution
is delayed by centuries and initially not proportional among receptors (atmosphere
much greater than soils not equal sediments > fish; clearwater lakes much greater than
humic lakes). This has implications for the interpretation of common survey data as
well as for the implementation of pollution control strategies. Near Hg emission
sources, the pollution of organic soils and clearwater lakes deserves attention. Critical
receptors, however, even in remote areas, are humic waters, in which biotic Hg levels
are naturally high, most likely to increase further, and at high long-term risk of
exceeding the current levels of concern: less than or equal to 0.5 mg (kg fw)(-1) in
freshwater fish, and 0.5 mg (kg dw)(-1) in soil organic matter. If environmental Hg
concentrations are to be reduced and kept below these critical limits, virtually no manmade atmospheric Hg emissions can be permitted. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All
rights reserved.
ISSN: 0048-9697
Record 36 of 73
Author(s): Lucena, F; Mendez, X; Moron, A; Calderon, E; Campos, C; Guerrero, A;
Cardenas, M; Gantzer, C; Shwartzbrood, L; Skraber, S; Jofre, J
Title: Occurrence and densities of bacteriophages proposed as indicators and bacterial
indicators in river waters from Europe and South America
Source: JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, 94 (5): 808-815 2003
Author Keywords: bacterial indicators; bacteriophages; river water; sewage; water
pollution
Keywords Plus: BACTEROIDES-FRAGILIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FECAL
POLLUTION; ENTERIC VIRUSES; ANIMAL WASTES; FRESH-WATERS;
COLIPHAGES; SEWAGE; PHAGES; FECES
Abstract: Aims: To evaluate the feasibility of bacteriophages as a complementary
tool for water quality assessment in surface waters from different parts of the globe.
Methods and Results: Faecal coliform bacteria, enterococci, spores of sulphitereducing clostridia, somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages and
bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis were determined by standardized
methods in raw sewage and in 392 samples of river water from 22 sampling sites in
10 rivers in Argentina, Colombia, France and Spain, which represent very different
climatic and socio-economic conditions. The results showed that the indicators
studied maintained the same relative densities in the raw sewage from the different
areas. Classifying the river water samples according to the content of faecal coliform
bacteria, it can be observed that the relative densities of the different bacterial
indicators and bacteriophages changed according to the concentration of faecal
coliform bacteria. There was a relative increase in the densities of all groups of
bacteriophages and sulphite-reducing clostridia with respect to faecal coliforms and
enterococci in the samples with low counts of faecal coliform bacteria.
Conclusions: The numbers of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages were similar in
the different geographical areas studied. Once released in rivers, the persistence of the
different micro-organisms differed significantly. Bacteriophages and spores of
sulphite-reducing clostridia persisted longer than faecal coliforms and enterococci.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Bacteriophages in river water samples provide
additional information to that provided by bacteria about the fate of faecal microorganisms in river water. The easy, fast and cheap methods for phage determination
are feasible both in industrialized and developing countries.
ISSN: 1364-5072
Record 37 of 73
Author(s): Smith, VH
Title: Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems - A global problem
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 10 (2):
126-139 2003
Author Keywords: algae; coastal marine ecosystems; estuaries; eutrophication;
harmful algal blooms; nitrogen; nutrients; lakes; reservoirs; rivers; phosphorus;
phytoplankton; shallow lakes; wetlands
Keywords Plus: NUTRIENT-CHLOROPHYLL RELATIONSHIPS; BLUEGREEN-ALGAE; HIGH TATRA MOUNTAINS; TROPHIC STATE; TOTAL
PHOSPHORUS; NONPOINT POLLUTION; PERIPHYTON BIOMASS;
TEMPERATE STREAMS; LAKE OKEECHOBEE; NITROGEN LOADS
Abstract: Goal, Scope and Background. Humans now strongly influence almost
every major aquatic ecosystem, and their activities have dramatically altered the
fluxes of growth-limiting nutrients from the landscape to receiving waters.
Unfortunately, these nutrient inputs have had profound negative effects upon the
quality of surface waters worldwide. This review examines how eutrophication
influences the biomass and species composition of algae in both freshwater and costal
marine systems.
Main Features. An overview of recent advances in algae-related eutrophication
research is presented. In freshwater systems, a summary is presented for lakes and
reservoirs; streams and rivers; and wetlands. A brief summary is also presented for
estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems.
Results. Eutrophication causes predictable increases in the biomass of algae in lakes
and reservoirs; streams and rivers; wetlands; and coastal marine ecosystems. As in
lakes, the response of suspended algae in large rivers to changes in nutrient loading
may be hysteretic in some cases. The inhibitory effects of high concentrations of
inorganic suspended solids on algal growth, which can be very evident in many
reservoirs receiving high inputs of suspended soils, also potentially may occur in
turbid rivers. Consistent and predictable eutrophication-caused increases in
cyanobacterial dominance of phytoplankton have been reported worldwide for natural
lakes, and similar trends are reported here both for phytoplankton in turbid reservoirs,
and for suspended algae in a large river.
Conclusions. A remarkable unity is evident in the global response of algal biomass to
nitrogen and phosphorus availability in lakes and reservoirs; wetlands; streams and
rivers; and coastal marine waters. The species composition of algal communities
inhabiting the water column appears to respond similarly to nutrient loading, whether
in lakes, reservoirs, or rivers. As is true of freshwater ecosystems, the recent literature
suggests that coastal marine ecosystems will respond positively to nutrient loading
control efforts.
Recommendations and Outlook. Our understanding of freshwater eutrophication and
its effects on algal-related water quality is strong and is advancing rapidly. However,
our understanding of the effects of eutrophication on estuarine and coastal marine
ecosystems is much more limited, and this gap represents an important future research
need. Although coastal systems can be hydrologically complex, the biomass of marine
phytoplankton nonetheless appears to respond sensitively and predictably to changes
in the external supplies of nitrogen and phosphorus. These responses suggest that
efforts to manage nutrient inputs to the seas will result in significant improvements in
coastal zone water quality. Additional new efforts should be made to develop models
that quantitatively link ecosystem-level responses to nutrient loading in both
freshwater and marine systems.
ISSN: 0944-1344
Record 38 of 73
Author(s): Brinkman, NE; Haugland, RA; Wymer, LJ; Byappanahalli, M; Whitman,
RL; Vesper, SJ
Title: Evaluation of a rapid, quantitative real-time PCR method for enumeration of
pathogenic Candida cells in water
Source: APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 69 (3): 17751782 MAR 2003
Keywords Plus: STACHYBOTRYS-CHARTARUM CONIDIA; FUNGAL-
INFECTIONS; RIBOSOMAL DNA; IDENTIFICATION; YEASTS;
QUANTIFICATION; COMMUNITY; DIAGNOSIS; ALBICANS; PRODUCTS
Abstract: Quantitative PCR (QPCR) technology, incorporating fluorigenic 5'
nuclease (TaqMan) chemistry, was utilized for the specific detection and
quantification of six pathogenic species of Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C.
krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. lusitaniae) in water. Known numbers of
target cells were added to distilled and tap water samples, filtered, and disrupted
directly on the membranes for recovery of DNA for QPCR analysis. The assay's
sensitivities were between one and three cells per filter. The accuracy of the cell
estimates was between 50 and 200% of their true value (95% confidence level). In
similar tests with surface water samples, the presence of PCR inhibitory compounds
necessitated further purification and/or dilution of the DNA extracts, with resultant
reductions in sensitivity but generally not in quantitative accuracy. Analyses of a
series of freshwater samples collected from a recreational beach showed positive
correlations between the QPCR results and colony counts of the corresponding target
species. Positive correlations were also seen between the cell quantities of the target
Candida species detected in these analyses and colony counts of Enterococcus
organisms. With a combined sample processing and analysis time of less than 4 h, this
method shows great promise as a tool for rapidly assessing potential exposures to
waterborne pathogenic Candida species from drinking and recreational waters and
may have applications in the detection of fecal pollution.
ISSN: 0099-2240
Record 39 of 73
Author(s): Hancock, PJ
Title: Human impacts on the stream-groundwater exchange zone
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, 29 (6): 763-781 JUN 2002
Author Keywords: human impacts; hyporheic zone; mining impacts; agricultural
impacts; urban impacts; industrial pollution; river regulation; sedimentation; stream
restoration; stream management
Keywords Plus: INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY RESPONSES; SURFACESUBSURFACE EXCHANGE; AQUIFER INTERACTION ZONE; SONORAN
DESERT STREAM; FALL CHINOOK SALMON; HYPORHEIC ZONE; HEAVYMETALS; RIVER BASIN; CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; NUTRIENT
CONCENTRATIONS
Abstract: Active exchanges of water and dissolved material between the stream and
groundwater in many porous sand- and gravel-bed rivers create a dynamic ecotone
called the hyporheic zone. Because it lies between two heavily exploited freshwater
resources-rivers and groundwater-the hyporheic zone is vulnerable to impacts coming
to it through both of these habitats, This review focuses on the direct and indirect
effects of human activity on ecosystem functions of the hyporheic zone, River
regulation, mining, agriculture, urban, and industrial activities all have the potential to
impair interstitial bacterial and invertebrate biota and disrupt the hydrological
connections between the hyporheic zone and stream, groundwater, riparian, and
floodplain ecosystems. Until recently, our scientific ignorance of hyporheic processes
has perhaps excused the inclusion of this ecotone in river management policy,
However, this no longer is the case as we become increasingly aware of the central
role that the hyporheic zone plays in the maintenance of water quality and as a habitat
and refuge for fauna. To fully understand the impacts of human activity on the
hyporheic zone, river managers need to work with scientists to conduct long-term
studies over large stretches of river. River rehabilitation and protection strategies need
to prevent the degradation of linkages between the hyporheic zone and surrounding
habitats while ensuring that it remains isolated from toxicants. Strategies that prevent
anthropogenic restriction of exchanges may include the periodic release of
environmental flows to flush silt and reoxygenate sediments, maintenance of riparian
buffers, effective land use practices, and suitable groundwater and surface water
extraction policies.
ISSN: 0364-152X
Record 40 of 73
Author(s): Lamers, LPM; Falla, SJ; Samborska, EM; van Dulken, LAR; van
Hengstum, G; Roelofs, JGM
Title: Factors controlling the extent of eutrophication and toxicity in sulfate-polluted
freshwater wetlands
Source: LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, 47 (2): 585-593 MAR 2002
Keywords Plus: PHOSPHATE MOBILIZATION; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS;
WATER WETLANDS; HYDROGEN-ION; SULFIDE; SEDIMENTS; RELEASE;
ACIDIFICATION; PHOSPHORUS; SOILS
Abstract: Increased sulfur loads originating from polluted surface water and
groundwater, and from enhanced atmospheric input, are a major threat to the
biogeochemical functioning and biodiversity of freshwater wetlands. Sulfate
reduction, normally playing a modest role in these systems, becomes the most
important biogeochemical process, inducing severe eutrophication and sulfide
toxicity. In field enclosure experiments we observed striking differences between the
responses of two freshwater marshes to sulfate. On one location sulfate addition
resulted in strong phosphorus mobilization without sulfide accumulation, whereas
high sediment sulfide concentrations, known to be toxic to wetland macrophytes,
were reached in the other marsh without eutrophication occurring. The results could
be explained by differences in groundwater iron discharge and nutrient contents of the
peat sediments. Sulfate reduction rates appeared to be limited by either electron donor
availability (first marsh) or electron acceptor availability (second marsh). The
implications of these findings are explained in relation to freshwater wetland
management.
ISSN: 0024-3590
Record 41 of 73
Author(s): Wagner, W; Gawel, J; Furumai, H; De Souza, MP; Teixeira, D; Rios, L;
Ohgaki, S; Zehnder, AJB; Hemond, HF
Title: Sustainable watershed management: An international multi-watershed case
study
Source: AMBIO, 31 (1): 2-13 FEB 2002
Keywords Plus: SURFACE WATERS; DISCHARGE; BASIN; RIVER
Abstract: Global freshwater resources are being increasingly polluted and depleted,
threatening sustainable development and human and ecosystem health. Utilizing case
studies from 4 different watersheds in the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and
Brazil, this paper identifies the most relevant sustainability deficits and derives
general vectors for more sustainable water management. As a consequence of the
demographic and economic developments experienced in the last few decades, each
watershed has suffered declines in water quality, streamflow and biotic resources.
However, the extent and the cultural perception of these water-related problems vary
substantially in the different watersheds, leading to specific water-management
strategies. In industrialized countries, exemplified by the US, Switzerland, and Japan,
these strategies have primarily consisted of finance- and energy-intensive
technologies, allowing these countries to meet water requirements while minimizing
human health risks. But, from a sustainability point of view, such strategies, relying
on limited natural resources, are not long-term solutions. For newly industrialized
countries such as Brazil, expensive technologies for water management are often not
economically feasible, thus limiting the extent to which newly industrialized and
developing countries can utilize the expertise offered by the industrialized world.
Sustainable water management has to be achieved by a common learning process
involving industrialized, newly industrialized, and developing countries, following
general sustainability guidelines as exemplified in this paper.
ISSN: 0044-7447
Record 42 of 73
Author(s): Evans, CD; Cullen, JM; Alewell, C; Kopacek, J; Marchetto, A; Moldan,
F; Prechtel, A; Rogora, M; Vesely, J; Wright, R
Title: Recovery from acidification in European surface waters
Source: HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES, 5 (3): 283-297 Sp. Iss.
SI SEP 2001
Author Keywords: acidification; recovery; European trends; sulphate; nitrate; acid
neutralising capacity
Keywords Plus: CHEMISTRY; LAKES; TRENDS; REVERSIBILITY
Abstract: Water quality data for 56 long-term monitoring sites in eight European
countries are used to assess freshwater responses to reductions in acid deposition at a
large spatial scale. In a consistent analysis of trends from 1980 onwards, the majority
of surface waters (38 of 56) showed significant (p less than or equal to 0.05)
decreasing trends in pollution-derived sulphate. Only two sites showed a significant
increase. Nitrate, on the other hand, had a much weaker and more varied pattern, with
no significant trend at 35 of 56 sites, decreases at some sites in Scandinavia and
Central Europe, and increases at some sites in Italy and the UK. The general reduction
in surface water acid anion concentrations has led to increases in acid neutralising
capacity (significant at 27 of 56 sites) but has also been offset in part by decreases in
base cations, particularly calcium (significant at 26 of 56 sites), indicating that much
of the improvement in runoff quality to date has been the result of decreasing ionic
strength. Increases in acid neutralising capacity have been accompanied by increases
in pH and decreases in aluminium, although fewer trends were significant (pH 19 of
56, aluminium 13 of 53). Increases in pH appear to have been limited in some areas
by rising concentrations of organic acids. Within a general trend towards recovery,
some inter-regional variation is evident, with recovery strongest in the Czech
Republic and Slovakia, moderate in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, and
apparently weakest in Germany.
