Particulates
Partner name
Contract number
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Page
AVL
2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
1(12)
Author
Date (DD-MMM-200X)
Document type
Document/file name
Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
12-Month Progress Report
Third Year
PARTICULATES
AVL List GmbH
by
Theodor Sams
AVL (P4)
Particulates
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2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
2(12)
Author
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
Abstract
This ’12-month report’ summarises the activities carried out during the third year of the
PARTICULATES project and covers the period between April 2002 and March 2003. AVL is
involved in work packages (WP’s) 100, 400, 500 and 600. The main contribution of AVL is to
measure the particulates size distribution of EU III, EU IV and EUV suitable HDV-engines.
During the third project year the WP’s 100, 500 and 600 have been under treatment. Within
WP 100 AVL has been active in project management and co-ordination.
The task of WP 500 was an investigation of the influence of engine technology, fuel quality
and after-treatment on particulate emissions on heavy duty engines. Furthermore a definition
of the exhaust aerosol properties which will be examined and evaluation of the available
measurement instruments and techniques. The final report, currently under finalisation,
describes the work done regarding to the kind of test engines and engine set up, test cycles
with test procedure and test fuels.
Project progress
The project plan in figure 1 shows the contributions of AVL to the PARTICULATES project.
These activities refer to the work packages WP 100, WP 400, WP 500 and WP 600.
Figure 1: Project time schedule, status may 2003
AVL (P4)
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2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
3(12)
Author
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
WP 100;
Task 120: Specific project management
Subtask 123: Preparation of schemes necessary for the evaluation of the results achieved in
the working packages, mobilisation of experts, assignment of tasks etc is finished.
Work carried out as planned in the third 12 month is input to WP 500 and WP 600.
WP 500;
Task 520: Test on Heavy Duty vehicles and engines
Investigation of EU III production engine has been performed and finished as planed.
Task 540: Investigation of advanced engine concepts and after-treatment effects
Investigation of EU IV and EU V prototype Diesel engines with aftertreatment systems as
mentioned below has been performed and finished as planed.
WP 600;
Task 610: Set up of a common data base and statistical analysis
Transformation of all measuring data to the common data base has been finished, the
analysis of results is ongoing and will be finished till end of June (project prolongation till end
of September).
Test Programme
The tested engines fulfilling the European EU III, EU IV and EU V legislations are:
-
EU 3 serial HDDE
without aftertreatment system
-
EU 4 prototype HDDE with engine exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and a continuos
regeneration trap (CRT-System)
-
EU 5 prototype HDDE with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) / without Particulate
AVL (P4)
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2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
4(12)
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
The tested fuel/engine combinations are:
Fuel
Engine
D-6
300ppm S
D-2
300ppm S
D-3
50ppm S
D-4
10ppm S
D-5
S. Class 1
D-7
5 % RME
EU III






EU IV




EU V




Figure 2: Tested fuels and engines
The tests were performed according to the sequence shown in figure 3:
Test Sequence
Warm-up
(Road load + 0,5 h full load, rated
speed)
Dummy ESC
 ESC
Measurements

ETC + TrDMPS

ETC + TrDMPS
WP 300 protocol
Regulated gaseous and PM emissions
NH3 on EU-5 only







Extended Steady States
ECE R-49 Mode 2
ESC Mode 5
ESC Mode 12
Road load, speed 50/50 A/C
25% load, speed A-10%
50% load, 50% speed
WP 300 protocol
Regulated gaseous and PM emissions
(WP 300 protocol).
SMPS in place of CPC to provide size
distribution on wet branch
NOTE : For SMPS measurements at all
extended steady state conditions
 Stabilise engine, temperatures, gaseous
emissions
 Run series of 2 minute SMPS scans
 Stop after 3 stable SMPS scans are
achieved
PAH and Aldehyde measurements at modes 5
and 12 only (1 fuel block only)


