讲座名称： 地球动力学
主讲人：
尹安教授
讲课用语： 英 语
助课教师： 张 达 副教授
授课时间：9 月 7 日—23 日每周周三、周五晚上 6：30—9：30
9 月 7 日 晚上 6：30—9：30
教四楼 101
9 月 9 日 晚上
6：30—9：30
教四楼 101
9 月 14 日 晚上 6：30—9：30
教四楼 101
9 月 16 日 晚上 6：30—9：30
教四楼 101
9 月 21 日 晚上 6：30—9：30
教四楼 101
9 月 23 日 晚上 6：30—9：30
教四楼 101
授课方式：讲课与讨论
课时：18 学时
授课对象：地质专业研究生（硕士、博士）
、地质专业高年级本科生、基地班（大三、大四）、
从事青藏高原研究的相关地学类教师
欢迎各位老师、同学光临
尹安教授简介
尹安教授：我校特聘长江学者讲座教授。1959 年 6 月出生于哈尔滨。1982 年北京大
学地质学系构造地质与地质力学专业毕业。1983—1987 年在美国南加州大学学习，并获博
士学位。现为加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）地球与空间科学系教授，构造地质学家。曾获
1994 年美国地质学会青年科学家奖（Donath 奖）。Geology 杂志副主编，美国地质学会会员；
国际大洋钻探审委。
附件：
授课内容：
THE HIMALAYAN OROGEN: OBSERVATIONS, MODELS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH
DIRECTIONS
1. Introduction
The Himalaya is a classic example of orogenic systems created by continent-continent collision.
The youthfulness and spectacular exposure make it an ideal place for examining diverse geologic
processes associated with mountain building. Using its history as a guide to decipher the dynamics
of continental deformation and its interaction with global climatic change has motivated numerous
multi-disciplinary and multi-nation investigations in the past two decades in the region. Many
workers have also used the knowledge of the Himalaya to infer evolution of other orogenic
systems such as the Paleozoic Central Asian Orogenic System, the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson
orogeny in North America, the Caledonides in Greenland, the Canadian Cordillera of North
America, and the East African-Antarctic orogen in Antarctica and Africa. It is clear that one
cannot be a complete tectonician without deep understanding of the Himalayan geology. This is
perhaps the main reason that the Himalaya has attracted the best minds of Earth Sciences from all
over the world since the turn of the last century: Emil Argand, Arnold Heim, Augusto Gansser,
Chris Powell, Patrick LeFort, Claude Allegre, Peter Molnar, to name a few. Despite the intense
interests to Earth Science community, it has become increasingly daunting for a new student to
learn about its geology. This difficulty may be attributed to its long research history making its
literature nearly intractable, confusing terminology, and proliferation of tectonic and physical
models. The purpose of this class is (1) to provide a historical perspective on the Himalayan
research and to elucidate its broad implications for the modern studies of Earth Sciences, (2) to
use the Himalaya as an example to introduce modern research methods, analytical techniques,
current dynamic models for mountain building, and outstanding issues facing the next generation
of Earth scientists, and (3) to cultivate a dynamic learning atmosphere.
2. Class Schedule
Lectures will be given twice a week each lasting three hours with 15 minutes break in between.
Tentatively, the classes will be scheduled on Tuesday and Thursday.
3. Class Content
Week 1 (9/-9/19)
I. Introduction. (A) Basic Terminology: Himalayan Range, Himalayan Orogen, Himalayan
Tectonic System, Tibetan Plateau, and Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. (B) Topography and geography
of the Himalaya. (C) Plate Boundary conditions for the development of the Himalayan Origin. (D)
Timing and mechanism of Neo-Tethyan closure.
II. Structural Framework of the Himalaya. (A) Major structures and lithologic units: definitions
and distributions. (B) Himalayan metamorphism and its relationships to tectonics. (C) Structural
transects of the western, central, and eastern Himalaya.
Week 2 (9/12-9/16)
I. Exhumation history of the Himalayan orogen and development of Himalayan foreland basin. (A)
Cooling history of the Himalaya. (B) Depositional history of the Himalayan foreland. (C) Isotopic
signature and detrital zircon ages of major Himalayan lithologic units. (D) Bengal and Indus fans.
II. Hypotheses for the Himalayan development: kinematic models (single vs. multiple thrusts.
wedge extrusion, simple shear, recumbent folding, and passive-roof faulting).