ISSN: 1027-5606
Record 43 of 73
Author(s): Evans, CD; Monteith, DT
Title: Chemical trends at lakes and streams in the UK Acid Waters Monitoring
Network, 1988-2000: Evidence for recent recovery at a national scale
Source: HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES, 5 (3): 351-366 Sp. Iss.
SI SEP 2001
Author Keywords: acidification; recovery; long-term trends; climate; Dissolved
Organic Carbon; United Kingdom Acid Waters Monitoring Network
Keywords Plus: NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; FRESH-WATERS;
ACIDIFICATION; PRECIPITATION; SOILS
Abstract: A detailed trend analysis of 12 years of data (1988-2000) for 22 surface
waters in acid-sensitive regions of the United Kingdom, in which individual site data
have been combined to identify national-scale trends, has shown strong common
patterns of temporal variation. Results suggest a widespread reduction in sulphate
concentrations, hydrogen ion and inorganic aluminium species, and increases in acid
neutralising capacity. Many chemical changes have not been linear. However, the first
five years were characterised by high concentrations of marine ions and relatively
stable pollutant sulphate concentrations and the remaining period by lower
concentrations of marine ions and declining sulphate. Genuine 'recovery', in terms of
declining acidity in response to reduced anthropogenic sulphur deposition is only
apparent, therefore, for the latter part of the monitoring period. Reductions in calcium
concentrations appear to have partially offset the influence of sulphate reductions on
acidity, as have increases in organic acidity associated with strong and widespread
rising trends in dissolved organic carbon. Fluctuations in a number of climatic factors
over the monitoring period have led to significant inter-annual variability in nitrate,
which exhibits little longterm trend, marine ions and acidity, emphasising the need for
long monitoring periods if underlying trends are to be correctly identified.
ISSN: 1027-5606
Record 44 of 73
Author(s): Alewell, C; Armbruster, M; Bittersohl, J; Evans, CD; Meesenburg, H;
Moritz, K; Prechtel, A
Title: Are there signs of acidification reversal in freshwaters of the low mountain
ranges in Germany?
Source: HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES, 5 (3): 367-378 Sp. Iss.
SI SEP 2001
Author Keywords: freshwater; acidification reversal; drinking water supply; forested
catchments; Germany
Keywords Plus: ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS;
SURFACE WATERS; AIR-POLLUTION; BASE CATIONS; CHEMISTRY; SOIL;
ALUMINUM; NITROGEN; SPRUCE
Abstract: The reversal of freshwater acidification in the low mountain ranges of
Germany is of public, political and scientific concern, because these regions are near
natural ecosystems and function as an important drinking water supply. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the status and trends of acidification reversal after two
decades of reduced anthropogenic deposition in selected freshwaters of the low
mountain ranges in the Harz, the Fichtelgebirge, the Bavarian Forest, the Spessart and
the Black Forest. In response to decreased sulphate deposition, seven out of nine
streams investigated had significantly decreasing sulphate concentrations (all trends
were calculated with the Seasonal Kendall Test). The decrease in sulphate
concentration was only minor, however, due to the release of previously stored soil
sulphur. No increase was found in pH and acid neutralising capacity (defined by
Reuss and Johnson, 1986). Aluminum concentrations in the streams did not decrease.
Thus, no major acidification reversal can currently be noted in spite of two decades of
decreased acid deposition. Nevertheless, the first signs of improvement in water
quality were detected as there was a decrease in the level and frequency of extreme
values of pH, acid neutralising capacity and aluminium concentrations in streams.
With respect to nitrogen, no change was determined for either nitrate or ammonium
concentrations in precipitation or stream water. Base cation fluxes indicate increasing
net loss of base cations from all ecosystems investigated, which could be interpreted
as an increase in soil acidification. The latter was due to a combination of continued
high anion leaching and significant reduction of base cation deposition. No major
improvement was noted in biological recovery, however, initial signs of recovery
were detectable as there was re-occurrence of some single macroinvertebrate species
which were formerly extinct. The results of this study have important implications for
water authorities, forest managers and policy makers: the delay in acidification
reversal suggests a need for ongoing intensive amelioration of waters, a careful
selection of management tools to guarantee sustainable management of forests and the
reduction of nitrogen deposition to prevent further acidification of soils and waters.
ISSN: 1027-5606
Record 45 of 73
Author(s): Ullyett, JM; Hall, JR; Hornung, M; Kernan, M
Title: Mapping the potential sensitivity of surface waters to acidification using
measured freshwater critical loads as an indicator of acid sensitive areas
Source: WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION, 130 (1-4): 1235-1240 Part 3 AUGSEP 2001
Author Keywords: critical loads; surface water acidification; freshwater sensitivity
Keywords Plus: GREAT-BRITAIN; NITROGEN; MODEL
Abstract: Environmental organisations in the UK have shown increasing interest in
freshwater critical loads and acid sensitivity maps as a means of assessing pollution at
the local and regional level. These maps can be used to identify sensitive areas when
considering catchment management plans. The use of national data sets to map the
sensitivity of freshwaters to acidification, highlighted the problems of relating
national datasets to smaller, localised areas. The study described here investigated the
use of detailed large-scale maps to predict the sensitivity of surface waters to
acidification for two river catchments. Three large-scale acid sensitivity maps were
produced and validated using measured freshwater critical loads. In addition, a score
system relating to the buffering capacity for each soil and geology type was devised.
The score value was found to have a better correlation with water chemistry and
freshwater critical loads than the acid sensitivity maps. The study concluded that it
was not necessary to use the largest scale data available in order to improve
predictions of sensitive areas.
ISSN: 0049-6979
Record 46 of 73
Author(s): Lamers, LPM; Ten Dolle, GE; Van den Berg, STG; Van Delft, SPJ;
Roelofs, JGM
Title: Differential responses of freshwater wetland soils to sulphate pollution
Source: BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, 55 (1): 87-102 AUG 2001
Author Keywords: eutrophication; freshwater wetlands; iron; phosphate; soil organic
matter; sulphate; sulphide
Keywords Plus: AIRBORNE SULFUR; WATER WETLANDS; SULFATE;
DECOMPOSITION; PHOSPHATE; SEDIMENT; EUTROPHICATION;
ACIDIFICATION; PRECIPITATION; VEGETATION
Abstract: Sulphate (SO42-) reduction rates are generally low in freshwater wetlands
and are regulated by the scarce availability of the ion. Increased concentrations of this
electron acceptor due to sulphur (S) pollution of groundwater and surface water may,
however, lead to high SO42- reduction rates now regulated by the availability of
appropriate electron donors. Due to variations in this availability, the response to S
pollution (e.g. from surface water or groundwater) is expected to differ between soils.
This hypothesis was tested in laboratory mesocosm experiments by comparing two
wetland soil types with distinctly different humus profiles: a Hydromoder and a
Rhizomull type. In the first type, expected to have a higher availability of degradable
soil organic matter (SOM), SO42- availability appeared to be rate limiting for SO42reduction. In the Rhizomull soils, in contrast, the electron acceptor did not limit
SO42- reduction rates at higher concentrations. These differences in response could
not, however, be attributed to differences in the various SOM fractions or in SOM
densities. Eutrophication and free sulphide accumulation, two major biogeochemical
problems caused by SO42- pollution, occurred in both types. The absolute extent of
phosphorus mobilisation was determined by the concentration of this element in the
soil (C/P ratio), while the level of sulphide accumulation was governed by the
concentration of dissolved iron in the pore water. It was therefore concluded that
neither the humus profile nor the concentrations of different SOM fractions in the
soils are reliable indicators for the sensitivity of wetland types to S pollution.
ISSN: 0168-2563
Record 47 of 73
Author(s): Graymore, M; Stagnitti, F; Allinson, G
Title: Impacts of atrazine in aquatic ecosystems
Source: ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL, 26 (7-8): 483-495 JUN 2001
Author Keywords: atrazine; pollution; water quality; community structure; algae;
macrophytes; agriculture; forestry; aquatic ecosystems; groundwater
Keywords Plus: CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY;
MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; FRESHWATER FISH; HERBICIDE CONTAMINATION; PLANKTON COMMUNITIES;
DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; SURFACE WATERS; FATE; SOILS
Abstract: A portion of all herbicides applied to forests, croplands, road sides, and
gardens are inevitably lost to water bodies either directly through runoff or indirectly
by leaching through groundwater into ephemeral streams and lakes. Once in the
aquatic environment, herbicides may cause stress within aquatic communities and
radically alter community structure. Atrazine is one of the most effective and
inexpensive herbicides in the world and is consequently used more frequently than
any other herbicide. Atrazine is frequently detected in aquatic waters, and has been
known to affect reproduction of aquatic nora and fauna, which in turn impacts on the
community structure as a whole. This paper presents a summary of the reported direct
and indirect impacts of atrazine on aquatic organisms and community structure. The
information can be used for developing improved management guidelines and
legislation. It is concluded that a single universal maximum limit on the atrazine
application in catchments, as suggested by many regulatory authorities, does not
provide adequate protection of the aquatic environment. Rather, it is advocated that
flexible limits on the application of atrazine be developed in line with the potential
risk of contamination to surface and subsurface water and fragility of the aquatic
environment. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0160-4120
Record 48 of 73
Author(s): Havens, KE; Schelske, CL
Title: The importance of considering biological processes when setting total
maximum daily loads (TMDL) for phosphorus in shallow lakes and reservoirs
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, 113 (1): 1-9 2001
Author Keywords: phosphorus; loading; TDML; shallow lakes; biological
processing
Keywords Plus: LARGE SUBTROPICAL LAKE; NUTRIENT LIMITATION;
PHOSPHATE-UPTAKE; GIZZARD SHAD; FRESH-WATER;
PHYTOPLANKTON; DYNAMICS; NITROGEN; AVAILABILITY;
OKEECHOBEE
Abstract: Total maximum daily loads (TMDL) are required by the US Environmental
Protection Agency for pollutants that have impaired the designated uses of surface
waters in the nation. Setting an appropriate TMDL requires quantitative information
on both the external pollutant inputs and the processes affecting pollutant dynamics
within the ecosystem. Here we focus on phosphorus (P), a globally important
pollutant of freshwater lakes. We consider how biological processes (including those
related to algae, plants, invertebrates and fish) can influence the ability of lakes to
assimilate P, and in turn the ability; of managers to select appropriate TMDLs. The
primary focus is on shallow eutrophic lakes, with Lake Okeechobee (Florida, USA)
serving as a case study. The paper deals only with in-lake processes as they relate to
setting the TMDL and not the subsequent issue of load allocation among pollution
sources. The results indicate that the ability of a shallow lake to assimilate P is
substantially reduced when surplus levels of P occur in the water column, the
phytoplankton becomes dominated by cyanobacteria. the benthic invertebrate
community becomes dominated by oligochaetes, and submerged plant biomass is low.
If some of these biological changes can be reversed in a rehabilitation program then
the lake may be able to support a higher TMDL. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All
rights reserved.
ISSN: 0269-7491
Record 49 of 73
Author(s): Nisbet, TR
Title: The role of forest management in controlling diffuse pollution in UK forestry
Source: FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, 143 (1-3): 215-226 Sp. Iss. SI
APR 1 2001
Author Keywords: forest management; water quality; diffuse pollution; soil erosion;
eutrophication; acidification
Keywords Plus: STREAMS
Abstract: Forests and forest management practices have been identified as potentially
important non-point sources of water pollution in upland areas of the United
Kingdom. The major water quality concerns are recognised as being: increased
turbidity and sedimentation due to the soil disturbance accompanying cultivation,
drainage, road construction and harvesting operations; increased phosphate
concentrations following aerial applications of fertiliser leading to eutrophication of
standing waters; and the enhanced capture of acid deposition by forest canopies
resulting in further acidification of surface waters. In order to address these concerns
the UK Forestry Commission introduced their 'Forests and Water Guidelines' in 1988.
The guidelines were prepared by a joint forest and water industry working group and
provide advice on working methods and measures that should be taken to ensure that
forests not only protect, but also enhance the freshwater environment.
This paper reviews the evidence from recent studies in the UK designed to test the
efficacy of the guidelines in practice. Results demonstrate that best management
practices can be very effective in limiting soil erosion, and so preventing unacceptable
increases in turbidity and sedimentation within watercourses. Technological
improvements have allowed better targeting of aerial fertiliser applications and, when
combined with protective measures such as riparian buffer strips, have helped to
reduce the threat of nutrient enrichment. There has also been significant progress in
tackling the acidification issue with the critical loads approach being used to identify
those areas at risk from a forest acidification effect. Results to date from long-term
studies provide support for this approach, although further testing is required. It is
concluded that the 'Forests and Water Guidelines' appear to be effective in controlling
the threat of diffuse pollution from forestry in the UK. Crown Copyright (C) 2001
Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0378-1127
Record 50 of 73
Author(s): Marsden, MW; Mackay, DW
Title: Water quality in Scotland: the view of the regulator
Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 265 (1-3): 369-386 JAN 29
2001
Author Keywords: water quality classification; diffuse pollution; future trends
Abstract: Water quality in Scotland has progressively improved over the past 50
years as the environmental damage, which resulted from the industrial revolution, has
been addressed. This paper provides an overview of current water quality in rivers,
lochs, estuaries and coastal waters and describes the limited information available on
groundwater. The main factors affecting water quality are reviewed, with sewage,
diffuse agricultural pollution, acidification and urban drainage identified as the most
important. Trends in pollution pressure and levels of investment in pollution control
have been used to predict the condition of Scotland's surface water over the next 10
years. Major improvements are expected. However, progress will be slowed by the
increased relative importance of diffuse sources of pollution, which are less amenable
to legislative controls. Future changes in environmental monitoring are also expected
to move the emphasis away from point source pollution. The current freshwater
classification schemes are based upon a relatively narrow measure of water quality
and are expected to expand to include a wider range of ecological parameters. This
will result in an increase in the waters defined as impacted as the effects of other
environmental pressures are taken into account. Finally the implications of these
changes for the future management of the aquatic environment are assessed. (C) 2001
Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0048-9697
Record 51 of 73
Author(s): Osei, E; Gassmann, PW; Jones, RD; Pratt, SJ; Hauck, LM; Beran, LJ;
Rosenthal, WD; Williams, JR
Title: Economic and environmental impacts of alternative practices on dairy farms in
an agricultural watershed
Source: JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION, 55 (4): 466-472
2000
Author Keywords: agronomic rates; BMPs; composting; cost effectiveness analysis;
nitrogen; nutrient loadings; phosphorus
Keywords Plus: FLORIDA; MODEL
Abstract: Nutrient losses from agricultural nonpoint sources are a key component of
surface water impairment across the United States. Nitrogen is clearly the primary
pollutant problem in many agricultural areas. However, development of management
practices that reduce phosphorus loadings is becoming more important in many
watersheds because phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient for fresh water
eutrophication. This study presents the results of computer simulations performed to
assess the imparts of various management practices on phosphorus losses from dairy
farms in a watershed in north central Texas. The results show that moving from
nitrogen to phosphorus-based waste application rater could significantly reduce
phosphorus losses at moderate cost to producers. Composting solid manure for end
uses outside the imparted watersheds provides even greater phosphorus load
reductions and requires less land but results in significantly higher cost to producers.