Change of fuel
Cleaning of equipment
Figure 3: Test sequence for each fuel
AVL (P4)
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2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
5(12)
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Document type
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
This test sequence was repeated three times for each fuel/engine combination according to
an well defined and agreed plan, figure 4:
Test Block
Euro-3
1
D-2
1
D-3
1
D-5
1
D-4
1
D-6
1
D-7
2
D-5+ R*
2
D-4+ R*
2
D-2+ R*
2
D-6+ R*
2
D-3+ R*
2
D-7+ R*
3
D-6
3
D-4
3
D-3
3
D-5
3
D-2
3
D-7
R*: Reischl - TrDMPS measurements
Euro-4
D-5
D-3
D-4
D-7
Euro-5
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-7
D-4+ R*
D-5+ R*
D-3+ R*
D-7+ R*
D-5+ R*
D-3+ R*
D-4+ R*
D-7+ R*
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-7
D-4
D-5
D-3
D-7
Figure 4: Repeatition of test sequence
In all the tests, beside the engine and ambient conditions, regulated gaseous and PM
emissions including particulate measurements were measured and recorded.
The following special measurement devices were used:











Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)
Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI)
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)
Diffusion Charger (DC)
AVL Combustion Bench (CEB)
Particulates dilution system
AVL Smart Sampler (SPC)
Dual Differential Mobility Spectrometer (DDMPS)
Transient Differential Mobility Spectrometer (TrDMPS)
Gas Chromatography
Mass Spectroscopy
The set up of the measuring devices at the test bed is shown in figure 5.
AVL (P4)
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2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
6(12)
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
TrDMPS
DDMPS
Diluter
Thermodenude
r
Exhaust
ELPI
Secondary
Diluter
CPC
SMPS
DC
CPC
Figure 5: Set-up of measuring equipment
A assignment of engine technology, test cycle and measuring equipment is shown in figure
6.
Test cycle
Measurement Equipment
Particuates:
AVL Smart Sampler
DDMPS
TrDMS
ELPI
SMPS
DC
CPC
ESC
ETC
Extended
Steady State









EU 4, 5 
EU 4, 5 
EU 4, 5 


EU 4, 5 
EU 3 overflow
Gaseous emissions:
AVL-Combustion Emission Bench
Aldehydes:
Gas Chrom. - Mass Spectroscopy
PAH:
Gas Chrom. - Mass Spectros.
NH3:
MS: Mass Spectroscopy



