7 MEMORY Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Entering information into a computer by typing letters on a keyboard is much like information entering the memory system A) through short-term memory. B) by encoding it into long-term memory. C) through the sensory receptors. D) by retrieving it from short-term memory. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 235 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 2. In order to be stored in short-term memory, information must be A) decoded. B) retrieved. C) encoded. D) consolidated. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 235 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 3. The stage theory of memory states that memory is A) a system based on how deep information is processed. B) a system of three memory stages. C) dependent on synaptic facilitation. D) a system dependent on the developmental level of the individual. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 235 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 4. The concept of short-term memory being distinct and separate from long-term memory is an integral part of A) Bartlett’s reconstructive (schema) theory. B) Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model. C) Collins and Loftus’ spreading activation model. D) Atkinson and Shiffrin’s stage theory. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 235 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 5. Which of the following is a true statement, according to the stage theory of memory? A) Information must first be rehearsed, and then it is attended to. B) Information must first be attended to, and then it is encoded. C) Information must first be encoded, and then it is sensed. D) Information must first be attended to, and then it is sensed. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 235 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 6. According to the stage theory of memory, information entering the memory system must first enter A) short-term memory. B) the sensory register. C) long-term memory. D) working memory. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 235 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 7. The concept of the sensory register is an integral part of the A) spreading activation model of memory. B) levels of processing model of memory. C) stage theory of memory. D) reconstructive memory model. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 235 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 8. Imagine that you take a photograph of a room. What is captured in the photograph would be analogous to A) storage in a sensory register. B) encoding in short-term memory. C) encoding in working memory. D) retrieval from long-term memory. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 235 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 9. Which stage of memory has the most time-limited storage capacity? A) long-term memory B) short-term memory C) working memory D) sensory memory Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 235 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 10. If you do not pay attention to information in a sensory register, how long will the information be retained? A) less than a second for all types of information B) 15 to 30 seconds for all types of information C) less than a second for visual information and a few seconds for auditory information D) 5 seconds for visual information and 15 to 20 seconds for skin information Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 235, 236 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 11. An important difference between visual information in the sensory register and auditory information in the sensory register is that the auditory information A) has a smaller storage capacity. B) can be held longer than visual information. C) cannot be held as long as visual information. D) is limited to about seven pieces. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 235, 236 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 12. In most cases, visual information is retained for about A) 1 second B) 2 seconds C) 4 seconds D) ¼ of a second Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 237 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 13. An “echo” of which type of sensory information is retained in the sensory register for up to four seconds? A) auditory B) tactile C) visual D) olfactory Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 237 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 14. George Sperling flashed three rows each containing four letters on a screen and asked participants to recall the letters in one of the rows. What were the results of this study? A) Participants could remember 1 to 2 letters from any row. B) Participants could remember 3 to 4 letters from any row. C) Participants could remember the letters from the first row only. D) Participants could remember to 4 letters from any row if they were told which row to remember within a fraction of a second after the presentation. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 236 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 15. George Sperling flashed three rows each containing four letters on a screen and asked participants to recall the letters in one of the rows. What were the conclusions from this study? A) The sensory register has a capacity of 1 to 2 items. B) Short term memory has a capacity of 3 to 4 items. C) Participants can only process a few items in the short time the stimuli were available. D) Information is lost very quickly from the sensory register. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 236 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 16. Which of the following statements is true of the sensory register? A) Auditory information fades more quickly than visual information. B) The sensory register has limited storage capacity. C) Most of the information in the sensory register is transferred to long-term memory. D) The sensory register can absorb much more information than can be retained. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 236 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 17. Once we focus on the relevant bits of information in the sensory register, they get transferred to A) another sensory register. B) short-term memory. C) permanent memory. D) long-term memory. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 236 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 18. Visual information in the sensory register will be saved if A) it is rehearsed. B) you keep your eyes open. C) you pay attention to it. D) it is preceded by auditory feedback. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 236 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 19. Information can be “renewed” in short-term memory through the process of A) masking. B) chunking. C) rehearsal. D) encoding. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 236 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 20. After hearing a telephone number, most people who do not rehearse the number will forget it within A) a few seconds. B) 30 seconds or less. C) 2 to 4 minutes. D) a few hours. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 236 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 21. When Lloyd and Margaret Peterson (1959) asked participants to remember combinations of three consonants, they demonstrated which of the following about short-term memory? A) Rehearsal increases storage capacity. B) Rehearsal decreases storage capacity. C) When prevented from rehearsing, people quickly lose information in short-term memory. D) None o these is true. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 237 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 22. For storage in short-term memory, humans generally transform information into A) acoustic codes. B) visual codes. C) semantic codes. D) gustatory codes. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 237 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 23. Our preference is to store information in short-term memory as A) tastes. B) sounds. C) sights. D) smells. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 237 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 24. Which of the following observations supports the claim that short-term memories are frequently represented as acoustic codes? A) If you are trying to retain information in short-term memory, you tend to rehearse it over and over. B) Most people have better acoustic memory than visual memory. C) People tend to make acoustic “mistakes” when they encode in short-term memory. D) People use language to organize information in the brain. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 237 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 25. George Miller’s “magic number” is A) 7 plus or minus 3 B) 7 plus or minus 2 C) 9 plus or minus 3 D) 9 plus or minus 2 Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 237 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 26. What is the storage capacity of short-term memory? A) 30 to 60 seconds B) 5 to 9 items C) 1 to 2 hours D) 7 to 15 items Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 237 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 27. Rosa forgot to study for her history test. Right before the test, she quickly looks at the list of 20 dates on which she will be tested. As the test is handed out, she quickly writes down the dates she is able to remember. How many dates will Rosa remember? A) about 7 dates B) about 12 dates C) the last 3 dates on the list D) the first 3 dates on the list Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 237 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 28. Short-term memory also serves as our as A) sensory memory. B) working memory. C) long-term memory. D) semantic memory. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 238 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 29. Which of the following is true of short-term memory? A) It is difficult to search short-term memory for specific memories. B) Space in short-term memory is taken up by thinking. C) Information is stored in short-term memory in terms of its meaning. D) We easily lose information from short-term memory if we do not encode it. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 237, 238 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 30. While talking on the phone, you notice your cat heading for an expensive vase on the end table. You race to retrieve the cat, and when you return to the phone, you have no idea what you were talking about. Why did you forget? A) You experienced proactive interference. B) When you turned your attention to the cat, the phone conversation was replaced with new information. C) The phone conversation was a cue-dependent memory. D) The phone conversation was a mood-congruent memory. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 239 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 31. What happens when we try to remember something in short-term memory? A) We examine every item in short-term memory. B) It usually just “comes to us.” C) We use cues. D) This speeds up our memory loss. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 238 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 32. If you organize the number “23571113” as the prime numbers “235-71-113,” you are improving your short-term memory retention by taking advantage of A) spreading activation. B) the serial position effect. C) chunking. D) maintenance rehearsal. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 238 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 33. Instead of mentally representing the digits 1298 as “one, two, nine, and eight,” they can be represented as twelve and ninety-eight. What is this process called? A) consolidation B) chunking C) reconstruction D) relearning Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 238 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 34. Matthew is shown a list of the 12 cranial nerves. Twenty seconds later, he can list them all and in the correct order. Matthew most likely A) rehearsed the list at least six times. B) related each nerve to something meaningful in his life. C) is a strong auditory learner. D) chunked the list into meaningful groups. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 238, 239 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 35. Instead of mentally representing the letters I R S A M A A P A as individual letters, you quickly arrange them as “IRS,” “AMA,” and “APA.” You have just used A) elaborative rehearsal. B) chunking. C) serial processing. D) consolidation. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 238, 239 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 36. Of the following, the best way to expand the amount of material one can store in short-term memory is to A) visualize the spelling of each word. B) repeat the material over and over. C) rest momentarily before trying to recall it. D) organize the material into chunks. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 238, 239 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 37. Imagine that you are playing with your dog. You throw the dog a small red ball. He catches it in his mouth and dashes to another room where he hides it in his favorite hiding place. When he returns, you tell him, “Bring me the ball.” He leaves and returns with the ball in his mouth. If you apply this example to the stage theory of memory, your dog hiding the ball in his favorite place would be analogous to A) storage in a sensory register. B) retrieval from short-term memory. C) encoding in working memory. D) storage in long-term memory. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 239 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 38. Imagine that you are playing with your dog. You throw the dog a small red ball. He catches it in his mouth and dashes to another room where he hides it in his favorite hiding place. When he returns, you tell him, “Bring me the ball.” He leaves and returns with the ball in his mouth. If you apply this example to stage theory of memory, your dog bringing you the ball from its hiding place would be analogous to A) retrieval from a sensory register. B) encoding in long-term memory. C) encoding in working memory. D) retrieval from long-term memory. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 239 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 39. When you file your dental insurance correspondence in a folder marked “Financial: Insurance” and then file the folder alphabetically among hundreds of other folders, you are using a system most analogous to A) the sensory registers. B) short-term memory. C) long-term memory. D) chunking. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 239 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 40. Most long-term memories are stored as A) either visual or auditory sensations. B) auditory codes. C) visual codes. D) semantic codes. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 239 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 41. Material is usually stored in long-term memory according to A) level of rote rehearsal. B) surface structure. C) sound. D) meaning. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 239 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 42. Although controversial, it has been suggested that memories held in long-term memory last A) for 5 to 10 years. B) until they are replaced by new memories. C) for life. D) for several years. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 239 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 43. What happens when we try to remember something in long-term memory? A) We examine every item in long-term memory. B) It usually just “comes to us.” C) We use cues. D) This speeds up our memory loss. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 239 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 44. It has been suggested that “forgetting” in long-term memory is largely due to A) motivated forgetting. B) retrieval failure. C) decay. D) displacement. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 240 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 45. Encoding in short-term memory is generally ____________, while encoding in long-term memory is generally ____________. A) visual; acoustic B) episodic; procedural C) acoustic; semantic D) semantic; episodic Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 239 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 46. In short-term memory, forgetting occurs when information is not ____________; in long-term memory, forgetting occurs because information cannot be ____________. A) retrieved; rehearsed B) rehearsed; retrieved C) indexed; chunked D) relevant; retained Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 239, 240 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 47. Short-term memories are generally processed in the A) hippocampus. B) thalamus. C) frontal lobes. D) occipital and temporal lobes. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 240 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 48. Information in long-term memory is first integrated in the ____________ and then is transferred for permanent storage. A) sensory registers B) thalamus C) hippocampus D) frontal lobes Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 240 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 49. Memory for skills and other procedures is referred to as ____________ memory. A) episodic B) short-term C) procedural D) semantic Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 240 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 50. When you remember how DNA replicates in the nucleus of a cell, what type of memory is that? A) episodic B) short-term C) procedural D) semantic Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 240 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 51. You accurately remember your first day of kindergarten and can recall what your classroom looked like. This is an example of A) procedural memory. B) schema memory. C) semantic memory. D) episodic memory. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 240 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 52. The memory of a particular event at a specific time in your life is a(n) A) semantic memory. B) episodic memory. C) procedural memory. D) reconstructed memory. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 240 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 53. Memory for which of the following is an example of an episodic memory? A) steps for driving a stick shift B) events that happened on your first date C) names of the counties in your state D) details of your daughter’s face Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 240 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 54. Which of the following is the best example of procedural memory? A) fondly recalling sitting on your grandmother’s lap B) remembering when the neighbor’s house was on fire C) remembering how to use a fork and a knife D) recalling the night your family went to the basement because of a tornado Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 240 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 55. When you store learned information from your introductory psychology course, you store the information as A) episodic memory. B) semantic memory. C) procedural memory. D) reconstructed memory. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 240 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 56. What is the major difference between declarative and procedural memory? A) Declarative memory involves skill performance while procedural memory involves semantic meaning. B) Declarative memory involves semantic meaning while procedural memory involves episodic memory. C) Declarative memory involves memories that are easily described in words while procedural memories are demonstrated through performance. D) Declarative memories are demonstrated through performance while procedural memories are expressed in terms of experiences with time and space. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 240 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 57. Which of the following types of memories are sometimes grouped together as declarative memory? A) episodic and procedural B) semantic and procedural C) episodic and semantic D) episodic, semantic, and procedural Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 241 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 58. “Forgetting” from long-term memory is MOST likely to involve A) episodic memories. B) semantic memories. C) procedural memories. D) perceptual memories. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 240, 241 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 59. What is the advantage to a high level of organization for memories stored in long-term memory? A) It makes you less likely to distort memories on recall. B) It minimizes the possibility of decay. C) It makes retrieval more efficient. D) It minimizes the possibility of motivated forgetting. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 241 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 60. Which observation BEST supports the theory that memories in long-term storage are highly organized? A) When recalling an argument, people tend to recall their interpretation of events rather than the actual statements made. B) When recalling childhood events, people tend to forget the painful experiences and remember the pleasant ones. C) When recalling word lists, subjects tend to group related items even if they were not grouped in the original list. D) When events are too painful to remember, people tend to repress those memories. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 241 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 1. 61. The spreading activation model of memory assumes that the information in long-term memory is organized MOST like which of the following? A) an alphabetized filing system B) electrons in an atom C) flakes in a box of cereal D) a spider’s web Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 242 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 62. According to the spreading activation model, which of the following concepts is LEAST likely to be activated when you hear the word “stripes”? A) flag B) zebra C) stars D) cake Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 242 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 63. According to the spreading activation model, which of the following concepts is MOST likely to be activated when you hear the word “mouse”? A) wagon B) cheese C) bicycle D) tricycle Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 242 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 64. In the network models of memory, items become closely associated A) through personal experience with the items. B) by biological similarities. C) by their survival value. D) because they have similar acoustic or visual properties. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 242 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 65. Which of the following lists the three ways of testing of long-term memory retrieval in order from least sensitive to most sensitive for evaluating memory? A) recognition, recall, relearning B) recall, relearning, recognition C) relearning, recall, recognition D) recall, recognition, relearning Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 243 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 66. You don’t have an address and you are driving up and down the street trying to remember which house is your friend’s house. You must rely on A) recognition. B) recall. C) relearning. D) reconstruction. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 243 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 67. Your geography professor gives you a list of all the states and asks you to fill in their capital cities. What kind of memory test is this? A) reconstruction B) recall C) relearning D) recognition Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 243 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 68. Your coworker panics: “I forgot the name of our secretary! I know it’s something like Jane or Janelle, but which is it!” Your coworker is asking you to do a ____________ task. A) relearning B) reconstruction C) recall D) recognition Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 243 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 69. Your chemistry teacher gives you a list of 25 elements and asks you to circle the elements that are minerals. You are completing a A) relearning task. B) recall task. C) reconstruction task. D) recognition task. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 243 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 70. In a matching test of neurotransmitters and their functions, you must match the list of neurotransmitters (on the left) to their functions (on the right). You are completing a A) relearning task. B) serial position task. C) recognition task. D) recall task. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 243 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 71. An essay question is a A) recall task. B) reconstruction task. C) serial position task. D) recognition task. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 243 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 72. In the relearning method, researchers measure whether an individual A) learns forgotten material in less time than it took to learn the first time. B) can select an item previously seen from a list of choices. C) can recall information without any retrieval cues. D) experiences proactive interference. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 243 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 73. You cannot remember the history you learned in high school, but in college, you learn the same material in half the time. How can this be explained? A) You are using reconstructive memory. B) You are experiencing “relearning.” C) You are using recall. D) You are using recognition memory. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 243 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 74. Relearning supports the belief that A) recall tasks are easier than recognition tasks. B) recognition tasks provide more retrieval cues. C) memories stored in long-term memory are permanent. D) the order in which we memorize items is as important as the items on the list. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 243 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 75. If you memorize a list of words in order, you are more likely to remember the words at A) the beginning of the list. B) the end of the list. C) both the beginning and the end of the list. D) both the beginning and the middle of the list. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 244 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 76. If I give you a list of fifteen things to remember in order, you are MOST likely to forget A) items 6 through 10. B) items 1 through 5. C) items 11 through 15. D) items 1 through 5 and 11 through 15. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 244 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 77. The serial position effect states that memory for a list of items will be worst for those items at the A) beginning of the list. B) end of the list. C) middle of the list. D) middle and end of the list. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 244 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 78. In the serial position effect, items at the beginning of a list are recalled because they A) are still held in short-term memory. B) were rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory. C) are still being held in sensory registers. D) involve recognition, not recall. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 244 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 79. In the serial position effect, items at the end of a list are recalled because they A) are still held in short-term memory. B) were rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory. C) are still being held in sensory registers. D) involve recognition, not recall. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 244 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 80. When we experience a “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon, we generally remember about half the items we are trying to recall within A) approximately a minute. B) an hour or two. C) six to eight hours. D) a day or two. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 245 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 81. Ellis cannot remember the name of the manager who interviewed him for a job yesterday. He thinks it starts with a “G” and sounds something like “Gorgie” or “Gormet.” What is Ellis experiencing? A) retrograde amnesia B) the “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon C) the serial position effect D) motivated forgetting Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 245 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 82. In the “Tip-of-the-Tongue” Phenomenon, we often recall part of the information but have difficulty recalling the rest. Based on what you know about short-term memory, what might explain this event? A) Information is usually stored in short-term memory by meaning. B) There is a short circuit in the associative network. C) The information that sounds similar to the memory you are trying to access is interfering by occupying space in your short-term memory. D) You are experiencing mental decay. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 245 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 83. The levels of processing model suggests that short-term memories are A) processed in a different brain location than long-term memories are. B) memories that are processed in a shallow manner. C) encoded semantically while long-term memories are procedural. D) episodic memories while long-term memories are procedural memories. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 245 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 84. According to the levels of processing model, when you memorize a word, you will recall it better if you A) pair it with a rhyming word. B) spell the word several times. C) relate the word to an event in your own life. D) repeat the word over and over. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 246 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 85. In studying psychology, Aaron studies concepts by reading about them in the text, reviewing his notes, writing practice quizzes and figuring out how the concepts apply to his own life. Aaron is using a strategy called A) maintenance rehearsal. B) serial positioning. C) elaboration. D) reconstruction. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 246 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 86. The more deeply you think about the meaning of a concept, the easier it will be to retrieve the information. This strategy best supports A) the levels of processing theory. B) synaptic facilitation theory. C) schema theory. D) the stage theory of memory. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 246 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 87. According to the levels of processing model, which of the following study strategies would be most effective for improving your recall? A) Underline the material to be remembered in both your text and your notebook. B) Recite the concepts out loud over and over. C) Relate each item to some personal experience in your life. D) Think of rhymes for each word or concept. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 246 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 88. Sometimes new information gets stored in long-term memory; sometimes it does not. According to the levels of processing model, which of the following is the main determinate of whether information enters long-term memory? A) how long the information is retained in short-term memory B) how much capacity remains in long-term memory C) how quickly the information is transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory D) how well the new information is processed and encoded for memory Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 245 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 89. “Shallow processing” involves A) the encoding of superficial perceptual information. B) the encoding of meaning. C) elaborative learning. D) the memory strategies of persons with lower intellectual capabilities. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 246 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 90. Contemporary psychologists support the idea that the passage of time can cause us to forget information in A) the sensory register and long-term memory. B) the sensory register and short-term memory. C) short-term memory and long-term memory. D) long-term memory. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 248 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 91. Which mechanism of forgetting is most consistent with decay theory? A) dissolving memory traces B) interference theory C) motivated forgetting D) reconstruction theory Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 248 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 92. ____________ theory states that memory traces fade over time. A) Reconstruction B) Motivated forgetting C) Decay D) Interference Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 248 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 93. “Unused information simply fades away.” This statement summarizes the A) interference theory. B) schema theory. C) theory of motivated forgetting. D) decay theory. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 248 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 94. Interference is most likely to occur when the new and old information are A) the same. B) similar. C) moderately different. D) very different. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 248, 249 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 95. You are trying to remember the Thursday night TV lineup from last season, but you are heaving trouble. Of the following, which is MOST likely to be interfering with your memory? A) the movies you saw last year B) your friends’ phone numbers C) this season’s Thursday night TV lineup D) information about how to use a TV Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 248, 249 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 96. You studied Child and Adolescent psychology last semester. This semester, you are studying Developmental psychology. Compared to friends who only took Child and Adolescent Psychology, you notice you’re forgetting much of what you learned in Child and Adolescent psychology. What best explains your forgetting? A) decay theory B) proactive interference C) the serial position effect D) retroactive interference Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 249 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 97. A new cashier tries to learn the names of all her regular customers. At first he does very well, but as the customers keep rolling in, he finds himself calling new customers by old customers’ names. Why? A) He is experiencing proactive interference. B) He is experiencing motivated forgetting. C) As he reconstructs his memories, distortions occur. D) He is experiencing retroactive interference. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 250 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 98. Which of the following is an example of proactive interference? A) You read your watch, someone interrupts you and asks for directions, and now you can’t remember what time it is. B) The court requires that you testify against your brother, but you love your brother and suddenly can’t remember the details of the incident. C) You cannot remember the new phone number that the phone company assigned you last week. D) You keep calling your new boyfriend your old boyfriend’s name. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 249 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 99. Which of the following is an example of retroactive interference? A) You read your watch, someone interrupts you and asks for directions, and now you can’t remember what time it is. B) The court requires that you testify against your brother, but you love your brother and suddenly can’t remember the details of the incident. C) After the phone company assigned you a new telephone number, you couldn’t remember your old number. D) You keep calling your new boyfriend your old boyfriend’s name. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 250 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 100. Karla studied Spanish in high school. In college, the experience was very helpful when she took Italian. Now she speaks Italian fluently, but can’t remember much Spanish. Karla is experiencing A) motivated forgetting. B) retroactive interference. C) decay. D) proactive interference. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 250 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 101. Interference tends to confuse the retrieval process in ____________ memory and to completely knock items out of storage in ____________ memory. A) long-term; short term B) short-term; long term C) both short and long term; long term D) short term; short and long term Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 250 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 102. Reconstruction (schema) theory states that in long-term memory, we are likely to store A) the gist, or general idea of the information. B) the procedural details but not the semantic details. C) only the episodic details. D) information in vivid detail. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 250, 252 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 103. When you use the “gist” of the information to reconstruct a memory of a past event, you A) remember the general meaning of the event and fill in the missing details. B) search different memory stores to collect all the details of the event. C) you match your mood state to the memory you are trying to recall. D) you match your physical body state to the memory you are trying to recall. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 250, 252 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 104. You are trying to recall an important conversation you had with your boss three weeks ago. When you tell your friend about the conversation, what will you most likely do about any parts of the conversation that are “missing” from your memory? A) You will reconstruct them based on your schema for the conversation. B) You will simply not include them. C) You will assume those parts never existed. D) You will hope your friend does not figure you out. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 253 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 105. Which theory suggests that personal assumptions and expectations distort memories? A) Decay theory B) Reconstruction theory C) Motivated Remembering theory D) Control Gate theory Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 250 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 106. In support of schema theory, Carmichael and associates presented subjects with ambiguous drawings. Later, they were asked to recall the drawings. The subject’s recall of the drawings was A) significantly influenced by verbal labels telling them what the figures represented B) significantly influenced by elaborative rehearsal C) substantially improved if they used vivid imagery D) substantially affected by proactive interference Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 251 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 107. When drawing ambiguous figures from memory, subjects will alter the drawings to fit labels that have been assigned to the drawings. This observation lends support to A) the spreading activation model of memory. B) schema theory. C) decay theory. D) the levels of processing model of memory. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 251 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 108. Recent versions of schema theory relies on the expectation that A) meaning is better represented than episodic details in long-term memory. B) people are motivated to have some false memories. C) distortion of memories occurs gradually over time. D) memories are often unassociated from other memories. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 252 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 109. Imagine you are given the following list and asked to remember it: pencil, paper, ruler, eraser, and desk. When asked if a second list contains any items that were not in the first list, which of the following items is MOST likely to be incorrectly remembered as having been on the list? A) fish B) pants C) pen D) flower Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 252, 253 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 110. Remembering an event that did not occur or that occurred in a way that was different from the memory is referred to as a A) lie. B) decayed memory. C) false memory. D) motivated forgotten memory. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 253 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 111. According to Freud, motivated forgetting typically results from A) depression. B) dealing with unpleasant or dangerous information. C) laziness. D) being overly excited. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 254 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 112. Of the following, which level of arousal is most likely to enhance memory? A) severely negative B) strongly positive C) mildly negative D) neutral Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 254 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 113. Victims of sexual molestation sometimes cannot remember having been violated. This observation supports Freud’s idea of A) proactive interference. B) memory decay. C) motivated forgetting. D) retroactive interference. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 254 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 114. Salita and Josef are in a miserable relationship where each is extremely hurtful to the other. However, when asked about their disagreements, each can only recall the hurtful things the other one did. Neither can recall hurtful things they did. Their memory failures may an example of A) memory decay. B) motivated forgetting. C) interference. D) amnesia. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 254 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 115. The events of September 11, 2001 are likely to replace the assassination of President Kennedy as a more current example of a A) false memory. B) declarative memory. C) flashbulb memory. D) flashback memory. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 254 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 116. When a memory of an extremely emotional event is recalled in rich detail, it is referred to as a A) reconstructed memory. B) proactive memory. C) flashbulb memory. D) semantic memory. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 254 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 117. When you remember the first time you had a major fall off your bike when you were a child, you are flooded with images. You can recall the horrible pain, the other kids who saw it, the smell of the blood, even the details of the fall itself. Of the following, your memory appears most like a A) repressed memory. B) flashbulb memory. C) semantic memory. D) procedural memory. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 254 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 118. Flashbulb memories are generally A) procedural memories. B) episodic memories. C) semantic memories. D) repressed memories. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 254 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 119. Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories? A) They seem more accurate and vivid. B) They are more accurate than memories of everyday events. C) They are generally procedural memories. D) They are stored complete and untainted directly from the sensory register into long-term memory. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 254 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 120. In Judith Kearins’ (1986) study of white Australian and aboriginal adolescents, what important contribution to the field of memory research did she reach? A) White Australian children had better visual memories, and aboriginal Australian children had better verbal memories, demonstrating how much brighter white Australian children are. B) White Australian children outperformed aboriginal Australian children on all memory tasks demonstrating how much brighter white Australian children are. C) Aboriginal Australian children were more likely than white Australian children were to memorize objects in visual or spatial terms, demonstrating the role of cultural influences in memorization. D) White Australian children approached memory tasks silently, slowly, and methodically, demonstrating lower intellect than aboriginal Australian children did. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 254, 255 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 121. According to Judith Kearins, what accounts for the tendency for white Australian children to use verbal skills and aboriginal Australian children to use visual skills in committing objects to memory? A) intelligence B) culture C) education D) memory limits Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 254, 255 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 122. An engram has been described by Karl Lashley and other neuroscientists as A) a piece of information that interferes with the formation of a new memory. B) a message sent from the brain to the spinal cord. C) the memory trace in the brain that is the biological basis of memory. D) the puzzle that is amnesia. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 256 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 123. According to Donald Hebb, the physical mechanism for the engram is located in the A) axons of nerve cells B) synapses between nerve cells C) myelin sheaths of nerve cells D) cell bodies of nerve cells Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 256 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 124. Which piece of evidence supports synaptic facilitation as the basis for memory? A) Lesions to the hippocampus destroy long-term memory consolidation. B) Injecting acetylcholine eliminates motivated forgetting. C) Rats raised in enriched environments show increased brain volume. D) Neurotransmitters accumulate in the synapse following classical conditioning. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 257 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 125. The gradual strengthening of chemical changes in synapses that follows learning is referred to as A) myelination. B) consolidation. C) decay D) encoding. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 257 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 126. Research on the brain’s role in memory has demonstrated that changes in the synapses are involved in ____________ memory, and that the brain structures involved in short-term memory and long-term memory are ____________. A) short-term but not long-term; the same B) long-term but not short-term; different C) both short-term and long-term; the same D) both short-term and long-term; different Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 257 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 127. Visual information is relayed from the sensory register in the ____________ to the ____________, where it can be held in short-term memory. A) cerebral cortex; frontal and parietal lobes B) frontal and parietal lobes; cerebral cortex C) hippocampus; cerebral cortex D) cerebral cortex; hippocampus Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 257, 258 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 128. When using short-term memory, which of the following brain areas is active? A) hippocampus B) auditory cortex C) frontal lobes D) hypothalamus Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 257, 258 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 129. When we recall visual information from long-term memory, it is routed to the ________, where it is held in working memory. A) cerebral cortex B) frontal and parietal lobes C) hippocampus D) thalamus Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 257, 258 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 130. Retrograde amnesia is a disorder that affects A) short-term memory. B) the formation of new long-term memories. C) retrieval of long-term memories for some period of time. D) procedural memories. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 258, 259 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 131. Loss of memories for events that occurred prior to a brain injury is called A) Korsakoff’s syndrome. B) retrograde amnesia. C) repression. D) anterograde amnesia. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 258, 259 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 132. An individual with retrograde amnesia would be LEAST likely to be able to remember which of the following? A) the names of her childhood friends B) how to ride a bike C) a list of nonsense words 30 seconds after it is presented D) a list of nonsense words 5 seconds after it is presented Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 258, 259 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 133. You suffered a head injury in a car accident. You can remember past events easily, but struggle with remembering events that have occurred since the accident. You are experiencing A) Korsakoff’s syndrome. B) retrograde amnesia. C) repression. D) anterograde amnesia. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 258, 259 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 134. Anterograde amnesia is a disorder that affects A) short-term memory. B) the formation of new long-term memories. C) retrieval of old long-term memories. D) strictly procedural memories. Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 259 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 135. An individual with anterograde amnesia would NOT be able to remember which of the following? A) the names of her childhood friends B) how to ride a bike C) a list of nonsense words 30 seconds after it is presented D) a list of nonsense words 5 seconds after it is presented Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 259 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 136. Sometimes individuals with meningitis or encephalitis experience anterograde amnesia as a result of the infection. What area of the brain was most likely damaged by the infection? A) thalamus B) hippocampus C) cerebral cortex D) hypothalamus Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 260 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 137. The ____________plays a key role in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory. A) hippocampus B) temporal lobe C) parietal lob D) none of these Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 260 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 138. Chronic lack of thiamine leads to a combined state of retrograde and anterograde amnesia. This type of memory loss is called A) dissociative amnesia. B) Alzheimer’s disease. C) Korsakoff’s syndrome. D) psychotic repression. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 260 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 139. Harrison is an alcoholic who has been diagnosed with Korsakoff’s syndrome. Harrison’s son has noticed that his father seems to be making things up when he is communicating to others. What is Harrison demonstrating? A) intentional deceit B) sociopathy C) confabulation D) fabrication Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 260 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 140. According to research on eyewitness testimony, leading questions can A) intimidate the witness. B) confuse the witness. C) increase the chance of reconstructive errors. D) help jog the witness’s memory. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 262 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 141. Which of the following questions would be considered a “leading question”? A) Did she hit the child? B) How hard did she smack the child? C) Can you describe what happened to the child? D) Where did this incident occur? Answer: B Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 262 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 142. In Loftus’ research, what was the impact of leading questions on accurate recall? A) Leading questions lead to inaccurate recall in every subject. B) Leading questions lead to a slight, but insignificant increase in inaccurate recall. C) Leading questions significantly increased the number of false memories. D) Leading questions did not appear to influence subjects to any degree of significance. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 262, 263 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 143. Leading questions appear to influence people to reconstruct their memory in a way that makes the details of the memory more A) interesting. B) detailed. C) consistent. D) contradictory. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 262, 263 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 144. Which of the following may bias an eyewitness who is asked to find her attacker in a police line-up? A) All of the individuals in the line-up are wearing similar clothing. B) All of the individuals in the line-up are facing the same direction. C) The witness is told that the suspect is in the line-up. D) The witness is asked if she sees the person who attacked her. Answer: C Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 263 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 145. In a 1970s study at California State University, researchers staged an incident in which a student attacked a faculty member. Results demonstrated that, on average, the 141 student witnesses recalled ______ percent of the details of the attack accurately. A) 75 B) 65 C) 45 D) 25 Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 264 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 146. When shown a fictional list of common African American and common European names, subjects tended to “remember” more African American names as connected with criminality. This type of memory distortion is most related to A) reconstruction (schema) theory. B) retroactive interference. C) motivated forgetting. D) repression. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 264, 265 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 147. What is the most current scientific view of repressed memories, especially with regard to physical and sexual abuse? A) Repressed memories are very common. B) Repressed memories are psychologically impossible. C) Psychologists play no role in the surfacing of repressed memories. D) It is clear that inaccurate memories of traumatic childhood events are possible. Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 265, 266 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 148. Chuck is a 50-year-old man who recently came to the realization that he was sexually molested by his uncle when he was 3 years old. We may need to be concerned that Chuck is experiencing A) a false memory. B) repression. C) motivated forgetting. D) a secret fantasy. Answer: A Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Page: 265, 266 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 149. Some studies suggest that hypnotized individuals may accurately recall ____________ information and may recall ____________ erroneous information. A) less; less B) less; more C) more; less D) more; more Answer: D Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 267 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory True/False Questions 150. Before information can be stored in memory, it must be encoded. Answer: T Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 235 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 151. Visual information can be retained in the sensory registers for about 4 seconds. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 235 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 152. In short-term memory, we generally use visual codes to store information. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 237 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 153. According to stage theory, information in long-term memory is stored in terms of meanings. Answer: T Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 239 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 154. Short-term memory is primarily a function of the hippocampus. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 240 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 155. When you remember the capital cities of each of the United States, you are using procedural memory. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 240 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 156. An episodic memory is a memory for meaning, without reference to a time or place. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 240 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 157. Together, semantic memory and episodic memory make up declarative memory. Answer: T Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 241 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 158. The spreading activation model proposes that we form links between concepts because of their evolutionary significance. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 242 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 159. When testing recall, the recall method asks subjects to choose correct information from several alternatives. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 243 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 160. The most sensitive method for evaluating memory is the relearning method. Answer: T Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 223 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 161. In the serial position effect, items at the beginning of the list are still being held in short-term memory but they have been rapidly and efficiently organized. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 244 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 162. Linking new information to oneself is an excellent means to improve one’s ability to retrieve the information later. Answer: T Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 248 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 163. Decay theory is believed to apply to sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 248 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 164. When new memories interfere with the recall of old memories, proactive interference is occurring. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 249 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 165. Vivid memories for severely emotionally-arousing events are referred to as “flashbulb memories.” Answer: T Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 254 Style: Factual Topic: Memory). 166. Donald Hebb was the first researcher to coin the term “engram.” Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 256 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 167. Damage to the hippocampus spares both new and old procedural memories, but prevents the formation of new long-term declarative memories. Answer: T Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 260 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 168. Confabulation is characteristic of Korsakoff’s syndrome. Answer: T Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 260 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 169. Telling eyewitnesses that the person who committed the crime is in the lineup will help with accurate recall. Answer: F Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 268 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 170. In Atkinson and Shiffrin’s stage theory of memory, to transfer information from sensory memory to short-term memory, one must ____________. Answer: pay attention Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 235 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 171. Visual information is contained in the ____________ for one-quarter of a second. Answer: sensory register Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 235 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 172. George Miller proposed that the number of items one can hold in short-term memory ______ plus or minus two. Answer: 7 Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 237 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 173. The amount of information held in short-term memory can be expanded through the process of ____________. Answer: chunking Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 238 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 174. Long-term memories are temporarily held in the hippocampus and are eventually transferred to the ____________ for permanent storage. Answer: cerebral cortex Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 240 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 175. Your memory for how to get dressedis a ____________ memory. Answer: procedural Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 240 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 