The choice for each watershed depends on such key factors as available land area and
the load reduction sought
ISSN: 0022-4561
Record 52 of 73
Author(s): Glueckstern, P; Priel, M; Thoma, A; Gelman, Y
Title: Desalination of brackish fish pond effluents - pilot testing and comparative
economic evaluation of integrated UF-RO systems vs. conventional systems
Source: DESALINATION, 132 (1-3): 55-64 Sp. Iss. SI DEC 20 2000
Author Keywords: UF; RO; pilot studies; polluted brackish water; desalination
Keywords Plus: WATER; MEMBRANES
Abstract: Following the recent market penetration of back-washable capillary microand ultra-filtration membranes, their application for treating polluted fresh water and
for pre-treatment of wastewater as well as polluted brackish and seawater is now
widely considered. In 1998 Mekorot initiated a field testing program to investigate the
operation of integrated UF-RO systems to desalt polluted brackish surface water in
comparison with a system using conventional pre-treatment. The results show that UF
pre-treatment yields a performance superior to that obtained by the conventional pretreatment regarding quality and overall system availability. However, at times of very
high turbidities, a high load on the UF requires reduction of the filtration rate,
effecting significant water losses. Therefore, a. clarifier is needed to reduce loads of
the UF and to improve substantially its performance regarding filtration rate and water
losses. A preliminary economic evaluation made for a case study of an integrated UFRO 20,000m(3)/d desalination plant, indicates a projected cost of about 40-45 US
cent/m(3). This cost is significantly lower than the projected seawater desalination
cost. Therefore, a priority should be given to this source desalination in the new water
sources development plan, especially in inland locations where neither potable nor
brackish groundwater sources are available. The paper presents the results of the
ongoing optimization study to improve the performance of the UF and conventional
RO systems, and provides a detailed economics case study.
ISSN: 0011-9164
Record 53 of 73
Author(s): Pringle, CM
Title: Threats to US public lands from cumulative hydrologic alterations outside of
their boundaries
Source: ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, 10 (4): 971-989 AUG 2000
Author Keywords: dams; freshwater management; groundwater; hydrologic
connections; national forests; national parks; national wildlife refuges; surface water;
US public lands; water diversions
Keywords Plus: SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; FRESH-WATER; MALLARD
DUCKLINGS; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; RIPARIAN VEGETATION;
STRIPED BASS; PUERTO-RICO; DISTURBANCE; CONTAMINANTS;
RESTORATION
Abstract: U.S. public lands are increasingly threatened by human alteration of
hydrologic connections outside their boundaries. Cumulative effects of dams,
impoundments, regulated flows, wetlands drainage, and groundwater extraction
outside of public land boundaries can play a key role in controlling the hydrology and
biology within these managed areas. Expanding human populations require more
water, and they often look to public lands to meet their demands. Immediate
challenges facing water resource managers are increased pressure to dam rivers and
pump aquifers near public lands, as a result of water shortages exacerbated by
droughts coupled with increased demands from municipal and agricultural growth. As
pollutants become more concentrated in less water, water quality often becomes a
major related issue. While these problems are particularly acute in rapidly growing
regions of the arid West where water is severely limited, they are also emerging in the
East.
Data on cumulative effects of hydrologic alterations on the biological integrity of
public lands have not been systematically assessed at a national level. However,
emerging trends can be used to gauge the magnitude of outside pressures and to place
water resource challenges into context. The U.S. National Park Service is
participating in water rights adjudications in over 50 different park service units. The
U.S. Forest Service currently has over 500 legal claims concerning water rights for
national forests located in 55 basins of 11 Western states. Similar conflicts exist for
national wildlife refuges which are particularly vulnerable to water quality and
quantity problems because of their small size; in 1994, 150 out of 224 Western
wildlife refuges reported conflicts with other water users, and only 98 reported that
their existing water rights assured delivery of adequate water in an average year.
As human demands for water continue to expand, financially strapped federal land
management agencies have a greater need for strengthened institutional, legal, and
scientific tools to manage hydrologic connections. Two case studies from different
biogeographic extremes (Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge in the arid Nevada
desert and the Caribbean National Forest in the wet tropics of Puerto Rico) illustrate
the synergism that can occur between field managers and scientists in implementing
localized solutions. Moreover, they highlight the critical need to address cumulative
long-term effects of hydrologic alterations outside of public land boundaries.
Recommendations include: establishment of more stream gaging stations and
monitoring programs within and adjacent to public lands; development of new and
innovative partnerships between federal land management agencies and both federal
and academic scientists; and interdisciplinary research and development of sciencebased tools to predict cumulative and interactive effects of hydrologic alterations.
ISSN: 1051-0761
Record 54 of 73
Author(s): Li, J; McAteer, P
Title: Urban oil spills as a non-point pollution source in the Golden Horseshoe of
southern Ontario
Source: WATER QUALITY RESEARCH JOURNAL OF CANADA, 35 (3): 331340 2000
Author Keywords: Golden Horseshoe; oil spills; environmental impact; cleanup;
prevention
Abstract: Being the economic engine of Canada and the home of 5 million people,
the environmental health of the Golden Horseshoe is very important Among various
pollution sources into the lake, urban oil spills as a non-point pollution source have
not caught the attention of most residents. These spills can cause terrestrial impacts by
poisoning animals and plants, groundwater contamination by infiltration, and surface
water pollution by algal bloom and fish kills and destruction of freshwater
invertebrates and vertebrates. In order to investigate the significance of this pollution
source, 10 years of spill records in the Golden Horseshoe have been compiled. On the
average, about 1050 L per day of oil escaped to the land, water and air environment in
this region. About one-third of these spills eventually entered Lake Ontario. Among
various types of spilled oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel and furnace oil
accounted for the highest reported volume. The former Metropolitan Toronto led the
frequency and volume of spills, while Hamilton-Wentworth followed closely. Spills
frequently occur on roads, at service stations and at electrical transformers, while the
highest spill event volumes occur at bulk plants/terminals/depots and at refineries.
The predominant causes of spills are related to leaks from containers, pipes and hoses,
and cooling systems. However, the principal reasons for oil spills are human error and
equipment failure. The transportation, public and petroleum sectors are responsible
for 60% of the reported spill cases, while the petroleum sector alone accounts for
nearly 50% of the reported spill volume. Given the significant volume of spilled oil, it
is important that all levels of government and private industries increase their effort to
promote pollution prevention such as preventive maintenance, improved employee
training and/or refraining, and proper vigilant supervision. Additionally, control
devices such as oil-water interceptors should be sized properly and implemented at
strategic location across the Golden Horseshoe.
ISSN: 1201-3080
Record 55 of 73
Author(s): Han, MW; Park, YC
Title: The development of anoxia in the artificial Lake Shihwa, Korea, as a
consequence of intertidal reclamation
Source: MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, 38 (12): 1194-1199 DEC 1999
Author Keywords: reclamation; tidal flats; artificial lake; stratification; anoxic
mater; pollution
Keywords Plus: BLACK-SEA
Abstract: The reclamation of an intertidal pat recently created Lake Shihwa, in
Kyunggi province, on the western coast of Korea. The artificial, saline lake mas
expected to transform into a freshwater one. However, the drainage structure of the
lake does not allow entrapped Yellow Sea water to be fully replaced by freshwater
from its hinterland. The lake water is strongly stratified with polluted freshwater at the
surface and entrapped, saline mater on the bottom. The pycnocline, lying at a depth
range of 6-8 m, prevents mixing between the two water bodies, and thus generates
anoxic conditions in the deeper waters. The pycnocline matches the oxic/anoxic
interface between the oxygenated surface water and the hydrogen sulphide rich deep
water. Stratification, the inflow of polluted water, and anoxia all contribute to the
disastrous pollution of the lake. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0025-326X
Record 56 of 73
Author(s): Al-Kharabsheh, AA
Title: Influence of urbanization on water quality at Wadi Kufranja basin (Jordan)
Source: JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS, 43 (1): 79-89 SEP 1999
Author Keywords: Jordan; Wadi Kufranja; electric conductivity; spring; wastewater; urbanization
Abstract: The effect of urbanization on spring water quality was investigated at Wadi
Kufranja basin, Jordan. Twenty-five springs originate from three Upper Cretaceous
aquifer systems (Naur, Hummar and Wadi Es-Sir). The discharge from the springs
represents the main water source for domestic water supply in the basin. The water
quality of nine representative springs in the basin was monitored. Generally, the
average electrical conductivity (EC) of the springs fluctuated between 547 and 1030
mu S cm(-1). The chemical and biological contents of the spring water showed cyclic
values due to water consumption and recharge during summer and winter. There was
a slight annual increase in EC of about 5%. Nitrate content, reached around 100 mg
l(-1) and faecal coliform bacteria occurred at approximately 100 colonies per 100 mi
in some springs. The highly polluted springs are located in the settlement areas of the
basin. The cesspools of houses not connected to the sewer system are considered to be
the main cause of water pollution. Population increase (growth rate 3.5%) will further
accelerate the pollution of spring water and reduce the supply of potable water. It is
suggested that the spring water should be chlorinated to immediately eliminate faecal
coliform bacteria. Water of different springs is blended to obtain a nitrate content
below the maximum permissible limit (45 mg l(-1)) of drinking-water standards of
Jordan. Additionally, chemical and biological investigations show that the Kufranja
Treatment Plant (KTP) is overloaded and could pollute the surface water in the basin.
The average EC increased from 573 to 742 mu S cm(-1) after mixing with KTP water.
Also, chemical and biological content increased, especially during summer, where no
fresh water is available to dilute the treated waste water. (C) 1999 Academic Press.
ISSN: 0140-1963
Record 57 of 73
Author(s): Kratzer, CR
Title: Transport of sediment-bound organochlorine pesticides to the San Joaquin
River, California
Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION,
35 (4): 957-981 AUG 1999
Author Keywords: organochlorine pesticides; nonpoint source pollution; erosion;
sedimentation; San Joaquin River; surface water hydrology; drainage; water quality
Keywords Plus: WATER
Abstract: Suspended sediment samples were collected in west-side tributaries and the
main stem of the San Joaquin River, California, in June 1994 during the irrigation
season and in January 1995 during a winter storm. These samples were analyzed for
15 organochlorine pesticides to determine their occurrence and their concentrations on
suspended sediment and to compare transport during the irrigation season (April to
September) to transport during winter storm runoff (October to March). Ten
organochlorine pesticides were detected during the winter storm runoff; seven during
the irrigation season. The most frequently detected organochlorine pesticides during
both sampling periods were p,p'-DDE, P,P=DDT, p,p'-DDD, dieldrin, toxaphene, and
chlordane. Dissolved samples were analyzed for three organochlorine pesticides
during the irrigation season and for 15 during the winter storm. Moat calculated total
concentrations of p,p'-DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene exceeded chronic
criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic life. At eight sites in common between
sampling periods, suspended sediment concentrations and streamflow were greater
during the winter storm runoff - median concentration of 3,590 mg/L versus 489 mg/L
and median streamflow of 162 ft(3)/s versus 11 ft(3)/s. Median concentrations of total
DDT (sum of p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDT), chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene
on suspended sediment were slightly greater during the irrigation season, but
instantaneous loads of organochlorine pesticides at the time of sampling were
substantially greater during the winter storm. Estimated loads for the entire irrigation
season exceeded estimated loads for the January 1995 storm by about 2 to 4 times for
suspended transport and about 3 to 11 times for total transport. However, because the
mean annual winter runoff is about 2 to 4 times greater than the runoff during the
January 1995 storm, mean winter transport may be similar to irrigation season
transport. This conclusion is tentative primarily because of insufficient information on
long-term seasonal variations in suspended sediment and organochlorine
concentrations. Nevertheless, runoff from infrequent winter storms will continue to
deliver a significant load of sediment-bound organochlorine pesticides to the San
Joaquin River even if irrigation-induced sediment transport is reduced. As a result,
concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in San Joaquin River biota will continue
to be relatively high compared to other regions of the United States.
ISSN: 1093-474X
Record 58 of 73
Author(s): Sharpley, AN; Gburek, WJ; Folmar, G; Pionke, HB
Title: Sources of phosphorus exported from an agricultural watershed in Pennsylvania
Source: AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT, 41 (2): 77-89 JUL 1999
Author Keywords: agricultural runoff; eutrophication; fertilizer; manure; nonpoint
source pollution; soil phosphorus
Keywords Plus: NONPOINT POLLUTION; SURFACE WATERS; NITROGEN;
QUALITY; EROSION
Abstract: Freshwater eutrophication is usually controlled by inputs of phosphorus
(P). As point source controls have decreased P inputs, the relative contributions of
nonpoint inputs from agriculture have increased. Thus, remedial strategies are now
being directed towards minimizing P export from agriculture. To identify critical
sources of P, we investigated chemical and hydrologic factors controlling P export
from a mixed land use (30% wooded, 40% cultivated, 30% pasture) 39.5 ha watershed
in east-central Pennsylvania. The watershed was divided into four hydrologically
distinct segments and streamflow and P concentration from each segment measured
since June 1996. Mehlich-3 extractable soil P, determined on a 30-m grid over the
watershed, ranged from 7 to 788 mg kg(-1). Generally, soils in wooded areas had low
Mehlich-3 P (<30 mg kg(-1)), grazed pasture had Mehlich-3 P values between 100
and 200 mg kg(-1), and cropped fields receiving manure and fertilizer applications
were in most cases above 200 mg kg(-1). Average flow-weighted P concentrations for
ten storms during August-November 1996 decreased 60% downstream from segments
4-1 (watershed outlet). Streamflow P concentrations were more closely related to the
near-stream (within 60 m) than whole watershed distribution of high-P soils in each
watershed segment. This suggests that near-stream surface runoff and soil P, control P
export form the watershed. Thus, managing P application in the primary surface
runoff-producing areas near the stream has a greater potential to decrease P export in
streamflow than for areas further from the channel. Clearly, the integration of areas of
high soil P with areas of surface runoff production must be considered when
guidelines are developed for P applications. Considering the distribution of high P
soils alone may unnecessarily restrict farm management options without providing the
desired reduction in P export from watersheds. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All
rights reserved.