Modes 5, 12

Modes 5, 12

EU 5

EU 5

EU 5

Figure 6: Summary of measurements performed
AVL (P4)
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2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
7(12)
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
Tested Engines
AVL carried out measurements on three engine types:
EU III serial production engine:
SCANIA DC12
Total Displacement
Max. Torque
Max. Power
FIE
DI / TCI 6-cyl. In-line Diesel engine
11.7 Litre
2019 Nm at 1200 rpm
300 kW at 1800 rpm
Bosch - Unit injector
Figure 7: EU III production engine specification
ESC / EU III
Average
D-2
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-6
D-7
ETC / EU III
Average
D-2
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-6
D-7
NOX
HC
CO
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.5
5.1
5.0
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.31
0.27
0.25
[g/kWh]
0.43
0.43
0.42
0.48
0.42
0.42
PM
BSFC
0.068
0.063
0.059
0.049
0.068
0.060
208.5
208.5
208.2
206.6
209.9
209.6
NOX
HC
CO
PM
BSFC
5.4
5.5
5.5
4.9
5.7
5.4
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.36
0.31
0.29
[g/kWh]
0.98
1.07
0.96
0.77
1.12
0.99
0.090
0.085
0.081
0.066
0.092
0.089
208.2
208.1
208.2
206.4
209.6
209.3
e
P
-
[kW]
162.1
162.0
162.2
156.8
162.5
161.8
e
P
-
[kW]
107.3
107.6
107.7
102.9
108.0
107.4
Figure 8: EU III engine: Average global test results for the tested fuels
AVL (P4)
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2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
8(12)
Author
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Document type
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
A comparison of the results of particulate analysis to the both other investigated
engines is shown in parts in the following topic Results.
EU IV AVL prototype engine:
AVL Prototype
Total Displacement
Max. Torque
Max. Power
FIE
EGR
Exhaust Aftertreatment
DI / TCI 6-cyl. In-line Diesel engine
10.64 Litre
1865 Nm at 1200 rpm
300 kW at 1900 rpm
Delphi -Advanced unit injector
External cooled EGR system, generation by check valves
CRT
Figure 9: EU IV prototype engine specification
The following tables show the final results in the European Stationary Cycle (ESC) and the
European Transient Cycle for each fuel of the EU IV engine. The shown results are the
average of the three test blocks.
ESC / EU IV
Average
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-7
ETC / EU IV
Average
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-7
NOX
HC
CO
2.8
2.9
2.5
2.9
0.008
0.007
0.010
0.007
[g/kWh]
0.039
0.039
0.040
0.041
0.010
0.009
0.007
0.009
220.8
219.9
218.4
220.8
NOX
HC
CO
PM
BSFC
0.014
0.010
0.012
0.009
[g/kWh]
0.231
0.108
0.040
0.067
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.6
PM
0.011
0.007
0.006
0.007
BSFC
225.5
223.3
224.0
229.4
e
P
-
[kW]
153.0
154.2
149.7
153.6
e
P
-
[kW]
100.4
96.8
96.8
100.3
Figure 10: EU IV engine: Average global test results for the tested fuels
AVL (P4)
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AVL
2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
9(12)
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
EU IV AVL prototype engine:
AVL Prototype
Total Displacement
Max. Torque
Max. Power
FIE
Exhaust Aftertreatment
DI / TCI 6-cyl. In-line Diesel engine
11.7 Litre
1894 Nm at 1300 rpm
300 kW at 1800 rpm
Bosch - Unit injector
SCR with Urea – water - solution
Figure 9: EU V prototype engine specification
The same fuel specification which have been used for the EU IV engine has been tested on
the SCANIA DC 12. This 12lt. AVL test engine has been equipped with a party of catalyst for
an effective NOX reduction to reach the European legislative EU V :
In the European Stationary Cycle (ESC) and the European Transient Cycle (ETC) all five test
fuels were tested in three blocks. The average of the results are shown in the tables below:
ESC / EU V
Average
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-7
ETC / EU V
Average
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-7
NOX
HC
CO
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.2
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
[g/kWh]
0.068
0.088
0.095
0.078
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.012
196.9
197.0
195.1
197.9
NOX
HC
CO
PM
BSFC
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
[g/kWh]
0.079
0.071
0.101
0.086
2.4
2.3
1.8
