The Particle Theory
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Anything around us and in the entire universe can be classified as either matter
on energy.
The Particle Theory of Matter:
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1. Matter is made up of tiny particles (Atoms & Molecules)
2. Particles of Matter are in constant motion.
3. Particles of Matter are held together by very strong electric forces
4. There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very
large compared to the particles themselves.
5. Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles
of other substances
6. Temperature affects the speed of the particles. The higher the
temperature, the faster the speed of the particles.
The particle theory of matter explains the following scientific phenomena:
Pure substance are homogeneous (one phase - one unique kind of
particle)
2. Physical Changes - Melting, Evaporation, Sublimation, Dissolving.....
3. Characteristic Physical Properties - Density, Viscosity, Electrical &
Thermal Conductivity
1.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
B.
Properties: Information about a substance that describe it and that helps us
identify it.
Characteristic Physical Properties - are physical properties that can be used to identify a
substance because they never change. Example: The density of water is always 1.00
g/mL at room temperature.
C.
States of Matter
1.SOLID STATE
Solid State
Examples:
rubber, iron, ice,
chalk
Particles of a typical solid
Particles of solids are
held in place by strong
electrostatic
forces and are densely
packed together.
Particles of solids
vibrate constantly due
to their internal energy
but they cannot move
from one place to
another. Particles of
solids possess only
vibrational energy.
2. LIQUID STATE
Particles of liquids are
kept together by
forces of attraction
that are weaker than
those of solid
particles. Within the
walls of the container
they can move from
Liquid State:
place to place
Examples:
bumping into the sides
alcohol, gasoline, oil,
of the container and
water
into other particles.
This type of energy is
called
Particles of a typical liquid
translational energy.
(What could the two different types This energy gives a
of particles indicate?)
liquid the ability to
flow and be poured
and to spread when a
liquid is spilled. Liquid
particles also have
vibrational energy.
3. GAS STATE
Gaseous State:
Examples: air,
natural gas, carbon
dioxide, steam
D.
Particles of gases are
"more rarefied" than
either liquids or
solids. This means
that the forces of
attraction that hold
them together are very
weak and that the
spaces between them
are much larger than
the spaces between
solid and liquid
particles. Particles of
gases can move from
Brownian Motion demonstrating
place to place within a
possible motion of tiny solids
container bumping
particles suspended in air (a gas)
and indirectly showing the motion of against the walls of
the container and
particles of gases.
against other particles.
They rotate and
vibrate at the same
time. Particles of
gases have rotational,
translational and
vibrational energy.
This explains why they
can escape from a
container very easily
and they can put
pressure on the side
of the container
(example a balloon or
a tire).
Physical Properties of Each State:
PROPERTY
shape
SOLID
fixed
volume
definite
LIQUID
same as container
(indefinite)
definite
no
very slightly
yes
very slightly
ability to flow
can be compressed
GAS
same as container
(indefinite)
fills entire container
(indefinite)
yes
yes
volume change with
heating
E.
very small
small
large
Describing Matter
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F.
Intensive Properties: properties that do not depend on the amount of matter.
Some examples are: colour, odour, density, melting point
Extensive Properties: properties that do depend on the amount of matter. Some
examples are: mass and volume
Characteristic Physical: Properties: properties that are unique for each substance
and are used to identify the substance itself.
How to Describe Matter (Qualitative & Quantitative Observations)
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G.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Physical State: solid, liquid, gas.
Colour:
green, blue, yellow, black, reddish-brown, etc.
Odour:
odourless, flowery, spicy, nauseating, etc.
Clarity:
clear, cloudy, opaque.
Luster:
shiny, dull.
Form:
regular (crystalline), irregular (amorphous)
Texture:
how does it feel? fine, coarse, smooth, waxy, etc.
Hardness:
can it be scratched easily? scale from 1-10
(e.g. talcum powder-1, diamond-10)
9. Brittleness:
can it break apart or shatter easily? brittle or flexible
10. Malleability: can it be bent and folded into different shapes?
malleable or non-malleable
11. Ductility:
can it be stretched out into a long wire? ductile or
non-ductile
12. Viscosity: can the substance flow? viscous or non-viscous
Chemical Properties:
Properties of a substance that we observe when it reacts or does not react with other
substances
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iron rusts in moist air, gold does not
hydrogen burns in oxygen, but nitrogen does not
zinc reacts with acid, but glass does not
Physical & Chemical Changes
Definition
Physical Change
 No new substance
is produced
 Substance remains
the same even with
Chemical Change
 Final substance is
substantially
different than initial
substance
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Properties
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a change of state
May require
addition of energy
Release of energy
may occur
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Outside may look
different
Inside remains the
same
Particles may be
rearranged
Forces of attraction
between particles
may be weaker or
stronger
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Examples
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Mixing sugar and
water
Ice melts into water
Solid wax ==>
Liquid wax
CHANGES OF STATES OF MATTER
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New substance is
always produced
Energy is usually
released but may be
required to get the
change going
A new substance is
produced
The particles of the
new substance do
not resemble those
of the old substance
Internally, the
substance produced
is different than the
old substances
Vinegar and baking
soda mix to form
carbon dioxide
Hydrochloric acid
reacts with
magnesium metal to
form hydrogen gas
When a state of matter gains or looses heat it undergoes a change.