ISSN: 0378-3774
Record 59 of 73
Author(s): Irmer, U; Rocker, W; Blondzik, K
Title: Quality requirements for fresh waters: Water quality targets, water quality
objectives, and chemical water quality classification
Source: ACTA HYDROCHIMICA ET HYDROBIOLOGICA, 25 (2): 62-70 MAR
1997
Author Keywords: water quality targets; water quality objectives; hazardous
substances; chemical water quality classification
Abstract: In the Federal Republic of Germany, water quality requirements for the
protection of inland surface waters against hazardous substances are formulated on
the basis of a quality targets derivation concept developed jointly by the Federal
Government and the Federal States. The quality requirements were termed "water
quality targets" in order to make it clear that the values derived are orientational
values rather than legally binding limit values. The international comparison of
quality requirements for surface waters shows that, on the whole, the national quality
targets ensure a high level of protection. According to present scientific knowledge,
impairments of uses, such as supply of drinking water, or risks to aquatic
communities need not to be expected if the quality targets are complied with.
A comparison of water quality data with the water quality targets makes it possible,
on the one hand, to identify those substances whose inputs must be further reduced;
on the other hand, it also shows that, for a number of substances, then is no need at
present for concern over their adversely water quality.
A further differentiation of the aquatic hazard potential of pollutants allows a water
quality classification system to be developed on the basis of the quality targets
derivation concept. The basic elements of this water quality classification system are
presented, and its application is explained by way of examples.
ISSN: 0323-4320
Record 60 of 73
Author(s): Albering, HJ; Rila, JP; Moonen, EJ; Hoogewerff, JA; Kleinjans, JCS
Title: Human health risk assessment in relation to environmental pollution of two
artificial freshwater lakes in the Netherlands
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, 107 (1): 27-35 JAN 1999
Author Keywords: exposure assessment; freshwater lakes; health risk assessment;
sediment pollution
Keywords Plus: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TOXIC
EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; GREAT-LAKES; CONTAMINATED SOIL; METAL
POLLUTION; HEAVY-METALS; SEDIMENT; EXPOSURE; WATER; RIVER
Abstract: A human health risk assessment has been performed in relation to
recreational activities on two artificial freshwater lakes along the river Meuse in The
Netherlands. Although the discharges of contaminants into the river Meuse have been
reduced in the last decades, which is reflected in decreasing concentrations of
pollutants in surface water and suspended matter, the levels in sediments are more
persistent. Sediments of the two freshwater lakes appear highly polluted and may pose
a health risk in relation to recreational activities. To quantify health risks for
carcinogenic (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) as well as noncarcinogenic
compounds (e.g., heavy metals), an exposure assessment model was used. First, we
used a standard model that solely uses data on sediment pollution as the input
parameter, which is the standard procedure in sediment quality assessments in The
Netherlands. The highest intake appeared to be associated with the consumption of
contaminated fish and resulted in a health risk for Pb and Zn (hazard index exceeded
1). For the other heavy metals and for benzo(a)pyrene, the total averaged exposure
levels were below levels of concern. Secondly, input data for a more location-specific
calculation procedure were provided via analyses of samples from sediment, surface
water, and suspended matter. When these data (concentrations in surface water) were
taken into account, the risk due to consumption of contaminated fish decreased by
more than two orders of magnitude and appeared to be negligible. In both exposure
assessments, many assumptions were made that contribute to a major degree to the
uncertainty of this risk assessment. However, this health risk evaluation is useful as a
screening methodology for assessing the urgency of sediment remediation actions.
ISSN: 0091-6765
Record 61 of 73
Author(s): Lamers, LPM; Van Roozendaal, SME; Roelofs, JGM
Title: Acidification of freshwater wetlands: Combined effects of non-airborne sulfur
pollution and desiccation
Source: WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION, 105 (1-2): 95-106 JUL 1998
Author Keywords: sulfur; sulfate; desiccation; acidification; nutrients; water quality;
pollution; wetlands
Keywords Plus: ACID PRECIPITATION; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; WATERQUALITY; SOILS; RELEASE; MECHANISMS; SEDIMENTS; DRAINAGE;
SORPTION; MEADOWS
Abstract: In recent decades, SO42- concentrations have increased in groundwater
and surface water of freshwater wetlands. For many minerotrophic peatlands, S
originating from SO42--polluted groundwater and surface water is a more significant
source of SO42- than the actual atmospheric deposition of S compounds. Lowered
groundwater tables in wetlands, as a result of either natural or anthropogenic
desiccation, may cause acidification because of concomitant geochemical oxidation
processes. The impact of the enhanced availability of reduced S compounds, due to
preceding SO42- pollution, on these processes was tested in a mesocosm experiment,
using soil cores including vegetation from a mesotrophic wet meadow. The soils had
been maintained in waterlogged condition for seven months, using two
environmentally relevant SO42- concentrations (2 and 4 mmol L-1). The groundwater
table was reduced in two successive steps: 10 cm below soil surface, and complete
desiccation. Control pretreated soils did not show a decrease in soil pH during
desiccation, due to adequate buffering by bicarbonate. However, both SO42-pretreated groups showed a significant drop in pH (from 6.5 to 4.5) caused by
additional sulfide oxidation, leading to high SO42- concentrations (10 and 16 mmol
L-1, respectively). Cation exchange and acidification-related solubilization processes
induced the mobilization of base cations and potentially phytotoxic metals like Al.
Nutrient concentrations in soil moisture were influenced strongly by SO42pretreatment, showing distinct patterns for P, N and K. Therefore, S polluted
groundwater and surface water may severely increase the sensitivity of wetlands to
desiccation. The results are discussed in relation to wetland management.
ISSN: 0049-6979
Record 62 of 73
Author(s): Sallade, YE; Sims, JT
Title: Phosphorus transformations in the sediments of Delaware's agricultural
drainageways: I. Phosphorus forms and sorption
Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, 26 (6): 1571-1579 NOVDEC 1997
Keywords Plus: ALGAL-AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS; ATLANTIC COASTALPLAIN; SOILS; PHOSPHATE; NITRATE; RUNOFF; MANAGEMENT;
NITROGEN; TESTS
Abstract: Many soils in Delaware's Inland Bags' watershed are high in phosphorus
(P) from long-term manuring and fertilization and require artificial drainage (open
ditches) for successful crop production, We characterized the properties, forms of P,
and P sorption capacity of sediments from 17 drainage ditches as part of an ongoing
effort to develop best management practices for agricultural drainage, Upper sediment
layers (0-5 cm depth) were enriched in organic matter, Fe/Al oxides, soil test
(Mehlich 1-P; 0.05 N HCl + 0.025 N H2SO4) P and biologically available P (BAP)
relative to lower sediment depths (5-15 cm) and to agricultural subsoils at the same
depth as the ditch bottoms,Sediment BAP was comparable to values for topsoils in
adjacent fields and >90% of sediment P was NH4F-P or NaOH-P. The P sorption
capacity for top sediments ranged from 95 to 1671 mg P kg(-1) and equilibrium P
concentrations at zero sorption (EPC0) from 0.02 to 0.28 mg P L-1, consistently
above P concentrations associated with fresh water eutrophication (0.02 mg P L-1).
Soluble P concentrations in drainage ditch waters averaged 0.05, 0.06, and 0.15 mg P
L-1 in the winter, spring, and summer, Sediment BAP (0-5 cm) could be predicted
from Mehlich 1-P and %OM (R-2 = 0.80***) and P sorption capacity from a single
point P sorption index (PSI) and %OM (R-2 = 0.81***) suggesting routine soil tests
could help identify ditches with significant potential for nonpoint source pollution of
surface waters.
ISSN: 0047-2425
Record 63 of 73
Author(s): Bezirtzoglou, E; Panagiou, A; Savvaidis, I; Maipa, V
Title: Distribution of Clostridium perfringens in polluted lake environments
Source: ANAEROBE, 3 (2-3): 169-172 APR-JUN 1997
Author Keywords: Clostridium; Clostridium perfringens; water; lake
Keywords Plus: PH; BACTERIA
Abstract: Many of the directives that relate to the prevention of pollution or the
improvement of fresh water also relate to lake waters since lake waters ultimately
inherit much of the pollution that enters into fresh water. In order to determine the
influence of the water depth on Clostridium perfringens, we utilised a new medium,
lactose-sulfite (LS) broth, suggested for rapid enumeration and identification of C,
perfringens. Duplicate samples were collected at each one of the following sites of the
polluted station: surface, 60cm, 90cm and bottom (1.18cm). Membrane filtration
equipment was used. All samples were alternatively passed through two membrane
filters, the first (20-25 mu m pore size) was used for retention of the abundant
phytoplankton and the second (porosity 0.45 mu m) for C. perfringens. Membranes
were placed into the first tube of ten-fold dilutions from 10(1) to 10(4) and incubated
aerobically in a waterbath at 46 degrees C for 24h. The numbers of C. perfringens
fluctuated depending on the water depth. Vegetative forms were found only in the
bottom sampling; they were never found in surface, 60cm and 90cm sampling sites.
Sporulated forms were found in all sampling sites with the exception of the surface
sampling. Clostridium perfringens as an anaerobic bacterium never occurred in the
surface waters in vegetative or spore forms, even if the waters were extremely
polluted by domestic or industrial activities. Vegetative forms occurred only in the
bottom samples but spore forms which are more resistant to various environmental
effects occurred in all depths except for the surface. (C) 1997 Academic Press.
ISSN: 1075-9964
Record 64 of 73
Author(s): Eghball, B; Power, JF; Gilley, JE; Doran, JW
Title: Nutrient, carbon, and mass loss during composting of beef cattle feedlot
manure
Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, 26 (1): 189-193 JAN-FEB
1997
Abstract: Quantification of nutrient and mass loss during composting is needed to
understand the composting process, to implement methods for nutrient conservation,
and to reduce potential adverse environmental impact. Beef cattle feedlot manure was
composted in a windrow on an open concrete area in 1992, 1993, and 1994 to
determine the amounts of nutrient, C, and mass loss during composting. The area was
enclosed on all sides with a 0.2 m high metal sheet to direct runoff to a fiberglass tank
(4000 L) during rainfall. Nutrients in runoff represented combined runoff and
leaching losses. Nutrients, C, and mass loss during composting was determined by the
difference between the amounts at the beginning and at the end of the composting.
Nitrogen loss during composting ranged from 19 to 42% and was related to the initial
manure N content. Ammonia volatilization (calculated by difference) accounted for
>92% of the N loss whereas combined runoff nitrate and ammonium loss was <0.5%.
Mass loss was relatively low (15-20%) while C loss ranged from 46 to 62% and was
basically all through bio-oxidation. Phosphorus runoff loss, the main mechanism for P
loss, was low (<2%). Manure NIP ratio decreased during composting, indicating a
greater soil P buildup potential with compost application. Potassium and Na losses in
runoff were high (>6.5% each) in 1992 and 1993; they were low (<2% each) in 1994
due to fewer rainfall. Calcium and Mg losses were <6% each year. Nutrient and salt
loss during composting resulted in reduced electrical conductivity of the composted
manure. Ammonium and P concentrations in runoff would create surface water
pollution if runoff was not diluted with fresh water.
ISSN: 0047-2425
Record 65 of 73
Author(s): Henrikson, L; Hindar, A; Thornelof, E
Title: Freshwater liming
Source: WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION, 85 (1): 131-142 DEC 1995
Keywords Plus: ACIDIFICATION; ALUMINUM; LAKES; WATERS;
CONSEQUENCES; CHEMISTRY; STRESS; TROUT
Abstract: Operational liming of surface waters is part of Sweden and Norway's
strategy to counteract freshwater acidification caused by air pollutants. Smaller scale
liming efforts are performed as research or experimental programs in other countries.
Yearly, approx. 300,000 tons of fine-grained limestone (CaCO3) is spread in lakes
and streams and on wetlands to mise the pH in surface water at a cost of
approximately 40-50 million $US. The chemical target is set by the biological goals
and objectives. A total of over 11,000 lakes and streams are treated on a continuing
basis. Dose calculations consider pH, inorganic monomeric Al, dissolved organic
matter and the necessary buffering. Lake liming, limedosers at streams and terrestrial
liming are used. A mix of different liming techniques is often preferred to get an
optimal result. The vast majority of changes are desirable and expected. Undesirable
effects may appear and damaged wetlands are probably the most serious ones. Costbenefit analysis show that liming may be profitable for the society. Recovery of the
systems can take up to 10-20 years. Liming will in the long run restore the ecosystems
but will not make them identical to what may be the original ones. In some cases,
complementary measures, e.g. facilitation of recolonization, are necessary to enhance
recovery. Reduced emissions of acidifying pollutants according to signed protocols
will decrease the need for liming, but still liming is needed for several decades in
large regions to preserve biodiversity.
ISSN: 0049-6979
Record 66 of 73
Author(s): Geldreich, EE
Title: Pathogenic agents in freshwater resources
Source: HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, 10 (2): 315-333 FEB 1996
Author Keywords: pathogens; water quality; surrogate criteria; indicator organisms;
water-borne outbreaks; stormwater; sewage; irrigation; recreational waters
Keywords Plus: YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; HELICOBACTER-PYLORI;
BOTTOM SEDIMENTS; WATER; DISEASE; SALMONELLAE; OUTBREAK;
QUALITY; SURFACE
Abstract: Numerous pathogenic agents have been found in freshwaters used as
sources for water supplies, recreational bathing and irrigation. These agents include
bacterial pathogens, enteric viruses, several protozoans and parasitic worms more
common to tropical waters. Although infected humans are a major source of
pathogens, farm animals (cattle, sheep, pigs), animal pets (dogs, cats) and wildlife
serve as significant reservoirs and should not be ignored. The range of infected
individuals within a given warm-blooded animal group (humans included) may range
from 1 to 25%. Survival times for pathogens in the water environment may range
from a few days to as much as a year (Ascaris, Taenia eggs), with infective dose
levels varying from one viable cell for several primary pathogenic agents to many
thousands of cells for a given opportunistic pathogen.
As pathogen detection in water is complex and not readily incorporated into routine
monitoring, a surrogate is necessary. In general, indicators of faecal contamination
provide a positive correlation with intestinal pathogen occurrences only when
appropriate sample volumes are examined by sensitive methodology.