2.6
PM
0.018
0.017
0.013
0.015
BSFC
198.8
198.8
197.0
202.4
e
P
-
[kW]
155.1
155.1
150.7
154.8
e
P
-
[kW]
96.7
96.9
93.7
96.5
Figure 12: EU V engine: Average global test results for the tested fuels
Preparation of Test Results
The results for the heavy duty truck measurements have been prepared according to the
agreed format as shown in figure 13. Enclosed to the final excel sheet LLExport are macros
for excel pictures to make it very easy to get a good comparison and overview. Only a few
examples of results will be shown in this report.
AVL (P4)
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AVL
2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
10(12)
Author
Date (DD-MMM-200X)
Document type
Document/file name
Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
PUMA
Raw Data sheets
LLVVxxxx.xls
DC
ELPI
ELPI
SMPS
LLExport.xls
LLVV.xls
CPC
SMPS
CVS
CPC
DDMPS
TrDMPS
Smart Sampler
PM Measurement
Figure 13: Diagram of test data structur
Example of Test Results
The following figures show as an example the particulate concentration in numbers/kWh for
the ESC test cycle
-
for EU III, EU IV, EU V engine
-
measured with various devices, ELPI, SMPS and DDMPS
-
various fuels.
The figures point out the influence of engine technology, the repeatability of such
measurements, the influence of fuel quality and the influence of measuring system.
AVL (P4)
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AVL
2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
11(12)
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Document type
Document/file name
Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
EU lll / ESC / ELPI / total
1,E+16
N/kWh
1,E+15
1,E+14
1,E+13
1,E+12
D2
D2
D2
D3
D3
D3
D4
D4
D4
D5
D5
D5
D6
D6
D6
D7
D7
D7
D5
D6
D6
D6
D7
D7
D7
D5
D6
D6
D6
D7
D7
D7
Fuel
EU lll / ESC / DDMPS / total
1,E+16
N/KWh
1,E+15
1,E+14
1,E+13
1,E+12
D2
D2
D2
D3
D3
D3
D4
D4
D4
D5
D5
Fuel
EU lll / ESC / SMPS / total
1,E+16
N/kWh
1,E+15
1,E+14
1,E+13
1,E+12
D2
D2
D2
D3
D3
D3
D4
D4
D4
D5
D5
Fuel
Figure 14: EU III engine; Comparison of results with various measuring systems
AVL (P4)
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2000-RD.11091
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12(12)
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
EU IV / ESC / ELPI / total
1,E+16
N/kWh
1,E+15
1,E+14
1,E+13
1,E+12
1,E+11
1,E+10
1,E+09
D3
D3
D3
D4
D4
D4
D5
D5
D5
D7
D7
D7
D5
D7
D7
D7
D5
D7
D7
D7
Fuel
EU lV / ESC / DDMPS / total
1,E+16
N/kWh
1,E+15
1,E+14
1,E+13
1,E+12
1,E+11
1,E+10
1,E+09
D3
D3
D3
D4
D4
D4
D5
D5
Fuel
EU IV / ESC / SMPS / total
1,E+16
N/kWh
1,E+15
1,E+14
1,E+13
1,E+12
1,E+11
1,E+10
1,E+09
D3
D3
D3
D4
D4
D4
D5
D5
Fuel
Figure 15: EU IV engine; Comparison of results with various measuring systems
AVL (P4)
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2000-RD.11091
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13(12)
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
N/kWh
EU V / ESC / ELPI / total
1,E+16
1,E+15
1,E+14
1,E+13
1,E+12
1,E+11
1,E+10
1,E+09
1,E+08
D3
D3
D3
D4
D4
D4
D5
D5
D5
D7
D7
D7
D5
D7
D7
D7
D5
D7
D7
D7
Fuel
N/kWh
EU V / ESC / DDMPS / total
1,E+16
1,E+15
1,E+14
1,E+13
1,E+12
1,E+11
1,E+10
1,E+09
1,E+08
D3
D3
D3
D4
D4
D4
D5
D5
Fuel
N/kWh
EU V / ESC / SMPS / total
1,E+16
1,E+15
1,E+14
1,E+13
1,E+12
1,E+11
1,E+10
1,E+09
1,E+08
D3
D3
D3
D4
D4
D4
D5
D5
Fuel
Figure 16: EU V engine; Comparison of results with various measuring systems
AVL (P4)
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AVL
2000-RD.11091
GRD1-1999-11036
14(12)
Author
Date (DD-MMM-200X)
Document type
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Theodor Sams
4-June-2003
12-month report
Conclusions
The AVL activities in essence are according to plan.
-
The measurements were finished on December 2002,
-
the data preparation an analysis has been finished,
-
the final report is under preparation and will be finished mid of June,
-
the prototype engines fulfil EU IV and EU V emission standards
-
the repeatability of measurements is satisfying
-
the influence of engine technology can be assessed
-
the influence of fuel quality can be assessed
-
the influence of load conditions can be assessed
many of the used particulate size distribution measuring systems are not at a serial
production level, to use them as standard measuring devices the handling has to be
simplified.
-
AVL (P4)