Week 3. (9/19 - 9/23)
I. Hypotheses for the Himalayan development: (A) Thermal models with prescribed kinematics
(steady-state models; time-dependent models: delamination model, hot-iron model,
frictional-heating model, accretion/erosion model). (B) Fully couple thermo-mechanical models.
II. Outstanding problems in the Himalayan research. (A) Interaction between tectonics and climate:
concepts, models, and observations (short- and long-term processes). (B) Plate boundary
conditions and response in continental deformation: what are the causes for development of
asymmetric drainage systems in the Himalayan and Indian subcontinent? (C) Mechanics of the
South Tibet Detachment Fault.
4. Audience
(1) Upper-division undergraduate students who have taken Structural Geology, college physics,
and multi-variable calculus.
(2) Graduate students in geology, geophysics, and geochemistry who have interests in mountain
building processes.
(3) Researchers who are interested in learning Himalayan geology outside China and current
development and debates on the formation and development of the Himalayan orogen.
5. Class format
1. Although the class is mainly based on lectures, I will also lead short discussions during
lectures. Students are strongly encouraged to ask questions and challenge lecture materials at all
levels.
2. The lectures will be given in English, but students can ask questions in Chinese. If needed,
the instructor will answer questions in Chinese as well.
6. Suggested Reading
(1) General Geology of the Himalaya and Tibet:
1. Le Fort, P., 1975. Himalayas - collided range - present knowledge of continental arc. American
Journal of Science A275, 1-44.
2. Le Fort, P., 1996. Evolution of the Himalaya. In: Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M. (Eds.), The
Tectonics of Asia, Cambridge University Press, New York, 95-106.
3. Hodges, K.V., 2000. Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives,
Geological Society America Bulletin 112, 324-350.
4. Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., 2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen:
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 28, p. 211-280
(2) Structural Models for the Development of the Himalayan Origin
1. Powell, C.M., and Conaghan, P.G., 1973. Plate tectonics and the Himalayas. Earth Planetary
Science Letters 20, 1-12.
2. Burchfiel, B.C., and Royden, L.H., 1985. North-south extension within the convergent
Himalayan region. Geology 13, 679-682.
3. Searle, M.P., and Rex, A.J., 1989. Thermal model for the Zanskar Himalaya. Journal of
metamorphic Petrology 7, 127-134.
4. Hubbard, M.S., 1996. Ductile shear as a cause of inverted metamorphism: Example from the
Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Geology 104, 493-499.
5. Grujic, D., Casey, M., Davidson, C., Hollister, L.S., Kundig, R., Pavlis, T., and Schmid, S.,
1996. Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in Bhutan: Evidence from quartz
microfabrics. Tectonophysics 260, 21-43.
6. Grasemann, B., Fritz, H., and Vannay, J.C., 1999. Quantitative kinematic flow analysis from the
Main Central Thrust Zone (NW-Himalaya, India): Implications for a decelerating strain path and
the extrusion of orogenic wedges. Journal of Structural Geology 21, 837-853.
(3) Timing of Indo-Asian collision and the Original Configuration of the Indian Continent
1. Rowley, D.B., 1996. Age of collision between India and Asia: A review of the stratigraphic data.
Earth Planetary Science Letters 145, 1-13.
2. Najman, Y., Pringle, M., Godin, L., and Oliver, G., 2001. Dating of the oldest continental
sediments from the Himalayan foreland basin. Nature 410, 194-197.
3. Veevers, J.J., Powell, C.M.A., and Johnson, B.D., 1975. Greater India's place in Gondwanaland
and in Asia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 27, p. 383-387.
4. Bingham, D.K., and Klootwijk, C.T., 1980. Paleomagnetic constraints on Greater India's
underthrusting of the Tibetan plateau. Nature, 284, 336-338.
5. Parrish, R.R., and Hodges, K.V., 1996. Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the
Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences, Nepalese Himalaya. Geological Society of America
Bulletin 108, 904-911.
6. DeCelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Quade, J., LaReau, B., and Spurlin, M., 2000. Tectonic
implications of U-PL zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal. Science, 288, 497-499.
7. Myrow, P.M., Hughes, N.C., Paulsen, T.S., Williams, I.S., Parcha, S.D., Thompson, K.R.,
Bowering, S.A., Peng, S.C., and Ahluwalia, A.D., 2003. Integrated tectonostratigraphic analysis of
the Himalaya and implications for its tectonic reconstruction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
212, 433-443.
8. Reubel, I., 1986, Geometry of accretion and oceanic thrusting of Spontang Ophiolite,
Ladakh-Himalaya. Nature 321, 592-596.