Pathways by which pathogens reach susceptible water users include ingestion of
contaminated water, body contact with polluted recreational waters and consumption
of salad crops irrigated by polluted freshwaters. Major contributors to the spread of
various water-borne pathogens are sewage, polluted surface waters and stormwater
runoff. All of these contributions are intensified during periods of major floods.
Several water-borne case histories are cited as examples of breakdowns in public
health protection related to water supply, recreational waters and the consumption of
contaminated salad crops. In the long term, water resource management must focus on
pollution prevention from point sources of waste discharges and the spread of
pathogens in watershed stormwater runoff.
ISSN: 0885-6087
1. TI: Significance of coupling of nitrification and nitrate reduction on water
quality of a coastal lake that receives nitrate in diverted Mississippi River
water.
AU: Miao-ShenYu; DeLaune,-R-D; Jugsujinda,-A
SO: Aquatic-Ecosystem-Health-and-Management. 2006; 9(3): 351-356
PB: Philadelphia, USA: Taylor & Francis.
URL: http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=300387
LA: English
AB: Nitrification and denitrification rates were estimated simultaneously using
a 15N dilution technique in sediment-water columns of Lake Cataouatche that
receives diverted Mississippi River water. Labelled and unlabeled NO3 were
added to surface water of replicated sediment-water columns and changes in
the concentrations of labelled and non-labeled nitrate in water were determined
over time. The average rate of total nitrite plus nitrate NO2+NO3 decrease
from the water columns was 16.2 mg N m-3 d-1, whereas 15N-labeled
(NO2+NO3)-N decreased at the rates of 5.8 mg 15N m-3 d-1 over the 57-day
incubation period. The averaged rates of nitrate reduction and nitrification were
51.8 micro mol N m-2 h-1 (43.5 mg N m-3 d-1) and 30.8 micro mol N m-2 h-1
(25.9 mg N m-3 d-1), respectively. Results indicate that the lake sediment has
the capacity to process nitrate entering the system via denitrification.
Nitrification occurring simultaneously at the sediment-water interface was also
a significant process representing 59.4% of the denitrification rate. Water
quality issues associated with nitrate levels in diverted Mississippi water
entering Lake Cataouatche should consider both the coupling of nitrate
reduction of river water nitrate and nitrification of nitrogen in nitrogen-enriched
lake sediment. Nitrification in bottom sediment is a significant nitrate source
and should be regarded as important factor in the determination of the
maximum daily load of nitrate that the lake can effectively assimilate without
adversely affecting water quality..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 20063197329
in CAB Abstracts 2006/12.
2 TI: Aspects of decision support in water management - example Berlin and Potsdam (Germany) I –
spatially differentiated evaluation.
AU: Simon,-U; Bruggemann,-R; Pudenz,-S
SO: Water-Research-Oxford. 2004; 38(7): 1809-1816
PB: Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V73-4BT8D9H-1&_user=38
U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2004&_rdoc=17&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235831%
LA: English
AB: Decisions about sustainable development demand spatially differentiated evaluations. As an
example, we demonstrate the evaluation of water management strategies in the cities of Berlin and
Potsdam (Germany) with respect to their ecological effects in 14 sections of the surface water
system. Two decision support systems were compared, namely PROMETHEE, which is designed
to obtain a clear decision (linear ranking), and Hasse Diagram Technique (HDT), normally
providing more than one favourable solution (partial order). By PROMETHEE, the spatial
differentiation had unwanted effects on the result, negating the stakeholders determined weighting
of indicators. Therefore, the stakeholder can barely benefit from the convenience of obtaining a
clear decision (linear ranking). In contrast, the result obtained by HDT was not influenced by
spatial differentiation. Furthermore, HDT provided helpful tools to analyse the evaluation result,
such as the concept of antagonistic indicators to discover conflicts in the evaluation process..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 20053191884
in CAB Abstracts 2006/01-2006/11.
3 TI: Aspects of decision support in water management - example Berlin and Potsdam (Germany) II –
improvement of management strategies.
AU: Simon,-U; Bruggemann,-R; Pudenz,-S
SO: Water-Research-Oxford. 2004; 38(19): 4085-4092
PB: Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V73-4DB56F5-3&_user=389
U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=11%2F01%2F2004&_rdoc=7&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235831%2
LA: English
AB: Methods related to partial order theory such as the Hasse diagram technique (HDT) are
increasingly used in the field of multi-criteria decision support. The HDT has the advantage of being
a transparent evaluation tool, supported by several data analysis tools such as the concept of
antagonistic indicators. However, the evaluation usually does not lead to a clear decision, because
more than one possible solution is offered. In the example presented here, three of the nine water
management strategies (scenarios) evaluated by HDT were identified as winners. However, these
strategies were not comparable with each other because of the conflicting evaluation of at least two
different indicators. Such antagonisms describe the advantage and disadvantage of each scenario.
Based on this background information, a new innovative approach is demonstrated, enabling the
stakeholders to design new, modified management strategies, with reduced negative effects. After
improvement of the three potential solutions, one clear winner scenario could be identified..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 20053194000
in CAB Abstracts 2006/01-2006/11.
4 TI: Mining lakes in a disturbed landscape: application of the EC Water Framework Directive and
future management strategies.
AU: Nixdorf,-B; Lessmann,-D; Deneke,-R
SO: Ecological-Engineering. 2005; 24(1/2): 67-73
PB: Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VFB-4FPX2KV-6&_user=38
U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=01%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=8&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%2360
LA: English
AB: Some of the several hundred Lusatian mining lakes originating from lignite mining will be
among the largest and deepest lakes in Germany. A special problem of many of these lakes is
severe acidification. According to the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD), artificial lakes larger
than 0.5 km2 have to be monitored and managed in order to establish or maintain a state of so-called
good ecological water quality. Therefore the WFD demands the definition of type-specific reference
conditions as those of the closest comparable surface water body type in nature, such as natural
acidic volcanic crater lakes or oligo- to mesotrophic neutral hard water lakes. We propose a
classification scheme for mining lakes applying acidity and planktonic colonization as criteria. Five
types of lakes are distinguished ranging from extremely acidic to neutral hard water lakes.
Phytoplankton and especially metazoan zooplankton are introduced as intriguing and simple
indicators for different states of ecological quality in highly acidic mining lakes. We recommend
that extremely and very acidic lakes should remain in the acidic state to protect these as valuable
ecosystems, whereas moderately and weakly acidic lakes can
be managed by external flooding, chemical or ecotechnological measures to achieve neutral water
quality conditions necessary for recreation or fishery use..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 20053127684
in CAB Abstracts 2005.
5 TI: Water resource management of a tropical mangrove estuary, northeast
coast of India: an approach through environmental education.
AU: Sarkar,-S-K; Bhattacharya,-B
SO: Low-lying-coastal-areas-hydrology-and-integrated-coastal-zonemanagement-International-Symposium,-Bremerhaven,-Germany,-9-12September-2002. 2002; 155-157
PB: Koblenz, Germany: Bundesanstalt fur Gewasserkunde.
LA: English
AB: Monitoring of the major ionic components such as calcium, magnesium,
sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate in the surface
waters of the Hugli estuary in the northeast coast of India was carried out. The
associated hydrological parameters such as water temperature, dissolved
oxygen, pH, salinity, turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids as
well as organic pollution index such as biochemical oxygen demand were
analysed using standardized methods. The levels of dissolved heavy metals (Fe,
Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Pb and Hg) were also analysed to assess the environmental
consequences of the discharges occurring in the coastal environment. The
seasonal distribution of the physicochemical parameters and dissolved heavy
metals ( micro g/litre) in the surface waters of the Hugli estuary during March
2001-February 2002 is tabulated and discussed. Results indicated that the Hugli
river system contributes significantly towards the transport of the pollutants to
the ocean. An elevated level of contaminants was observed during the monsoon
months (September and October) due to the heavy influx of freshwater (annual
average precipitation 1600 mm) carrying a substantial amount of wastes into the
estuary. A massive algal bloom of Valonia sp was recorded in the surface
waters during pre-monsoon months. In view of sustainable management of the
coastal resources, it is suggested that formulation of a public awareness
programme for educating people on the vulnerability of coastal zones..
PT: Book-chapter; Conference-paper
AN: 20043078510
in CAB Abstracts 2004.
6 TI: Effect of manure management on carbon evolution and water extractable
phosphorus.
AU: Stout,-W-L; Dell,-C-J; Schnabel,-R-R
SO: Communications-in-Soil-Science-and-Plant-Analysis. 2003; 34(19/20):
2901-2912
PB: New York, USA: Marcel Dekker, Inc..
LA: English
AB: Soils with excessive phosphorus (P) levels due to manure application are
an environmental concern because water extractable P (WEP) in runoff from
these soils can contribute to increased amounts P in surface water, which can
contribute to eutrophication of freshwater. Phosphorus based manure
management is an option to reduce WEP and thereby reduce agricultural P
runoff. In P based manure management, manure is applied to meet the P needs
of a crop or not to exceed a given soil test level. Because P base manure
management does not supply enough nitrogen (N) to meet the needs of the crop,
addition fertilizer N needs to be applied. Fertilizer N applied to soils may
increase the rate of mineralization of organic matter and lowers soil pH and
therefore may affect the solubility of soil inorganic and organic P pools. The
extent to which this may affect WEP or plant P availability is not known. Thus,
laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effects of P
based manure management on WEP and on short-term P plant availability.
Phosphorus based manure management had no significant effect on the shift of
organic P to WEP, but the increased acidity due to urea hydrolysis and
subsequent nitrification of ammonia had a significant effect on the
solubilization of P form the Ca-bound IP pool, thereby increasing WEP. This
could be a significant consideration where Ca-bound IP dominates IP, P based
manure management is implemented and increased WEP is subject to export to
surface waters via runoff..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 20033213856
in CAB Abstracts 2004.
7 TI: Phosphorus loss from land to water: integrating agricultural and
environmental management.
AU: Sharpley,-A-N; McDowell,-R-W; Kleinman,-P-J-A
ED: Rengel,-Z
SO: Plant-and-Soil. 2001; 237(2): 287-307
PB: Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
LA: English
AB: Phosphorus (P), an essential nutrient for crop and animal production, can
accelerate freshwater eutrophication, now one of the most ubiquitous forms of
water quality impairment in the developed world. Repeated outbreaks of
harmful algal blooms (e.g., Cyanobacteria and Pfiesteria) have increased
society's awareness of eutrophication, and the need for solutions. Agriculture is
regarded as an important source of P in the environment. Specifically, the
concentration of specialized farming systems has led to a transfer of P from
areas of grain production to animal production. This has created regional
surpluses in P inputs (mineral fertilizer and feed) over outputs (crop and animal
produce), built up soil P in excess of crop needs, and increased the loss of P
from land to water. Recent research has shown that this loss of P in both surface
runoff and subsurface flow originates primarily from small areas within
watersheds during a few storms. These areas occur where high soil P, or P
application in mineral fertilizer or manure, coincide with high runoff or erosion
potential. We argue that the overall goal of efforts to reduce P loss to water
should involve balancing P inputs and outputs at farm and watershed levels by
optimizing animal feed rations and land application of P as mineral fertilizer
and manure. Also, conservation practices should be targetted to relatively small
but critical watershed areas for P export..
PT: Journal-article; Conference-paper
AN: 20023012209
in CAB Abstracts 2002.
8 TI: Processes controlling soil phosphorus release to runoff and implications for
agricultural management.
AU: McDowell,-R-W; Sharpley,-A-N; Condron,-L-M; Haygarth,-P-M;
Brookes,-P-C
SO: Nutrient-Cycling-in-Agroecosystems. 2001; 59(3): 269-284
PB: Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
LA: English
AB: Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural land to surface waters is well known
as an environmental issue because of the role of P in freshwater eutrophication.
Much research has been conducted on the erosion and loss of P in sediments
and surface runoff. Recently, P loss in sub-surface runoff via agricultural
drainage has been identified as environmentally significant. High soil P levels
are considered as a potential source of P loss. However, without favourable
hydrological conditions P will not move. In this paper, we review the basis of
soil P release into solution and transport in surface and sub-surface runoff. Our
objectives are to outline the role of soil P and hydrology in P movement and
management practices that can minimize P loss to surface waters. Remedial
strategies to reduce the risk of P loss in the short-term are discussed, although it
is acknowledged that long-term solutions must focus on achieving a balance
between P inputs in fertilizers and feed and P outputs in production systems..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 20013162326
in CAB Abstracts 2002.
9 TI: A critical review of measures to reduce radioactive doses from drinking
water and consumption of freshwater foodstuffs.
AU: Smith,-J-T; Voitsekhovitch,-O-V; Hakanson,-L; Hilton,-J
SO: Journal-of-Environmental-Radioactivity. 2001; 56(1/2): 11-32
PB: Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd.
LA: English
AB: Following a radioactive fallout event in Chernobyl, there are a number of
possible intervention measures to reduce radioactive doses to the public via the
surface water pathway. We have critically reviewed the options available to
decision-makers in the event of radioactive contamination of surface waters. We
believe that the most effective and viable measures to reduce radioactivity in
drinking water are those which operate at the water treatment and distribution
stage. Intervention measures to reduce concentrations of radioactivity in rivers
and reservoirs are expected to be much less viable and efficient at reducing
doses via the drinking water pathway. Bans on consumption of freshwater fish
can be effective, but there are few viable measures to reduce radioactivity in
fish prior to the preparation stage. Lake liming and biomanipulation have been
found to be ineffective for radiocaesium, although the addition of potassium to
lakewaters appears promising in some situations. Lake liming may be effective
in reducing radiostrontium in fish, though this has not, to our knowledge, been
tested. De-boning fish contaminated by strontium is probably the most effective
food preparation measure, but salting and freezing can also reduce radiocaesium
concentrations in fish. The provision of accurate information to the public is
highlighted as a key element of countermeasure implementation..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 20013110910
in CAB Abstracts 2002.
10 TI: Improvements in water quality and aquatic ecosystems due to reduction in
sulphur deposition in Norway.
