Table 1 Variable Constructions
Variable Names
Measuring Items
Coding Methods
Company Core Training
In the past two years, did organization provide
any (core occ) with formal job training?
Over the past two years, how much money did
organization invest in formal training of core
occupations?
1 = yes, 0 = no
Diversity Training
To what extent was the formal training of
(CORE OCC)s used to teach or to provide
Diversity sensitivity; for example, sexual
harassment, race relations, or cultural
differences?
Not at all = 0
To some extent = 0
To a great extent = 1
Women percentage
Total percent FT and PT women employees.
Find the number of FTE and PTE women
in establishment, converting percentage to
numbers. Add and divide by total number
of employees and multiply by 100.
Minority Percentage
Total percent FT and PT non-white employees.
Find the number of FTE and PTE white in
establishment, converting percentage to
numbers. Add and divide by total number
of employees and multiply by 100. Minus
the result from 100.
Formalization
Do each of the following documents exist at
(org)?
 Written job description
 Written record of job performance
 Employment contracts
 Documents about doing personnel
evaluation
 Documents outlining hiring/firing
procedure
Agreement to each of the statement is
coded as 1. The results are summed up,
ranging from 0 to 5.
Coercion
1. Are any of org’s training programs subject to
periodic reviews by outside accreditation or
licensing orgs?
Yes = 1
No = 0
Mimetic
2. Does org consult with any association of
Yes = 1
organizations in developing its training program? No = 0
Normate
3.To what extent does org pay attention to the
training practice of other orgs….. not at all, very
little, somewhat, or very much?
Not at all = 1
Very little = 2
Somewhat = 3
Very much = 4
Profit
Is this a NON profit, or a FOR profit
organization?
Profit = 1
Non-profit and public = 0
Non-profit
If it is a non-profit, is it public or private?
Private = 1
Public and profit = 0
Public
If it is a non-profit, is it public or private?
Public = 1
Private and profit = 0
Money Invested in Core
Training
Result=ln(response number). Respond
number of 0 is recoded as 0.5.
Organization Size
Total employment is number of full time and
part time employees in the establishment on June
1, 1996. Full time means 35 or more hours per
week.
I take the natural logarithm of the total
employees to indicate organization size.
Organization Age
Years from start of establishment operations
until 1997.
I take the natural logarithm of the years to
indicate organization age.
Independent
Is org in any way part of a larger organization or
is it completely independent?
1 = yes
0 = no
Market Competition
How much competition would you say there is in None = 1
your main market or service area . . . none,
Very little = 2
very little, a moderate amount, or a great deal?
A moderate amount = 3
A great deal = 4
Foreign market
competition
How much competition would you say there is in
your main market or service area from foreign
organizations . . . none, very little, a moderate
amount, or a great deal?
None = 1
Very little = 2
A moderate amount = 3
A great deal = 4
Organization industry
What is the MAIN (product produced/service
provided) there? Codes input according to the
three-digit industry code from U.S. Census
bureau.
Agriculture: 10-60
Manufacturing: 100-392
Transportation: 400 – 472
Wholesale: 500-571
Finance: 700-760
Personal service: 761-791
Professional service: 800-899
Public administration: 900-932 (reference)
Core occupation
What are the job titles for the employees who are
most directly involved with? Codes input
according to 1980 occupational code by U.S,
Census Bureau.