176. Procedural memory can be best accessed through ____________. Answer: performance Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 240 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 177. Collins and Loftus’ ____________ model is a memory model that seeks to explain how we link together various concepts and their characteristics. Answer: spreading activation Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 242 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 178. When you are asked to write an answer to an essay question, you are being tested with the ____________ method. Answer: recall Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 243 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 179. The ____________ method of memory testing requires subjects to choose correct information from several alternatives. Answer: recognition Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 243 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 180. If provided a list of items and told to memorize them in order, you are most likely to forget those that appear in/at the ____________ of the list. Answer: middle Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 244 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 181. Rather than separate stages, the ____________ model states that the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory is simply a matter of degree. Answer: levels of processing Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 245 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 182. In the study of memory, the levels of processing model proposed that differences are due to different levels of processing during the ____________ process rather than differences being due to two distinct memory systems. Answer: encoding Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 245 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 183. ____________ means creating associations between new memories and existing memories. Answer: Elaboration Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 246 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 184. When you cannot recall your new phone number and keep giving out your old phone number, ____________ interference is occurring. Answer: proactive Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 249 Style: Applied Topic: Memory 185. Information in long-term memory can become distorted because we tend to store only the ____________ of the information. Answer: gist (or general idea) Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 252 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 186. Donald Hebb called the biological basis of learning and memory ____________. Answer: synaptic facilitation Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 256 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 187. The inability to retrieve long-term memories from some time ago is called ____________ amnesia. Answer: retrograde Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 258, 259 Style: Factual Topic: Memory 188. In chronic alcoholism, thiamine deficiency can lead to ____________. Answer: Korsakoff’s syndrome Book: Lahey Difficulty: Low Page: 260 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 189. When asking eyewitnesses about their accounts of events, it is important not to ask them ____________ questions. Answer: leading (or biased) Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Page: 262, 263, 267 Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory Essay Questions 190. Describe what type (i.e., visual, auditory, olfactory, semantically, etc.) of information tends to be encoded in short-term memory and in long-term memory. Give an example of evidence to support your description of each type of memory. Answer: (NOTE: Student examples will vary.) In short-term memory, we tend to encode information in auditory codes. This observation is supported by the fact that mistakes made in the retrieval of information from short-term memory are generally acoustic mistakes; for example, inserting the letter “z” instead of the letter “b” in a list of letters. In addition, we tend to “acoustically” rehearse information in short-term memory in order to keep the information active. In long-term memory, information is encoded for general meaning. By semantically encoding information, we consolidate new information and look for ways to organize the information based on existing information already in long-term memory stores. Evidence for this type of encoding is illustrated in the difficulties we sometimes experience in long-term memory retrieval with false memories. Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 191. Describe how procedural, semantic, and episodic memories are all involved in playing a game of tennis or another sport. Answer: (NOTE: Student answers will vary.) In a game of tennis, procedural memory allows the player to use the appropriate eye-hand coordination and the large muscle movements needed to negotiate the court. In addition, it allows the player to negotiate the proper moves, to judge distance, and to judge speed. The player must also have an ample supply of semantic memories to play the game. Semantic memories would include the rules of the game, the way in which points are tabulated, what equipment is needed, etc. While playing the game, the player is likely to recall episodic memories. These memories might include the specific details of a previous game, mistakes that were made, the strategies used by the opponent, and the strategies used by the player to successfully defeat the opponent. Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Style: Applied Topic: Memory 192. Describe the three ways of measuring the retrieval of information from long-term memory. Give an example of each, and specify which way is the most sensitive measure and which is the least sensitive measure. Answer: (NOTE: Student examples will vary.) The recall method is based on the ability to retrieve information from long-term memory with few cues. For example, asking the question, “Who was your first grade teacher?” is measuring retrieval with the recall method. This is the least sensitive method. The recognition method is based on the ability to select the correct information from among the options provided. For example, multiple-choice questions on an exam use the recognition method. This method is more sensitive than the recall method. The final method is the relearning method, which is based on the time it takes a person to relearn forgotten material. If the relearning takes less time than the original learning, then the information has been remembered. For example, an English speaker who last read French words when he was in high school and believes he does not remember any French may learn the language faster the second time around. This would demonstrate that he hadn’t entirely forgotten it. This method is the most sensitive way to evaluate memory. Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 193. Summarize the research findings that support a biological basis for memory. Answer: Karl Lashley proposed the first speculation that learning and memory cause alterations in the brain. Lashley proposed that learning produces a “memory trace,” or engram, in the brain. Donald Hebb also supported the idea of the memory trace and proposed that individual experiences create a unique pattern of neural activity that cause structural changes in the synapses. These changes make firing more likely in the future. He referred to this as synaptic facilitation. In studies of sea snails, Eric Kandel and his associates provided evidence that strongly supported Hebb’s theory. After classical conditioning a gill response in the sea snail, Kandel noted that the amount of neurotransmitter at the synapse increased. Book: Lahey Difficulty: High Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory 194. Compare and contrast anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. Answer: Anterograde amnesia is a disorder of memory characterized by an inability to store information from shortterm memory into long-term memory. The individual can remember information for the short time it is in short-term memory, but as soon as it is not rehearsed, the individual loses it. Generally, the disorder does not affect the ability to acquire procedural memories, but the individuals will not remember that they do know how to do something if they learned it following the onset of their amnesia. Damage is centered in the hippocampus. Retrograde amnesia is similar to anterograde amnesia in that short-term memory and long-term procedural memories are spared. In the case of retrograde amnesia, however, there is a loss of the memories in long-term memory for some period of time. New long-term memories can be formed. Book: Lahey Difficulty: Medium Style: Conceptual Topic: Memory