AU: Raddum,-G-G; Fjellheim,-A; Skjelkvale,-B-L
ED: Satake,-K
SO: Water,-Air,-and-Soil-Pollution. 2001; 130(1/4): 87-98
PB: Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
LA: English
AB: A programme for monitoring acidification in Norway was developed in
1980. The programme included water chemistry, fish and invertebrates. The
monitoring have been performed in areas with strong as well as low
acidification. Information about the status of the fauna was regularly obtained
from sites covering both affected and unaffected areas. Tolerance limits for
different species have been established and used for the evaluation of changes
in acidification since the early eighties. A significant improvement in water
chemistry was recorded in accordance with a 45 to 70% reduction in sulfur
deposition. The invertebrate monitoring shows recovery of sensitive species,
and watersheds with earlier low damage have probably returned to an
unaffected status. In the most acidified areas also significant improvements are
noted, especially during the last ten years. However, acidic episodes connected
with sea-salt deposition and spring snowmelt were found to confound the
recovery process in these naturally low buffered systems..
PT: Journal-article; Conference-paper
AN: 20013141149
in CAB Abstracts 2002.
11 TI: Mine water pollution in Scotland: nature, extent and preventative
strategies.
AU: Younger,-P-L
SO: Science-of-the-Total-Environment. 2001; 265(1/3): 309-326
PB: Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V..
LA: English
AB: Scotland was one of the world's first industrialised countries, and has
therefore also been one of the first countries to experience wholesale postindustrial dereliction. Water pollution arising from abandoned mines,
particularly abandoned coal mines, is second only to sewage as a source of
freshwater pollution nation-wide, and in many coalfield catchments it is the
pre-eminent source. Most of the pollution is due to net-alkaline ferruginous
waters emerging from deep mines. Scrutiny of records from 80 deep mine
discharges reveals that iron concentrations in these waters are only likely to
exceed 20 mg/l, and the pH to be below 6.5, where the discharge emerges
within 0.5 km of the outcrop of the shallowest mined seam. The bulk of mature
near-outcrop mine water discharges in Scotland have <50 mg/l total Fe, and
concentrations >100 mg/l are only likely where a marine bed lies within 25 m
of the worked seam. Where the nearest marine bed is more than 80 m above or
below the seam, then the total iron will be less than 4 mg/l, and in most cases
less than 1 mg/l. Net-acidic mine waters are far more rare than net-alkaline
waters in Scotland, and are most commonly associated with unreclaimed spoil
heaps (bings). Both net-alkaline and net-acidic discharges have detrimental
effects on the hydrochemistry and biological integrity of receiving waters.
Scotland has recently pioneered the use of pre-emptive pump-and-treat
solutions to prevent mine water pollution, and has also experienced the
successful introduction of passive treatment technology for both abandoned
and active workings..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 20013033147
in CAB Abstracts 2001.
12 TI: Water management problems and challenges in India: an analytical
review.
AU: Kumar,-D-M; Vishwa-Ballabh
SO: Working-Paper-Institute-of-Rural-Management-Anand. 2000; ( 140): 32
pp.
PB: Anand, India: Institute of Rural Management (IRMA).
LA: English
AB: The last few decades have seen a dramatic rise in the demand for water in
India due to a variety of socioeconomic processes and demographic trends.
Supplies have also grown manifold, to keep pace with the demand through
exploitation of surface and groundwater. The result: groundwater resources are
over-exploited in many arid and semi-arid regions, leading to falling water
levels and deteriorating groundwater quality causing groundwater scarcity.
Surface water resources are over-appropriated in many basins. Surface
reservoirs are fast depleting due to siltation. Freshwater supplies are
increasingly coming under threat of pollution from industrial effluents and
municipal waste. The situation has developed steadily and dramatically with
the per caput freshwater availability declining from 6008 M per year in 1947
to approximately 2200 M per annum after 50 years. Water scarcity is
becoming a major constraint in producing food for growing population,
ecosystem protection, and maintaining health and social security. Increasing
competition and conflicts pose social and ecological risks. In this paper, the
authors analyse the water problems, emerging issues and management
challenges in India. The authors argue that the demand for water will grow by
leaps and bounds during the next few decades due to population growth,
especially in urban areas, concentration of urban population in a few urban
cities, rising income levels and rapid industrial growth. While water resources
would continue to deplete, water scarcity problems would grow in terms of
both intensity and extent. Along with scarcity, the conflicts are likely to grow
not only between sectors, but also within sectors. Challenges to evolving
sustainable, equitable and efficient management of India's water resources are
several. First, the non-availability of adequate scientific data on water supplies,
demand and problems; and economically viable and socially acceptable
technological solutions. Secondly, existing institutions in the water sector are
technically oriented, sectoral and centralised, having the mandate of managing
supplies. They adopt piece-meal approaches to solve sectoral problems, and
seriously lack capabilities to alter social systems to promote efficient water use
and control pollution. The agencies fail to respond to the conflicting needs and
interests of different stakeholders due to poor organisational co-ordination.
They also lack institutional capabilities to ensure equitable allocation and
efficient use of water across sectors and to resolve conflicts..
PT: BulletinAN: 20003002457
in CAB Abstracts 2000.
13 TI: Irrigation management in Palestine.
AU: Naji,-F
SO: Irrigation-management-and-saline-conditions,-Proceedings-of-Regionalsymposium,-Irbid,-JUST,-Jordan,-June-1999. 1999; 440-447
PB: Jordan: Univ. Sci. & Technol., Jordan:
LA: English
AB: The paper reviews the current situation in the West Bank and Gaza strip
and evaluates irrigation management requirements. The two major problems
are high salinity and high nitrate concentration from springs and wells in the
West Bank and from wells in the Gaza Strip. Geological factors, the upconing
of deep saline water, sea intrusion in the coastal aquifer and over-pumping are
the causes of salinization. Fertilizers, wastewater and cesspits represent the
major sources of nitrate pollution. The paper recommends that to achieve
effective irrigation management, the authorities have to establish full control
over land and water resources (including ground- and surface water of the
Jordan River). Modern irrigation technology (sprinkler and drip) need to be
adopted to achieve needed water savings. It also gives a number of other
similar technical suggestions for modernization..
PT: Conference-paper
AN: 19991913223
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
14 TI: Water treatment residual to reduce nutrients in surface runoff from
agricultural land.
AU: Gallimore,-L-E; Basta,-N-T; Storm,-D-E; Payton,-M-E; Huhnke,-R-H;
Smolen,-M-D
SO: Journal-of-Environmental-Quality. 1999; 28(5): 1474-1478
LA: English
AB: The ability of water treatment residue (WTR) to reduce N and P runoff
from land treated with poultry litter in Oklahoma, USA, was determined.
Different WTR (ABJ [including alum, polymer, and sodium carbonate] or
WISTER [alum and Ca hydroxide addition]) were used in two experiments at
different locations. Three WTR treatments were applied to plots that received
poultry litter at 6.72 t ha-1 broadcast on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)
pasture. Treatments were broadcast (11.2 or 44.8 t ha-1), and a buffer strip
(44.8 t ha-1) to the bottom 2.44 m of the plot. Experimental plots received
simulated rainfall for 75 min at 6.35 cm h-1 within 24 h of litter and WTR
application. Nitrogen, NH4, P, Al, and dissolved solids in surface runoff were
determined. Mean dissolved P of 15.0 mg litre-1 was reduced to 8.60 mg litre1 by the high broadcast and to 8.12 mg litre-1 by the buffer strip ABJ
treatments. Reductions in runoff P were attributed to amorphous Al in the
WTR. Soluble NH4-N was reduced from 33.7 to 11.3 mg litre-1 (high
broadcast) and to 17.9 mg litre-1 (buffer strip) by ABJ. WISTER did not,
however, reduce soluble NH4-N or total N. Reduction in NH4-N was related
to cation-exchange capacity of the WTR. Land application of WTR did not
increase dissolved solids or Al in surface runoff..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19991912635
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
15 TI: A cooperative program for reducing NPS pollution in a Florida
agricultural watershed.
AU: Thomas,-M-V; Livingston,-E-H
SO: ASAE/CSAE-SCGR-Annual-International-Meeting,-Toronto,-Ontario,Canada,-18-21-July,-1999. 1999; 10 pp.
PB: St Joseph, USA: American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE).
LA: English
AB: The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program requirements of the
US Federal Clean Water Act are requiring states to develop new initiatives for
managing agricultural nonpoint pollution sources. In Florida, public agencies
and the agricultural community are taking the lead in implementing a
watershed-based process for development, demonstration, refinement, and
implementation of best management practices to reduce nutrient loadings to
groundwater and surface water. This paper briefly describes how publicprivate partnerships are being used in Florida to reduce nutrient loadings to
surface and ground water in the Suwannee River Basin..
PT: Conference-paper
AN: 19991912116
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
16 TI: Coliform reduction by filter strips in Kansas watersheds.
AU: Williamson,-T-S; Kalita,-P-K; Harner,-J-P; Marchin,-G-L; Rice,-C-W
SO: ASAE/CSAE-SCGR-Annual-International-Meeting,-Toronto,-Ontario,-
Canada,-18-21-July,-1999. 1999; 13 pp.
PB: St Joseph, USA: American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE).
LA: English
AB: Faecal coliform bacteria have been identified in most Kansas (USA)
surface water sources. Faecal coliform levels of ~200 colony forming units
(c.f.u.)/100 ml are considered safe for human contact, and levels >2000
c.f.u./100 ml are not fit for human contact. Drinking water standards are zero
c.f.u./100 ml. Feedlot runoff from several watersheds in Kansas has been
identified as nutrients and faecal coliform contributor in surface water
sources. Vegetative filter strips have been installed for controlling nutrients
and bacteria leaving a feedlot. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
effectiveness of the filter strips in reducing nutrient and bacterial pollution in
feedlot runoff in four different Kansas watersheds. Runoff samples were
collected at the inlet and outlet of each filter strip with ISCO samplers and
flow rates were monitored with automated flow meters. The samples were
analysed for faecal coliform, faecal streptococci, Escherichia coli, total
nitrogen, and total phosphorus. The results show a reduction in nutrients and
bacteria between 18 and 100% as feedlot runoff travels through vegetative
filters..
PT: Conference-paper
AN: 19991912109
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
17 TI: Manure nitrogen crediting and management in the USA: survey of
university faculty.
AU: Schmitt,-M-A; Russelle,-M-P; Randall,-G-W; Lory,-J-A
SO: Journal-of-Production-Agriculture. 1999; 12(3): 419-422
LA: English
AB: Livestock production, and particularly manure management, has received
environmental scrutiny for years due to potential nitrate contamination in
ground and surface waters. During the 1990s, many land grant institutions
developed and conducted research and extension programs related to the
management and crediting of manure N. To assess the current status of manure
N crediting and management in the USA, a national survey of university
faculty considered to have expertise in manure issues was conducted. A fourpage mail survey was sent to one person in each state to provide qualitative
and quantitative information regarding manure N management. A response
rate of 86% was achieved. Groundwater and surface water quality are
perceived as the top environmental ramifications of manure N management
regardless of animal species. Manure N crediting for cropland is highest for
poultry operations and lowest for beef operations. Approximately 45% of
poultry manure is properly credited, compared with only 18% of beef manure.
In addition, manure N crediting is overwhelmingly viewed as improved
compared with 5 years ago. Manure N crediting components being emphasized
include manure testing, soil N testing, and spreader calibration. Management
strategies being implemented include writing manure management plans,
reduced application rates, and manure injection/incorporation. Regulation either existing, proposed, or future - is perceived as the primary reason (61%)
for producers to better manage their manure. More states will regulate their
livestock enterprises via a permitting process in the future, and the trend in
developing nutrient plans is toward using a combination N and P standard,
rather than solely an N standard. Although N issues have been a focus of
manure management in the past, P issues have escalated in the 1990s in terms
of environmental importance..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19991911739
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
18 TI: Nutrient management for water quality protection: integrating research
into environmental policy.
AU: Sims,-J-T; Goggin,-N; McDermott,-J
ED: Novotny,-V; D'-Arcy,-B
SO: Water-Science-and-Technology. 1999; 39(12): 291-298
LA: English
AB: Key advances in research on nutrient management and water quality in
Delaware, USA, are reviewed and the obstacles faced in translating research
into widely accepted management practices and environmental policies are
discussed..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19991910357
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
19 TI: Development and implementation of a policy for reduced agrochemical
and nutrient emission from the agriculture to surface water in the western part
of the Netherlands.
AU: Mul,-M-I; Vlies,-A-W-van-der
ED: Novotny,-V; D'-Arcy,-B
SO: Water-Science-and-Technology. 1999; 39(12): 339-345
LA: English
AB: The 'Hollandse Eilanden en Waarden' (HEW) water authority is
responsible for the quality of the surface water in the western Netherlands. In
this area the reduction of emissions of agrochemicals and nutrients from
agriculture and horticulture to surface waters is one of the main priorities in the
strategy to reduce the discharge from non-point sources. Because of the area
and the relatively intensive use of chemicals for crop protection arable farming
and the field production of vegetables are the major source of diffuse pollution
by agrochemicals and nutrients in the management area of HEW. This paper
gives an overview of the research programme carried out to investigate the
different emission routes from arable farming and the field production of
vegetables. Based on the results of this research programme a special
programme 'PAREL' ('plan for reduction of emission from agriculture') was
developed and implemented in 1997. This plan was developed and
implemented in close cooperation with the farmers' organizations. This
initiative of HEW was accepted by the other water authorities in the region.
For the implementation period a special treaty was signed in 1997 between the
agricultural sector and these water authorities. The PAREL policy is a
combination of regulation and advice (good housekeeping) aimed at reducing
the emission of agrochemicals and nutrients to surface waters from agricultural
activities..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19991910362
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
20 TI: Managing risks of nitrates to humans and the environment.
ED: Wilson,-W-S; Ball,-A-S; Hinton,-R-H
SO: Managing-risks-of-nitrates-to-humans-and-the-environment. 1999; x +
347 pp.
PB: Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry.
LA: English
AB: This book is an account of papers given at the conference on Managing
Risks of Nitrates to Humans and the Environment, held at the University of
Essex, 1-2 September 1997. There are 3 sections entitled: (1) the nitrate
problems in agriculture (8 papers focusing on N dynamics in natural and
agricultural ecosystems, measurements of models of nitrate losses, fate of N
from fertilizers, the importance of soluble organic C in agricultural soils,
average of fertilizer use and estimates of uptake, risks or benefits from nitrate
in ensiled grasses, effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide on N cycling in
grassland ecosystems); (2) environmental effects of nitrates (8 papers dealing
with the atmospheric N cycle, nitrates in soils and waters from sewage on land,
the role of nitrates in eutrophication and acidification of surface waters,
toxicity of nitrites to freshwater invertebrates, critical review of policy in
agricultural nitrate control, amino acids and humic substances, fertilizer and
nitrate pollution in India, a case study from New Delhi of nitrate
contamination in groundwater); and (3) nitrate and health (8 papers
considering the metabolism of dietary nitrates and nitrites, identification of
nitrate reducing bacteria from oral cavities of rats and pigs, benefits and risks
of pollution of dietary nitrates, nitrate metabolism in humans, bacterial nitrate
reductase activity induced by dietary nitrate, antimicrobial effect of acidified
nitrite on gut pathogens, effects of nitrates and nitrites in experimental animals,
and nitrate exposure and childhood diabetes)..