9. Corfield, R.I., Searle, M.P., Green, O.R., 1999. Photang thrust sheet: an accretionary complex
structurally below the Spontang ophiolite constraining timing and tectonic environment of
ophiolite obduction, Ladakh Himalaya, NW India. Journal of the Geological Society 156,
1031-1044.
10. William C. Clyde, Intizar H. Khan and Philip D. Gingerich, 2003, Stratigraphic response and
mammalian dispersal during initial India-Asia collision: Evidence from the Ghazij Formation,
Balochistan, Pakistan, Geology 31, 1097-1100.
(4). Tethyan Himalaya and Geology along the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone
A. General Stratigraphy
1. Upreti, B.N., 1999. An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya.
Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 17, 577-606.
B. North Himalayan Gneiss Dome/North Himalayan Antiform
2. Chen, Z., Liu, Y., Hodges, K.V., Burchfiel, B.C., Royden, L.H., and Deng, C., 1990. The
Kangmar Dome - A metamorphic core complex in southern Xizang (Tibet). Science 250,
1552-1556.
3. Lee, J., Hacker, B.R., Dinklage, W.S., Wang, Y., Gans, P., Calvert, A., Wan, J.L., Chen, W.J.,
Blythe, A.E., and McClelland, W., 2000. Evolution of the Kangmar Dome, southern Tibet:
Structural, petrologic, and thermochronologic constraints. Tectonics 19, 872-895.
4. Hauck, M.L., Nelson, K.D., Brown, L.D., Zhao, W.J., and Ross, A.R., 1998. Crustal structure of
the Himalayan orogen at ~90
from Project INDEPTH deep reflection profiles. Tectonics 17,
481-500.
C. Geology along the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone and UHP Metamorphism
5. de Sigoyer, J., Chavagnac, V., Blichert-Toft, J., Villa, I.M., Luais, B., Guillot, S., Cosca, M., and
Mascle, G., 2000. Dating the Indian continental subduction and collisional thickening in the
northwest Himalaya: Multichronology of the Tso Morari eclogites. Geology 28, 487-490.
6. Treloar PJ, O'Brien PJ, Parrish RR, Khan MA., 2003. Exhumation of early Tertiary,
coesite-bearing eclogites from the Pakistan Himalaya. Journal of The Geological Society 160,
367-376.
7. Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Murphy, M.A., Grove, M., Nie, S., Ryerson, F.J., Feng, W.X., and Le,
C.Z., 1999. Tertiary deformation history of southeastern and southwestern Tibet during the
Indo-Asian collision. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111, 1644-1664.
D. Tethyan Himalayan Thrust Belt
8. Steck, A., Epard, J.L., Vannay, J.C., Hunziker, J., Girard, M., Morard, A., and Robyr, M., 1998.
Geological transect across the Tso Morari and Spiti areas: The nappe structures of the Tethys
Himalaya, Eclogae Geologiecae Helvetiae 91, 103-122.
9. Wiesmayr, G., and Grasemann, B., 2002. Eohimalayan fold and thrust belt: Implications for the
geodynamic evolution of the NW-Himalaya (India). Tectonics 2, 1058.
(5). South Tibet Detachment System
A. South-central Tibet
1. Burchfiel, B.C., Chen, Z., Hodges, K.V., Liu, Y., Royden, L.H., Deng, C., and Xu J., 1992. The
South Tibetan Detachment System, Himalayan orogen: Extension contemporaneous with and
parallel to shortening in a collisional mountain belt. Geological Society of America Special
Paper 269, 1-41.
2. Murphy. M. A., and Harrison, T.M., 1999. Relationship between leucogranites and the
Qomolangma detachment in the Rongbuk Valley, south Tibet. Geology 27, 831-834.
B. Nepal
3. Godin, L., Parrish, R.R., Brown, R.L., and Hodges, K.V., 2001. Crustal thickening leading to
exhumation of the Himalayan Metamorphic core of central Nepal: Insight from U-Pb
Geochronology and Ar-40/Ar-39 Thermochronology. Tectonics 20, 729-747.
C. NW India
4. Patel, R.C., Singh, S., Asokan, A., Manickavasagam, R.M., and Jain, A.K., 1993. Extensional
tectonics in the Himalayan orogen, Zanskar, NW India. In: Treloar, P.J., and Searle, M.P. (Eds),
Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society Special Publication 74, 265-276. 445-459.