Managers: 001 –037
Professional/technical: 043-235
Lower white collar: 243-389
Crafts: 503 – 699
Others: 703-889 (reference)
Table
1
contin
ues
Table 2 Descriptive Statistics for the Variables
Variable Names
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
Data Type
Dummy Variable = 1
Dichotomous
Total
Number
of Cases
945
Core Occupational Training
--
--
--
Money Invested in Core Training
(natural log of the real monetary
expense)
9.67
9.90
3.27
Continuous
217
---
Diversity Training
--
--
--
Dichotomous
523
147
Organizational Women Percentage
46.41
50.00
27.70
Continuous
1002
---
Organizational minority Percentage
28.49
20
29.81
Continuous
1002
---
Formalization
3.24
4.00
1.69
Continuous
913
---
Coercion
--
--
--
Dichotomous
187
581
Normative
--
--
--
Dichotomous
325
586
Mimetic
--
--
--
Dichotomous
141
603
Organization Size
4.51
4.38
2.41
Continuous
981
---
Organization Age
3.25
3.30
1.02
Continuous
1002
---
Organization market competition
3.28
4.00
0.93
Continuous
932
---
Organizational foreign market
competition
1.77
1.00
0.99
Continuous
917
---
Profit
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
710
Public
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
201
Non-profit
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
88
Independent
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1001
316
560
Table 2 continues
Variable Names
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
Data Type
Dummy Variable = 1
Dichotomous
Total
Number of
Cases
1002
Agriculture
--
--
--
Manufacturing
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
178
Transportation
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
65
Wholesale
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
35
Retail
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
149
Finance
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
132
Personal service
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
40
Professional service
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
295
Public administration
--
--
--
Dichotomous
1002
56
Managers
--
--
--
Dichotomous
992
150
Professional/technical
workers
--
--
--
Dichotomous
992
283
Lower white collars
--
--
--
Dichotomous
992
195
Crafts
--
--
--
Dichotomous
992
78
Other
--
--
--
Dichotomous
992
286
52
Table 3. Unstandardized Coefficients in Probit Selection Equation into Core Employee Job
Training, OLS Model Predicting Training Investment, and Logistic Regression
Predicting Diversity Training
Independent Variables
Probit Model Predicting
Core Training Provision
OLS Model
Predicting Training
Investment
Logistic Regression
Predicting Diversity
Training
Constant
-1.811***
(.508)
.003
(.002)
-.003
(.002)
-.025
(.436)
-.428
(.389)
.107
(.401)
-.072
(.484)
-.070
(.396)
-.461
(.404)
-1.017*
(.482)
-.443
(.361)
---
10.427
(5.695)
-.026*
(.011)
-.003
(.009)
-1.022
(1.556)
.842
(1.498)
-.193
(1.389)
.051
(1.769)
-.241
(1.408)
.489
(1.586)
2.759
(2.433)
.670
(1.398)
---
-2.695*
(1.341)
.004
(.005)
.015***
(.004)
-.519
(1.025)
-.491
(.647)
-.918
(.690)
.246
(.898)
-.066
(.687)
-.230
(.688)
.023
(1.170)
-.256
(.609)
--
.047
(.196)
.062
(.193)
.157
(.191)
.070
(.239)
--
.255
(.781)
.360
(.739)
.042
(.786)
-.204
(.939)
--
.373
(.395)
-.375
(.400)
-.043
(.410)
-.630
(.638)
--
Women percentage
Minority percentage
Industry-agriculture
Industry-manufacturing
Industry-transportation
Industry-whole sales
Industry-retail
Industry-finance
Industry-personal service
Industry-professional service
Industry-public administration
(reference group)
Managers
Professional/technical workers
Low white collars
Crafts
Others
(reference group)
p <.05; ** p< .01; *** p<.001
Numbers in parentheses are standard errors
Table 3 continues
Independent Variables
Probit Selection Model
Predicting Core
Training Provision 2
OLS Model
Predicting Core
Training Investment
Logistic Regression
Predicting Diversity
Training
Formalization
.221***
(.043)
.265
(.239)
-.025
(.261)
---
-.295
(.467)
-.066
(1.032)
.344
(.987)
---
.495***
(.156)
.712
(.599)
.908
(.580)
--
Coercive pressure
---
Mimetic pressure
---
Normative pressure
---
Organization size
-.164
(.425)
.001
(.381)
.645*
(.282)
-.020
(.069)
-.012
(.134)
.036
(.171)
.131
(.138)
--
Inverse Mills’ Ratio: Lambda (λ)
.090**
(.034)
.009
(.066)
-.029
(.080)
.049
(.068)
.278
(.138)
---
.468
(.431)
.328
(.404)
.055
(.411)
.573**
(.215)
.159
(.257)
.219
(.309)
-.100
(.276)
---
Model χ2 (df)
Number of establishments
36.25(22)*
533
-3.765
(2.689)
128.03(24)***
205
-1.797
(2.309)
66.475(25)***
453
Profit
Public
Non-profit
(reference group)
Organization age
Market competition
Foreign market competition
Independent organization
p <.05; ** p< .01; *** p<.001
Numbers in parentheses are standard errors
Probit model is the selection model for the OLS regression of training investment and
the Logistic regression of diversity training