PT: Conference-proceedings; BookAN: 19991909888
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
21 TI: Bio drainage to prevent pollution of surface water from irrigation
drainage.
AU: Kapoor,-A-S
ED: Vasma,-CVJ; Rao,-ARG; Kaushish,-SP
SO: Water-quality-and-its-management-Proceedings-First-InternationalSpecialized-Conference,-New-Delhi,-India,-2-6-March-1998. 1998; 129-137
PB: Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
LA: English
AB: Withdrawal of groundwater by plants, through transpiration is, sometimes
called bio-drainage. Bio-drainage, by itself, can be successfully practised as an
effective drainage measure, particularly in dry and arid regions like the Indira
Gandhi Canal Project (IGNP), Rajasthan, India. The apprehensions and
misgivings regarding inadequacy of bio-drainage have been considered and it
is suggested how these can be overcome. A comparison of the advantages and
limitations of bio-drainage with conventional engineering drainage methods
was made. In the commonly practised sub-surface drainage system, saline
water from irrigated lands into discharged into the streams and rivers causing
salinity and pollution problems. Bio-drainage can overcome this problem.
This paper is written with particular reference to the IGNP but the suggestions
and recommendations would apply with equal validity to most irrigation
systems..
PT: Conference-paper
IB: 9054107774
AN: 19991908497
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
22 TI: Water quality and its management. Proceedings First International
Specialized Conference, New Delhi, India, 2-6 March 1998.
ED: Varma,-C-V-J; Rao,-A-R-G; Kaushish,-S-P
SO: Water-quality-and-its-management-Proceedings-First-InternationalSpecialized-Conference,-New-Delhi,-India,-2-6-March-1998. 1998; xv + 583
pp.
PB: Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
LA: English
AB: The Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, India in
collaboration with the Indian National Committee of the International
Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) organised this conference. Eighty-one
papers are published in the conference proceedings under the following
sections: impact of industry and agriculture on water quality (8 papers);
surface water quality management (13 papers); groundwater contamination
issues (9 papers); drinking water quality management (9 papers); use of low
quality/waste waters (15 papers); water quality improvement methods,
techniques and technologies (13 papers); papers for poster presentation (14
papers)..
PT: Conference-proceedings
IB: 9054107774
AN: 19991908526
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
23 TI: Surface water quality management using a multiple-realization chance
constraint method.
AU: Takyi,-A-K; Lence,-B-J
SO: Water-Resources-Research. 1999; 35(5): 1657-1670
LA: English
AB: Traditional chance-constrained programming (CCP) and simulationoptimization methods of incorporating input information uncertainty in
pollution management models were unsuitable for complex river systems with
several critical water quality segments. Using the CCP method,
characterization of the joint probability distribution of coefficients of the
management model is often difficult because stream information is limited and
the model formulation is generally difficult to understand and solve. For the
simulation-optimization method most of the solutions produced are inferior.
The multiple realization model, which includes several scenarios of design
conditions simultaneously in an optimization model, overcomes such
weaknesses by not requiring the joint probability distribution of the stochastic
model coefficients and by producing noninferior solutions. Heuristic and
neural network techniques are developed to reduce the computational time
required to solve the multiple realization model, through identification and
utilization of only potentially important stream and water quality information
that influence the optimal solution. These techniques were applied to develop
trade-off relationships between waste treatment cost and reliability of
achieving dissolved oxygen objectives for an example river basin. Results
show that the heuristic technique was computationally efficient when <1000
realizations were included in the model, while the neural network method was
suitable when several thousand realizations were needed to adequately
represent the stochastic water quality system..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19991908028
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
24 TI: Integrated irrigation/drainage management to sustain irrigation and to
protect soil and water resources.
AU: Rhoades,-J-D
SO: GRID,-IPTRID-Network-Magazine. 1999; ( 13): 3-5
LA: English
AB: An integrated holistic approach to irrigation and drainage management
and monitoring is needed to increase food production, to conserve water,
prevent soil salinization and waterlogging, and top protect the environment and
ecology. Source control through the implementation of more efficient
irrigation systems and practices should be undertaken to minimize water
application and to reduce deep percolation. Unavoidable drainage waters
should be intercepted, isolated and recycled by serial reuse. This would result
with a reduction of drainage water volumes, conserve water and minimize
pollution while producing useful biomass and habitat. Conjunctive use of
saline groundwater and surface water should also be undertaken to lower
water-table depths, reduce the need for drainage and conserve water. Various
means should be used to reclaim or dispose of the ultimate unusable final
drainage effluent. Unusable drainage waters should never be discharged into
good quality water supplies. It is concluded that soil salinity needs to be
monitored to assess the adequacy and appropriateness of irrigation and
drainage practices..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19991907370
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
25 TI: The effect of nitrogen management in agricultural production on water
and air quality: evaluation on a regional scale.
AU: Zebarth,-B-J; Paul,-J-W; Kleeck,-R-van
SO: Agriculture,-Ecosystems-and-Environment. 1999; 72(1): 35-52
LA: English
AB: A nitrogen (N) budget calculation approach to estimate the effect of
agricultural production in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada,
on N loss to the environment under 1991 crop and animal management
practices, the change in N loss to the environment between 1981 and 1991, and
the extent to which these losses could be reduced through improved
management practices. Ammonia losses to the atmosphere from animal
production were substantial, in excess of 7250 t N/year, but could be reduced
by up to 30% through improved manure management and animal diets. Rootzone N losses to surface and groundwater were estimated as the N surplus (the
excess of N additions from inorganic fertilizer, manure, and atmospheric
deposition over N removals by the crop and denitrification) for the root zone of
land in agricultural production. The N surplus for the study area as a whole
was 68 kg N/ha land in agricultural production, whereas an N surplus of <50
kg N/ha would be expected under optimal N management. Calculation of N
surplus values on the basis of individual districts as compared to the entire
study area predicted a greater effect of agricultural production on water quality
because of a non-optimal distribution of nutrients. High N surplus values
within individual districts, up to 238 kg N/ha, were attributed to animal
intensification, particularly poultry and swine production which does not
require a local land base for feed production. Root-zone N losses increased
between 1981 and 1991, primarily because of the concentration of animal
production in specific geographical areas and on a diminished agricultural land
base. Improved fertilizer and manure management was predicted to reduce the
N surplus of the study area from 68 to 5 kg N/ha; however, less than one-half
of this reduction could be practically realized at this time. Improved animal
diets were predicted to reduce the N surplus from 68 to 45 kg N/ha, with most
of the reduction occurring in areas with high root-zone N losses. The results
demonstrate the value of using an N balance approach to evaluate the
environmental effect of agricultural production on air and water quality, and to
assess how this effect could be reduced through improved management
practices..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19991901695
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
26 TI: Water management practices in rural and urban homes: a case study from
Bangladesh on ingestion of polluted water.
AU: Ahmed,-S-A; Hoque,-B-A; Mahmud,-A
SO: Public-Health. 1998; 112(5): 317-321
LA: English
AB: Although Bangladesh has achieved remarkable success in extending the
availability of hand pumped and piped water, unsafe water is still ingested.
This brief study attempted to assess water management practices in rural and
urban homes in Bangladesh so as to establish the routes by which unsafe water
is ingested, to examine methods of collection and storage, and determine why
unsafe water sources are used when safe supplies are available. 48 rural and 45
urban slum households were studied. Observations, interviews and water
quality investigations were conducted. The results show that the respondents
were aware that hand pump/tap water is safe and took care to use these safe
sources for drinking purposes. However, they continued to use surface water
for non-drinking activities such as bathing, washing and rinsing their mouths.
Reasons were given that it was a traditional practice to bathe in surface water
and was more enjoyable. One of the reasons given for not using hand pumped
water to wash clothing and food was that such groundwater caused staining.
Bacteriological results from such ingested water showed the quality, especially
in rural areas, to be poor. Results also showed the internal surfaces of the base
of storage containers to be heavily contaminated with bacteria. This showed
that water that was safe when it was first drawn would became contaminated
during storage. This study had a limited scope; much further research is needed
to find what determines and how water becomes contaminated in containers.
These factors include how to reduce contamination of water, in particular the
relationship between growth of bacteria in stored water and the material from
which the container is made and how to improve the overall quality of water.
On the management side, studies could be conducted as to how to improve
people's understanding of the use of water for domestic purposes and its safe
management..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19992001294
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
27 TI: Integrated water quality management supported by graphical user
interface.
AU: Lauri,-H; Koponen,-J; Virtanen,-M; Alasaarela,-E; Lauri,-H; Koponen,-J;
Virtanen,-M; Alasaarela,-E
ED: Babovic,-V; Larsen,-L-C
SO: Hydroinformatics-'-98-Proceedings-of-the-Third-InternationalConference-on-Hydroinformatics,-Copenhagen,-Denmark,-24-26-August1998-Volume-1. 1998; 309-313
PB: Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
LA: English
AB: For integrated management, planning and decision-support of drainage
areas as a whole a model system was developed, which incorporates dynamical
simulation of runoff, leaching, surface water flows and water quality. A
graphical user interface was implemented for easy control of model runs,
illustrative presentation of results, modification of input and comparison of
effects between different management alternatives. The user interface was
implemented using a graphical user interface (GUI) framework. Registers of
environmental administration support the system with cumulative information
about the observed water quality, flow rates, hydrology, land use, and loadings
within the water course. Users can add their own observations into the system.
The user interface and information systems were implemented and tested in
Northern Finland with main applications in environmental protection and
propagation of environmental awareness. Environmental protection includes,
for example, decision and planning by authorities, negotiations with land
owners and contacts to interest groups. Propagation of environmental
awareness concentrated in usage of systems by school classes. This use
included, for example, supplementing own observations into the system and
distribution of information and experiences into the Internet. Deeper insight
into watershed processes and their refined modelling is under development in a
forestry-dominated sub-basin..
PT: Conference-paper
IB: 905410984X
AN: 19991901288
in CAB Abstracts 1999.
28 TI: Long-term extractable compounds screening in surface water to prevent
accidental organic pollution.
AU: Deroux,-J-M; Gonzalez,-C; Cloirec,-P-le; Roumagnac,-A
SO: Science-of-the-Total-Environment. 1997; 203(3): 261-274
LA: English
AB: The organic composition of surface water (a canal network fed by the
Rhone river, France) was studied over a period of 3 years. The spatial and
temporal evolution of extractable organic compounds was determined by
monitoring the water of the principal canal (72 km long) over 3 years and 139
compounds were detected at the ng/litre concentration level. Using these data
the organic fingerprints were constructed for every sampling point. These
fingerprints depend on sampling dates and climatic conditions. Analysed
compounds were classified according to two criteria: appearance frequency
and average concentration. Three classes were defined, corresponding to:
organic background, occasional component and chronic component. The
preponderance of organic background, corresponding to the natural organic
fingerprint, indicates the high quality of this surface water. The proportion of
some chemical families were calculated to assess their anthropogenic impact
on the water. This study produced a databank which was useful as a reference
for the monitoring and checking of water quality. Any anomaly disturbing
organic fingerprints can thus rapidly be detected and identified by comparison
with the databank, making better crisis management possible..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19981900560
in CAB Abstracts 1998.
29 TI: Impacts of animal manure management on ground and surface water
quality.
AU: Sharpley,-A; Meisinger,-J-J; Breeuwsma,-A; Sims,-J-T; Daniel,-T-C;
Schepers,-J-S
ED: Hatfield,-J-L; Stewart,-B-A
SO: Animal-waste-utilization:-effective-use-of-manure-as-a-soil-resource.
1998; 173-242
PB: Chelsea, USA: Ann Arbor Press.
LA: English
AB: Issues addressing the effective utilization of manure to reduce water
quality impacts are reviewed and data obtained from experiments carried out in
various states of the USA, the Netherlands and Denmark are presented. Future
management requirements, planning of educational and regulatory
programmes, risk assessment evaluations and economic considerations are
outlined..
PT: Book-chapter
IB: 1575040689
AN: 19981901441
in CAB Abstracts 1998.
30 TI: A risk-based approach to on-site system siting, design and management.
AU: Hoover,-M-T; Arenovski,-A; Daly,-D; Lindbo,-D
ED: Sievers,-D-M
SO: On-site-wastewater-treatment-Proceedings-of-the-Eighth-NationalSymposium-on-Individual-and-Small-Community-Sewage-Systems,-Orlando,Florida,-USA,-8-10-March,-1998. 1998; 66-78
PB: St Joseph, USA: American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE).
LA: English
AB: A risk-based approach to on-site technologies provides a logical process
for qualitatively assessing the risks from on-site systems on a watershed basis
utilizing a siting, design and management approach to control these risks. Risk
assessment and management begins by ranking the value and vulnerability to
pollution of surface water and groundwater receiving environments in the
watershed. The next step is to develop a two-way table called a groundwater
and surface water protection matrix. This protection matrix determines the
control measures to be used within each receiving environment depending
upon the value of the receiving environment to the community and its
vulnerability to pollution. Control measures include siting criteria, treatment
performance standards, system inspection requirements, operation and
maintenance activities, and resource impact assessments of the cumulative
impacts of on-site systems in the watershed. Periodic system inspection,
operation and maintenance and ecological resource assessments are the
responsibility of a local or regional management entity. This risk-based
approach affords substantial flexibility to the site evaluation and design
process, particularly when compared to the prescriptive approaches that are
currently used in most state and local codes. This flexibility is possible because
of the long-term system monitoring, assurance of maintenance, and control of
environmental impacts from on-site systems. The management entity assures
that both public health and the environment are protected. Communities can
then reliably depend upon both conventional and advanced on-site
technologies to meet their long-term waste water treatment needs. This option
fits between the two traditional community waste water infrastructure extremes
of poorly maintained conventional septic systems and highly maintained
centralized waste water treatment plants..
PT: Conference-paper
IB: 0929355911
AN: 19982401062
in CAB Abstracts 1998.
31 TI: A watershed-based system for the integrated management of surface
water quality: the GIBSI system.
