Advanced Clinical Corneal Topography for Refractive Surgeons Topic: Corneal Topography, specific to refractive surgery Objective: The refractive surgeon will be able to understand an apply principles of corneal topography in refractive surgery to deal with complex clinical cases. 1. Principles of corneal topography; - Historical prospective; - Topographic principles; - The use of corneal topography in era of wavefront technology; 2. Placido disc corneal topography; - Mathematical principles; - Technology design; - Clinical applications; 3. Scanning slit corneal topography; - Mathematical principles; - Technology design; - Clinical applications; 4. Checker board 3-D corneal topography; - Mathematical principles; - Technology design; - Clinical applications; 5. Topographic applications in preoperative evaluation: - Keratoconus and pellucid marginal degeneration; - Pachymetry considerations; - Previous refractive surgery; - Comparison of different topographic systems; - Other applications; 6. Topographic applications in postoperative management: - Enhancement considerations; - Pachymetry considerations; - Keratoectasia; - Dry eyes; - Corneal opacities; - Irregular astigmatism; - Decentered treatment; - Small optical zone; - Central island; 7. Oblate cornea; Combined use of corneal topography and wavefront technology: - Clinical situations in which wavefront technology is the principal consideration; - Clinical situations in which corneal topography is the principal consideration; - Clinical cases in which combined use of corneal topography and wavefront technology is needed; - Others.