5. D 弞 es ,P.J., Vannay, J.C., Steck, A., Bussy, F., and Cosca, M., 1999. Synorogenic extension:
Quantitative constraints on the age and displacement of the Zanskar shear zone (northwest
Himalaya). Geological Society of American Bulletin 111, 364-374.
6. P 恈 her, A., 1991. The contact between the Higher Himalaya crystallines and the Tibetan
sedimentary series: Miocene large scale dextral shearing. Tectonics 10, 587-598.
D. Nanga Parbat
7. Argles, T.W., and Edwards, M.A., 2002. First evidence for high-grade, Himalaya-age
synconvergent extension recognized within the western syntaxis - Nanga Parbat, Pakistan. Journal
of Structural Geology 24, 1327-2344.
E. Bhutan
8. Grujic, D., Hollister, L.S., and Parrish, R.R., 2002. Himalayan metamorphic sequence as an
orogenic channel: insight from Bhutan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 198, 177-191.
(6). MCT and the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex
A. Pakistan Himalaya
1. DiPietro, J.A., and Pogue, K.R., 2004, Tectonostratigraphic subdivisions of the Himalaya: A
view from the west. Tectonics, pending.
B. Nanga Parbat
1. Schneider, D.A., Edwards, M.A., Kidd, W.S.F., Khan, M.A., Seeber, L., and Zeitler, P.K., 1999.
Tectonics of Nanga Parbat, western Himalaya: Synkinematic plutonism within the doubly vergent
shear zones of a crustal-scale pop-up structure. Geology 27 (11), 999-1002.
2. Argles, T., Foster, G., Whittington, A., Harris, N., and George, M., 2003. Isotope studies reveal a
complete Himalayan section in the Nanga Parbat syntaxis. Geology 31 (12), 1109-1112.
C. Western Indian Himalaya
1. Stephenson, B.J., Searle, M.P., Waters, D.J., and Rex, D.C., 2001. Structure of the Main Central
Thrust zone and extrusion of the High Himalayan deep crustal wedge, Kishtwar-Zanskar
Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society 158, 637-652.
2. Frank, W., Grasemann, B., Guntli, P., and Miller, C., 1995. Geological map of the
Kishwar-Chamba-Kulu region (NW Himalayas, India). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt
138, 299-308.
D. Central Himalaya
1. Hodges, K.V., Parrish, R.R., Searle, and M.P., 1996. Tectonic evolution of the central
Annapurna Range, Nepalese Himalayas. Tectonics 15, 1264-1291.
2. Catlos EJ, Harrison TM, Kohn MJ, Grove M, Ryerson FJ, Manning CE, Upreti BN, 2001.
Geochronologic and thermobarometric constraints on the evolution of the Main Central Thrust,
central Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (B8), 16177-16204.
E. Lesser Himalayan Crystalline Nappe
1. Johnson, M.R.W., Oliver, G.J.H., Parrish, R.R., and Johnson, S.P., 2001. Synthrusting
metamorphism, cooling, and erosion of the Himalayan Kathmandu Complex, Nepal. Tectonics 20,
394-415.
(7). Lesser Himalaya and Active Tectonics (MBT, MFT)
A. Lesser Himalayan Out-of-sequence Thrusting and Duplex Development
1. Schelling, D., and Arita, K., 1991. Thrust tectonics, crustal shortening, and the structure of the
far-eastern Nepal, Himalaya. Tectonics 10, 851-862.
2. DeCelles, P.G., Robinson, D.M., Quade, J., Ojha, T.P., Garzione, C.N., Copeland, P., and Upreti,
B.N., 2001. Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in
western Nepal. Tectonics 20, 487-509.
B. Active Tectonics
3. Lave J, and Avouac, J.P., 2000. Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills,
Himalayas of central Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (B3), 5735-5770.
4. Bilham R, Larson K, Freymueller J, Jouanne F, LeFort P, Leturmy P, Mugnier JL, Gamond JF,
Glot JP, Martinod J, Chaudury NL, Chitrakar GR, Gautam UP, Koirala BP, Pandey MR, Ranabhat
R, Sapkota SN, Shrestha PL, Thakuri MC, Timilsina UR, Tiwari DR, Vidal G, Vigny C, Galy A,
deVoogd B., 1997. GPS measurements of present-day convergence across the Nepal Himalaya.
Nature 386 (6620), 61-64.
