Analysis of gait
Kinematics Analysis
Definition:
It is a branch of mechanics which deals with description of
motion without referring to it causes. So, it is a descriptive of
geometrical analysis.
Parameters:
1. Spatial parameter: (Distance)
1) Step length.
2) Stride length.
3) Stride length to lower extremity length ratio.
4) Base of support.
5) Step or stride width.
6) Foot angle (degree of toe out.
2. Temporal parameter: (Time)
1) Step time.
2) Stride time.
3) Stance duration.
4) Swing duration.
5) Swing / stance ratio.
6) Speed, distance time.
7) Cadence, steps / min.
3. Angular displacement.
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Spatial parameter
(Distance dimension)
Evaluation:
- It can be done via foot print using tape measurement,
water, protractor, marks.
- Then draw a line of progression which is a hypothetical
line corresponding with the direction of walking.
Measurement of spatial parameters:
1- Step length:
It is the linear distance in the plane of progression
between two successive points of foot floor
contact of the opposite feet.
(Approximately = 70 cm + 10 cm)
2- Stride length:
It is the linear distance in the plane of progression
between two successive points of foot floor
contact of the same foot.
(Approximately = 150 cm + 15 cm)
One stride = 2 steps in one gait cycle)
3. Stride length/ Lower Extremity length ratio SL/ LEL
ratio: It is the ratio between stride length and lower
extremity length. (Nearly = 1.7 ± 0.12)
Lower extremity length:
is measured by tape measurement from greater
trochanter to lateral maleollus.
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4. Stride or step width:
It is the distance between two lines cutting feet
equal halves (8 cm ± 3.5 cm = 10 – 15 cm)
5. Base of support: (BOS)
It is the area over which the body is supported or
assumed.
Dimensions:
a- Longitudinal dimension:
The longitudinal distance between the two furthest
points of two opposite feet from heel of right foot
to toes of left foot.
b- Horizontal dimension:
The horizontal distance between the two furthest
points of two opposite feet from lateral border of
right foot to lateral border of left foot.
6. Foot angle:
It is the angle between 2 lines:
• First line is extending from second toe to the heel center.
• Second line is the line of progression or parallel to it
(7o -10o up to 20o.
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2, Temporal Parameter
(Time dimension)
Evaluation: can be done by using a stop watch.
Measurement of temporal parameters:
1. Step time:
It is time interval between successive instant of foot
floor contact of the opposite feet. (0.8 sec.)
2. Stride time:
It is the time interval between successive instant of
foot floor contact of the same foot.
(1.09 o.o6 sec = 1.6 sec)
3. Stance duration:
It is the time while the foot is in contact with the
floor.
4. Swing duration:
It is the time while the foot is not in contact with the
floor. (0.4 sec.)
5. Swing / stance ratio:
It is the ratio between swing time and stance time
(57 + 0.02)
6. Speed: It is distance / time.
- In male: 89 meter/min.
- In female: 74 meter/min.
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(45 cm / sec)
7. Cadence:
It means number of steps per unit time.
(11o + 6 steps /min)
Slow:
60 – 70
Steps / min.
Medium: 80 – 90 Steps / min.
Fast:
120 Steps / min.
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