AU: Mailhot,-A; Rousseau,-A-N; Massicotte,-S; Dupont,-J; Villeneuve,-J-P
ED: Beck,-M-B; Lessard,-P
SO: Water-Science-and-Technology. 1997; 36(5): 381-387
LA: English
AB: This paper presents a general description and the state of progress of the
GIBSI system, a watershed-based software system for integrated management
of surface water quality. This spatial support-decision system is designed to
assist decision makers as well as water resource professionals. An integrated
structure composed of mathematical models, a Geographical Information
System (GIS) and a Database Management System (DBMS) characterizes the
system. This means interactions between users and system components are
made through a single user-friendly interface. A simple scenario approach is
used to examine the impact of alternative urban, industrial, and agricultural
management practices on surface water quality. Interpretation of results is
based on comparing different management scenarios with a reference state or
other previously defined scenarios..
PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article
AN: 19981905909
in CAB Abstracts 1998.
32 TI: Calcium sulfate as a flocculant to reduce sedimentation basin water
turbidity.
AU: Przepiora,-A; Hesterberg,-D; Parsons,-J-E; Gilliam,-J-W; Cassel,-D-K;
Faircloth,-W
SO: Journal-of-Environmental-Quality. 1997; 26(6): 1605-1611
LA: English
AB: A high-suspended solids load in surface waters affects water quality in the
Piedmont region of SE USA. Sedimentation basins at construction sites are
designed to reduce suspended solids in discharged water, but they are not
effective in reducing turbidity. A survey of sedimentation basin water at two
construction sites showed that turbidity levels during a 9- to 12-month period
were always greater than the 50-NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) standard
adopted in North Carolina for surface waters. Furthermore, water chemistry
varied over time, with pH ranging from 5.8 to 8.9 and electrical conductivity
(EC) ranging from 3.0 to 23.0 mS/m. Laboratory experiments demonstrated
that temporal variations in the water chemistry were caused by contact with
concrete and crushed stone. Laboratory flocculation experiments were
completed to evaluate the efficiency of calcium sulfate compounds
(hemihydrate, agricultural gypsum, and phosphogypsum) as chemical
flocculants for reducing the turbidity of sedimentation basin water from two
field sites and for different pH conditions. Moulding plaster (hemihydrate) was
a more efficient flocculant than agricultural gypsum and has fewer
environmental restrictions on its use than phosphogypsum. Moulding plaster
application rates of 350 to 700 mg/litre were needed to reduce the turbidity of
unstirred sedimentation basin water to 50 NTU within 3 h after addition of the
flocculant. To achieve a given turbidity level, less flocculant was required for
longer flocculation and settling times, or when sedimentation basin water had a
lower pH..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19981906516
in CAB Abstracts 1998.
33 TI: Special session: control of agricultural water pollution. Water
management, salinity and pollution control towards sustainable irrigation in
the Mediterranean Region. CIHEAM International Conference, Valenzano,
Bari, Italy, 22-26 September 1997.
ED: Kandiah,-A; Hamdy,-A
SO: Special-session:-control-of-agricultural-water-pollution-Watermanagement,-salinity-and-pollution-control-towards-sustainableirrigation-in-the-Mediterranean-Region-CIHEAM-InternationalConference,-Valenzano,-Bari,-Italy,-22-26-September-1997. 1997; 119 pp.
PB: Paris, France: Centre International de Haute Etudes Agromiquest
Meditteraneennes (CIHEAM).
LA: English
AB: This special session of the CIHEAM conference on water management,
salinity and pollution control in the Mediterranean Region contains six papers
covering water pollution from agricultural sources and effective means of
monitoring and controlling this pollution..
PT: Conference-proceedings
AN: 19981910285
in CAB Abstracts 1998.
34 TI: Will reduced sulphur emissions under the Second Sulphur Protocol lead
to recovery of acid sensitive sites in UK?
AU: Jenkins,-A; Helliwell,-R-C; Swingewood,-P-J; Sefton,-C; Renshaw,-M;
Ferrier,-R-C
SO: Environmental-Pollution. 1998; 99(3): 309-318
LA: English
AB: A model of the combined effects of acid deposition and land-use, MAGIC
(Model of Acidification of Groundwater In Catchments), was applied to 21
upland sites in the UK to assess the likely future recovery in response to the
latest international agreements controlling anthropogenic sulphur emissions
throughout Europe. Future estimates of sulphur deposition were generated by
the Hull Acid Rain Model (HARM), based on the agreed reductions outlined in
the Second Sulphur Protocol. The results indicate only a limited degree of
recovery in surface-water chemistry at all sites over the next 50 years;
moreover, a continuing decline in soil base status is predicted to occur at 70%
of sites, resulting in longer term reacidification of surface-water at 38% of
sites. However, compared with a 'business as usual' scenario the recovery is
pronounced, although acidified sites will require further reductions in acidic
deposition if recovery to pre-industrial chemical conditions are to be achieved.
Furthermore, land-use scenarios at afforested sites suggest that replanting of
felled forest will lead to a further increase in acidification. This strengthens the
argument that plantation forestry should be avoided in areas considered
geologically sensitive to acidic deposition..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19981911747
in CAB Abstracts 1998.
35 TI: The role of biological indicators in a state water quality management
process.
AU: Yoder,-C-O; Rankin,-E-T
ED: Wiersman,-GB
SO: Environmental-Monitoring-and-Assessment. 1998; 51(1/2): 61-88
LA: English
AB: The development and implementation of a framework for using
environmental indicators for surface waters within Ohio's state (USA) water
quality management process is described. The roles that these indicators
should have in risk management and policy applications is discussed..
PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article
AN: 19981912265
in CAB Abstracts 1998.
36 TI: Reduced-form modelling of surface water and soil chemistry for the
tracking and analysis framework.
AU: Sinha,-R; Small,-M-J; Ryan,-P-F; Sullivan,-T-J; Cosby,-B-J
SO: Water,-Air,-and-Soil-Pollution. 1998; 105(3/4): 617-642
LA: English
AB: A reduced-form modelling approach was used to predict soil and lake
acidification as part of an integrated assessment of acid deposition effects and
control strategies. The reduced-form model is based upon the mechanistic,
lumped parameter watershed chemistry model, MAGIC (Model of
Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments). Recent improvements to
MAGIC are described, and its reduced-form representation in the Tracking and
Analysis Framework (TAF), an integrated assessment model for decision and
uncertainty analysis, is presented. Reduced-form models are developed for
lake acid neutralising capacity (ANC), calcium, pH, and aluminium; and for
soil base saturation. The model for lake ANC incorporates long-term depletion
of the watershed acid neutralisation fraction, as is predicted to occur with
MAGIC. In test calibrations for 33 representative watersheds in the
Adirondack Mountains, USA, the resulting reduced-form model provides a
close approximation to MAGIC, with average root mean square errors of 0.79
micro eq/litre for ANC, 1.09 micro eq/litre for calcium, 0.16 for pH, 2.52
micro eq/litre for aluminium, and 0.09% for soil base saturation. In addition,
improved fish viability models are incorporated in the integrated assessment
model, and predictions are demonstrated for a future deposition reduction
scenario for the Adirondack region..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19981912735
in CAB Abstracts 1998.
37 TI: Pesticide fate and behaviour in Australian soils in relation to
contamination and management of soil and water: a review.
AU: Kookana,-R-S; Baskaran,-S; Naidu,-R
SO: Australian-Journal-of-Soil-Research. 1998; 36(5): 715-64
LA: English
AB: This paper reviews available information on the nature and extent of
pesticide contamination of Australian soils, surface water, and groundwaters.
Published studies on the fate and behaviour of pesticides in Australian soils are
reviewed, covering the key processes controlling the fate and behaviour of
pesticides in soils, namely sorption-desorption, degradation (biological and
abiotic), and volatilization in soil and their off-site transport into surface and
groundwaters. Some management options for minimizing the diffuse source
pollution of soils and waters by pesticides and remediation of contaminated
soils and water were discussed. The review concludes that contamination of
soils and water with pesticides has occurred in Australia and there is a need to
understand the behaviour of pesticides in the soil environment to develop
management practices to minimize any adverse impact on the environment in
future..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19981915501
in CAB Abstracts 1998.
38 TI: McLendons Creek Watershed water quality assessment and management.
AU: Jennings,-G-D; Harman,-W-A; McLaughlin,-R-A; Carter,-T-A; Clinton,D-R; Woerner,-N-J
SO: Paper-American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers. 1997; ( 972197): 6
pp.
PB: St Joseph, USA: American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE).
LA: English
AB: The title watershed in North Carolina, USA, is the site of a 3-year project
funded by US EPA to reduce non-point source pollution in surface water.
Objectives of the project were to: (1) improve stream water quality currently
degraded by sediment and nutrients from agricultural and urban land uses; (2)
demonstrate effective best management practices (BMPs) including nutrient
management, waste management, livestock exclusion, vegetative bank
stabilization, and stream channel geometry modification; and (3) evaluate
through monitoring the effectiveness of implemented BMPs..
PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article
AN: 19971912895
in CAB Abstracts 1997.
39 TI: BRADSS: a decision support system for nutrient management in beef
ranch operations.
AU: Fraisse,-C-W; Campbell,-K-L
SO: Paper-American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers. 1997; ( 973035): 14
pp.
PB: St Joseph, USA: American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE).
LA: English
AB: A Beef Ranch Decision Support System (BRADSS) was developed as a
tool for creating alternative pasture management plans and evaluating the
effects of such plans on surface and groundwater quality degradation.
BRADSS utilized a GIS (geographic information systems)-based interface to
develop field-level management plans, run the FHANTM v2.0 water quality
model, and analyse the results obtained by means of tabular reports, daily
time-series graphs, and thematic maps. Summary information regarding the
ranch management could then be transferred to the economic analysis
spreadsheet model to estimate impacts of this management on the profitability
of the ranch. BRADSS was designed to allow the user a site-specific
investigation of the water quality impacts resulting from field management
practices. BRADSS runs on SUN SPARC stations using the ARC/INFO GIS
software..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19971912715
in CAB Abstracts 1997.
40 TI: Evaluation of pollution reduction scenarios in a river basin: application of
long term water quality simulations.
AU: Demuynck,-C; Bauwens,-W; Pauw,-N-de; Dobbelaere,-I; Poelman,-E
SO: Water-Science-and-Technology. 1997; 35(9): 65-75
LA: English
AB: Because of stricter environmental regulations for surface water quality in
Flanders, Belgium, large efforts are made for the construction of sewers and
water treatment plants. The present methodology to determine the necessary
pollutant load reductions is based on the combination of simple mass
balances, the 90-percentile discharge and neglects the self-purification capacity
of the surface water. This method is very easy to apply but offers little
guarantee that the goals set will be met. A methodology is proposed to
evaluate water quality based on dynamic modelling. This methodology is
illustrated by means of a case study on the river Dender. Continuous and
simultaneous measurements in 3 places along the river were used to calibrate
and validate the model. Continuous simulations over a period of four years
guaranteed that, in contrast with traditional event type simulations, most
discharge and hydrometeorological conditions are taken into account.
Attention was given to the occurrence of extreme events. These events will
determine the global ecological condition of the river. CDF-curves
(Concentrated-Duration-Frequency) make it possible to gain insight in the
duration and the frequency of occurrence of events with inadmissible
concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia. Besides simulations taking
into account the present loads, different pollutant abatement strategies were
analysed and compared. The applied methodology offers the possibility to
evaluate the impact of different strategies and to locate present and future
problems..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19971908155
in CAB Abstracts 1997.
41 TI: Regional water balance as a tool for water management in developing
countries.
AU: Binder,-C; Schertenleib,-R; Diaz,-J; Bader,-H-P; Baccini,-P
SO: International-Journal-of-Water-Resources-Development. 1997; 13(1): 520
LA: English
AB: The method of material flux analysis was applied, for the early
recognition of environmental problems, in an urban region in Colombia. With
sensitivity analysis monitoring points were developed to attain 'early
recognition' concerning changes in water quality and quantity in this region.
Using the scenario technique it was shown that, owing to the low dilution
capacity for sewage in the region, surface water cannot reach the quality of
water in a natural state even if technical measures used in industrialized
countries are taken..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19971905232
in CAB Abstracts 1997.
42 TI: Public perception and water quality management.
AU: House,-M-A
ED: Ballay,-D; Asano,-T; Bhamidimarri,-R; Chin,-KK; Grabow,-WOK; Hall,ER; Ohgaki,-S; Orhon,-D; Milburn,-A; Purdon,-CD; Nagle,-PT
SO: Water-Science-and-Technology. 1996; 34(12): 25-32
LA: English
AB: The visual and odorous characteristics of the environment tend to be those
which have the greatest impact upon the public's assessment of environmental
quality. In many cases the public's perception of water quality may be based
entirely on these aesthetic aspects of a water environment. Those responsible
for the management of surface water quality recognise the need to apply a
range of management strategies including a consideration of the public's
perception of water quality and the impact of this upon their use of rivers and
beaches for recreation and amenity. This paper reports upon the results from a
recent investigation into the impact of sewage derived litter on perceived water
and environmental quality..
PT: Journal-article
AN: 19971804019
in CAB Abstracts 1997.
43 TI: Integrated water resources management in Taiwan: An example of the
Tanshui River Basin.
AU: Hsu-ShiangKueen
SO: Regional-seminar-on-integrated-river-basin-management,-vol-2Proceedings-of-a-conference-held-in-Malacca,-Malaysia,-2-5-September1996. 1996; 3.2.1-12
PB: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: MANCID, Department of Irrigation and
Drainage.
LA: English
AB: The current challenges facing regional water resource management in
Taiwan comprise flooding, river pollution and water shortage. The paper
describes strategic planning that was developed as a response using the
Tanshui River Basin as an example. The following tasks were carried out to
enable the planning to take place: (i) improvement of reservoir rule curves; (ii)
development of a rainfall-runoff model to assist flood warning and, flood
control operations; (ii) development of water quality models for reservoirs and
rivers; (iv) development of an optimisation model for efficient water transfers;
(v) implementation of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater
resources..
PT: Conference-paper
AN: 19971904521
in CAB Abstracts 1997.
44 TI: Soil as a waste management system. Restraints imposed by persistent
constituents.
AU: Haan,-F-A-M-de; Zee,-S-E-A-T-M-van-der
ED: Haan,-F-A-M-de; Visser-Reyneveld,-M-I
SO: Soil-pollution-and-soil-protection. 1996; 271-289
PB: Wageningen, Netherlands: International Training Centre (PHLO),
Wageningen Agricultural University.
LA: English
AB: Some aspects of reactions in soil of N, P and K from wastes are briefly
discussed and possible adverse consequences for environmental quality are
considered. Special attention is given to the presence of persistent constituents
(especially heavy metals) which impose limitations to waste usage and to
measures to protect the soil, groundwater and surface waters..
PT: Book-chapter
IB: 9067544698
AN: 19971902926
in CAB Abstracts 1997.