Ghosh - 550 Page 1 2/6/2016 Differential Continuity Equation Let us derive the mass conservation law (continuity equation) in the differential approach. Whenever we need to derive an equation in the differential approach, we shall begin with the control volume form of the equation and apply it on an infinitesimally small control volume. The Reynold's Transport Theorem for mass conservation law is reviewed first. REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM The relationship between the rate of change of any arbitrary extensive property, N, of a system and the variations of the property within a control volume is given by the following equation, known as the Reynolds Transport Theorem. dN dt SYSTEM dV CS V d A t CV where, = Intensive Property -Property Independent of Mass N = Extensive Property -Property Dependent on Mass dV t CV -Local Rate of Change of N within Control Volume (CV) CS V d A -Convective Rate of Change of N through Control Surface (CS) CASE 1: dM dt = 1, N = M SYSTEM CV dV CS V d A t Note: The Conservation of Mass states that the mass of a system is constant, therefore dM dt 0 SYSTEM Ghosh - 550 Page 2 2/6/2016 Derivation Now, let us derive the mass conservation law for an infinitesimally small control volume V around the point located at (x, y, z). Z y z (x,y,z) x Y X V x y z CS V d A 2 x surfaces V d A 2 y surfaces V d A 2 z surfaces V d A For a trial workout, look at integral term over the 2-y faces: Z y z (x,y,z) x Y X Ghosh - 550 V d A A y y 2 Page 3 y y 2 2/6/2016 y y x, y , z , t V x, y , z, t A 2 2 xz ˆj V d A V d A y 2 y y x, y , z , t v x , y , z , t xz 2 2 y y 2 y y x, y , z , t v x, y , z , t xz 2 2 y Using Taylor series expansion of f(x+h), (h<<x) h2 h3 f ( x h) f ( x) hf ( x) f ( x) f ( x) ... 2! 3! For the blue y face (located at y + h, where): All derivatives are taken with respect to y h = y/2 y 2 ) 2 y y 2 ( y ) ( x, y , z , t ) ( x, y , z , t ) ( x, y, z , t ) ... 2 2 y 2! y 2 ( y y 1 y 2 ( y ) ... 2 2 y 2 2 y 2 2 Taylor's Theorem is also used on the y-component of velocity, v (since V dA.= + or, vxz on them) V d A y y 2 V d A y y 2 2 2 y v 1 y 2 2 v y 1 y ... v ... xz 2 2 2 y 2 2 2 y 2 2 y y 2 y v 1 y 2 2 v y 1 y 2 ... v ... xz 2 2 2 y 2 2 2 y 2 2 y y Ghosh - 550 Page 4 2/6/2016 Ghosh - 550 Page 5 2/6/2016 Multiplying terms: 2 2 y v y 2 v y v y 2 v v .... xz 2 2 2 y 2 2 2 y 2 2 y y 2 2 y v y 2 v y v y 2 v v .... xz 2 2 2 y 2 2 2 y 2 2 y y Simplifying: y v y 2 2v .... xz 2 y 2 y v v .... xzy y y 2 y surfaces V d A ( v) xyz y From performing the same analysis on the x faces and z faces, the final result for the convective term is: V d A CS ( u ) ( v) ( w) xyz xyz xyz x y z The control volume (local) term can be written for the small V by neglecting the integral sign: ( V ) V xyz t t t Putting the results found into the Reynolds Transport Equation for mass: 0 ( u ) ( v) ( w) xyz xyz xyz xyz CV dV CS V d A t t x y z Ghosh - 550 Page 6 2/6/2016 Simplifying the above expression gives the Differential Equation for Conservation of Mass (Continuity Equation): ( u ) ( v) ( w) 0 t x y z In this equation, note: Independent Variables: x , y, z, t Dependent Variables: u, v, w, Thus, by itself, it is not a solvable equation since there are 4 unknowns in one equation. t - Local Term - local rate of change of mass through the Control Surfaces per unit volume. ( u ) ( v) ( w) x y z - Convective Term Convective rate of change of Mass through the Control Surface per unit volume. Exercise: Interpret Physically: ( u ) Answer: Convective rate of change of mass in the x direction x (between two x-surfaces) Simplifications of the Continuity Equation: 1. If the flow is steady – i.e., flow doesn’t change with time. ( u ) ( v) ( w) 0 x y z 2. For Incompressible Flow – Density, is Constant. u v w 0 x y y V 0 where, the Operator in Cartesian Coordinates is defined as: ˆ ˆ ˆ i j k x y z Continue