Table 1: Variable Construction
Variable
Measuring Items
Names
Bureaucratic Formalization
Organizations
Do each of the following documents exist at org?
Written job description
Written record of job performance
Employment contracts
Documents about doing personnel evaluation
Documents outlining hiring/firing procedure
Levels
How many levels are there between a first-line supervisor
and the top official in your organizations?
Departmentalization
Is there a separate department for the followings?
Personnel and labor relations
Health and safety
Equal opportunity or affirmative action
Coding Methods
High
Teamwork
Performance
Does your organization have established committees made
Organizations
up of workers and managers who meet regularly to deal with
New technology?
Quality improvement?
Production or service delivery?
Health and safety?
Do workers meet by themselves without
management to discuss issues related to
production or service delivery?
Skill
Are core workers cross-trained, that is, trained in skills for
more than one job?
Are core workers involved in job rotation?
Are core workers involved in statistical process Control?
How often core workers transfer to another job family?
Autonomy
How much choice do core workers have concerning the
best way to accomplish their assignments (no choice =1;
small amount= 2; a moderate amount = 3; a large amount
= 4; complete choice = 5)?
Which best describes how closely core workers are
supervised as they do their work (no supervision = 1;
small supervision = 2; moderate supervision = 3; large
supervision = 4; complete supervision = 5)?
Compensation
Are core workers paid using group incentives such as gainsharing?
Do core workers participate in a profit-sharing or bonus program?
Agreement to each item in
Teamwork is coded as 1,
results summed up and
divided by 5 to produce a
Teamwork scale.
Agreement to each question
in formalization is coded as
1, results summed up to
produce a formalization
scale from 0 to 5
Levels are actual number
reported by respondents
Agreement to each item in
Departmentalization is
coded as 1, results summed
up to produce a
departmentalization scale
from 0 to 3.
In skill construction,
agreement to the first two
items is coded as 1, very
often response to the third
item is coded as 1. Results
summed up and divided by
3 to produce a Skill scale.
In job autonomy
construction, I reverse-code
supervision scale, add it
with choice scale, and
divide the results by 2.
Thus the large the number,
the greater the job
autonomy.
Agreement to each item in
compensation is coded as 1,
results summed up and
divided by 2 to produce a
compensation scale
Table 1 continues
NON profit organization
Is this a Non profit, or for profit organization?
If it is a non-profit organization, is it a public or
private organization?
Non-profit = 1 if it is a nonprofit organization AND a
private organization
For profit or public
organization = 0
Public organization
Is this a Non profit, or for profit organization?
If it is a non-profit organization, is it a public or
private organization?
Public = 1 if it is a nonprofit organization AND a
public organization
For profit or private
organization = 0
Profit organization
Is this a Non profit, or for profit organization?
For profit = 1
Non-profit = 0
Union
Do a union or unions represent any of your
employees?
Yes = 1
No = 0
Industry
What is the main product/service in this
establishment?
1980 US Census Industry
Code
Agriculture: 10-60
Manufacture: 100-392
Transportation: 400-472
Whole Sales: 500-571
Retail: 580-691
Finance/insurance: 700-760
Others: 761-932
Organization Age
Years from start of establishment operations until
1997.
I take the natural logarithm
of the years to indicate
organization age.
Organization size
Total employment is number of full time and part
time employees in the establishment on June 1,
1996. Full time means 35 or more hours per week.
I take the natural logarithm
of the total employees to
indicate organization size.
Parent
Is org in any way part of a larger organization or is
it completely independent?
1 = yes
0 = no
Table 1 continues
Market competition
How much competition would you say there is in
your main market or service area . . . none, very
little, a moderate amount, or a great deal?
None = 1
Very little = 2
A moderate amount = 3
A great deal = 4
Foreign market competition
How much competition would you say there is in
your main market or service area from foreign
organizations . . . none, very little, a moderate
amount, or a great deal?
None = 1
Very little = 2
A moderate amount = 3
A great deal = 4
Core occupation
What are the job titles for the employees who are
most directly involved with core product or service?
1980 US Census
Occupation Code
Managers: 001-037
Professional/technician:
043-235
Low white collar: 243-389
Manual labor: 403-889
Market area
What would you consider to be org’s main
geographic market or service area?
0=Neighborhood/City/State
1=Region/U.S./International
Table 2: Descriptive Statistics of Variables
Variable Names
Mean
Median St.d. Data Type
Valid
Cases
Market competition
3.28
4.00
.93
Continuous
932
Foreign market competition
1.77
1.00
.99
Continuous
917
Organization size
4.51
4.38
2.41
Continuous
981
Organization age
3.25
3.29
1.02
Continuous
1002
Market area at
region/national/international
.44
--
--
Dichotomous 940
Market area at
neighborhood/city/state
.56
--
--
Dichotomous 940
Core managerial occupation
.15
--
--
Dichotomous 992
Core PT occupation
.29
--
--
Dichotomous 992
Core low white collar occupation
.20
--
--
Dichotomous 992
Core manual labor occupation
.36
--
--
Dichotomous 992
Non-profit public organization
.20
--
--
Dichotomous 1002
Non-profit private organization
.09
--
--
Dichotomous 1002
For-profit organization
.71
--
--
Dichotomous 1002
Independent organization
.32
--
--
Dichotomous 1001
Organization with union
.26
--
--
Dichotomous 996
Table 2 continues
Industry-agriculture
.05
--
--
Dichotomous 1002
Industry-manufacturing
.18
--
--
Dichotomous 1002
Industry-transportation
.06
--
--
Dichotomous 1002
Industry-whole sale
.03
--
--
Dichotomous 1002
Industry-retail
.15
--
--
Dichotomous 1002
Industry-finance/insurance
.13
--
--
Dichotomous 1002
Industry-others
.40
--
--
Dichotomous 1002
Table 3: Unstandardize Coefficients From OLS Regression of Organization
Adoption of Bureaucratic and High Performance Structures
Independent Variables Bureaucracy HPO
Constant
-1.441***
(.156)
Market competition
.011
(.035)
Foreign market
.058
competition
(.031)
Market area at
.017
region/national/internation (.065)
al
Market area at
-neighborhood/city/state
(reference)
Core managerial
.193*
occupation
(.086)
Core PT occupation
.186
(.096)
Core low white collar
-.019
occupation
(.082)
Core manual labor
-occupation (reference)
Organization size
.255***
(.015)
Organization age
.003
(.030)
Non-profit public
.219*
organization
(.103)
Non-profit private
.297**
organization
(.111)
For-profit organization
--
.108
(.204)
.081*
(.033)
-.038
(.041)
.012
(.085)
Independent organization
-.128
(.079)
-.001
(.101)
Organization with union
.217***
(.061)
.018
(.078)
--
.469***
(.112)
.653***
(.103)
.083
(.108)
--.091
(.020)
-.033
(.040)
.007
(.135)
.179
(.146)
--
Table 3 continues
Organizational industry-agriculture
Organizational industry-others
-.253
(.141)
-.121
(.099)
.240*
(.121)
-.333*
(.160)
-.108
(.097)
-.118
(.097)
---
-.354
(.185)
.089
(.129)
-.092
(.159)
.265
(.209)
-.176
(.127)
-.061
(.127)
--
Model R2 (df)
Number of Establishments
51.9%(18)
702
15.8%(18)
702
Organizational industry-manufacture
Organizational industry-transportation
Organizational industry-whole sales
Organizational industry-retail
Organizational industry-finance/insurance
Numbers in parentheses are standard errors.
*p  .05
** p  .01
*** p  .001