(8). Thermal and Dynamic Models for the Himalayan and Tibetan Evolution
A. Kinematic-thermal Models:
1. England, P., Le Fort, P., Molnar, P., and P 恈 her, A., 1992. Heat sources for Tertiary
metamorphism and anatexis in the Annapurna-Manaslu region, central Nepal. Journal of
Geophysical Research 97, 2107-2128.
2. Royden, L.H., 1993. The steady-state thermal structure of eroding orogenic belts and
accertionary prisms. Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 4487-4507.
3. Henry, P., Le Pichon, X., and Goffe, B., 1997). Kinematic, thermal, and petrological model of
the Himalayas: Constraints related to metamorphim within the underthrust Indian crust and
topographic elevation. Tectonophysics 273, 31-56.
4. Harrison, T.M., Grove, M., Lovera, O.M., and Catlos, E.J., 1998. A model for the origin of
Himalayan anatexis and inverted metamorphism. Journal of Geophysical Research 103,
27,017-27,032.
B. Dynamic Models:
5. Willett, S.D., and Beaumont, C., 1994. Subduction of Asian lithospheric mantle beneath Tibet
inferred from models of continental collision. Nature 369, 642-645.
6. Royden, L., 1996. Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens:
Implications for strain partitioning in the crust, Journal of Geophysical Research 101,
17679-17705.
7. Chemenda, A.I., Burg, J.P., and Mattauer, M., 2000. Evolution model of the Himalaya-Tibet
system: geopoem based on new modeling, geological and geophysical data. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters 174, 397-409.
8. Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R.A., Nguyen, M.H., and Lee, B., 2001. Himalayan tectonics
explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation.
Nature 414, 738-742.
(9). Exhumation History of the Himalaya, Himalayan Foreland-Basin System, Indus and Bengal
Fans
A. Mechanics of the Himalayan foreland basin
1. Lyon-Caen, H., and Molnar, P., 1985. Gravity anomalies, flexure of the Indian plate, and the
structure, support and evolution of the Himalaya and the Ganga Basin. Tectonics 4, 513-538.
2. Royden, L.H., 1993. The tectonic expression of slab pull at continental convergent boundaries.
Tectonics 12 (2): 303-325.
B. Himalayan foreland basin evolution:
3. DeCelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Quade, J., Ojha, T.P., 1998a. Eocene Early Miocene foreland
basin development and the history of Himalayan thrusting, western and central Nepal. Tectonics
17, 741-765.
4. DeCelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Quade, J., Ojha, T.P., Kapp, P.A., and Upreti, B.N., and 1998b.
Neogene foreland basin deposits, erosional unroofing, and the kinematic history of the Himalayan
fold-thrust belt, western Nepal. Geological Society of America Bulletin 110, 2-21.
5. White, N.M., Pringle, M., Garzanti, E., Bickle, M., Najman, Y., Chapman, H., Friend, P., 2002,
Constraints on the exhumation and erosion of the High Himalayan Slab, NW India, from foreland
basin deposits, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 195, 29-44.
C. Indus and Bengal Fans
6. Clift, P.D., Shimizu, N., Layne, G.D., Blusztajn, J.S., Gaedicke, C., Schluter, H.U., Clark, M.K.,
and Amjad, S., 2001. Development of the Indus Fan and its significance for the erosional history
of the Western Himalaya and Karakoram. Geological Society of America Bulletin 113, 1039-1051.
7. Galy, A., France-Lanord, C., and Derry, L.A., 1996. The Late Oligocene Early Miocene
Himalayan belt: Constraints deduced from isotopic compositions of Early Miocene turbidites in
the Bengal Fan. Tectonophysics 260, 109-118.
(10). Kinematic Links between the Himalaya and Tibet; Interaction between development of
Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and global climate change
A. Structural Link between the Himalaya and Tibet
1. DeCelles, P.G., Robinson, D.M., and Zandt, G., 2002, Implications of shortening in the
Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics 21 (6), 1062.
2. Hodges, K.V., Hurtado, J.M., and Whipple, K.X., 2001. Southward extrusion of Tibetan crust
and its effect on Himalayan tectonics. Tectonics 20, 799-809.
B. Effects of Himalayan-Tibetan Uplift on Climate Change
1. Molnar, P., England, P., and Martinod, J. 1993. Mantle dynamics, the uplift of the Tibetan
Plateau, and the Indian monsoon. Review of Geophysics 31, 357-396.
2. Ramstein, G., Fluteau, F., Besse, J., and Joussaume, S., 1997. Effect of orogeny, plate motion
and land sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years, Nature 386,
788-795.