Guidelines for Sedation:
1)
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs.
Guidelines for
monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation
for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatrics 1992;89:1110-1115.
2)
AAP Policy Statement: Alternative Routes of Drug Administration –
Advantages and Disadvantages.
Committee on Drugs. Pediatrics. July
1997.
Comment: This statement reviewed a variety of alternative dosing routes
including transdermal, transmucosal, and rectal. It is included in this review of
the literature because most of the drugs that are described are in some way
applicable to pain or sedation management for children.
3)
American Society of Anesthesiologists. Standards: Continuum of Depth of
Sedation/Definition of General Anesthesia and Levels of Sedation/analgesia.
4)
AAP Statement: Evaluation and Preparation of Pediatric Patients Undergoing
Anesthesia. Section on Anesthesiology. September 1996
Comment: Statement reviewed the medical issues of concern to
anesthesiologists and surgeons concerning the evaluation and preparation of
children in the preoperative period. Guidelines for general pediatricians are also
included. The statement is relevant to our current search because it addresses
issues concerning anesthesia and sedation that are important for practitioners
involved in delivering this care in emergency departments.
5)
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs.
Guidelines for
monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation
for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatrics 1992;89:1110-1115.
6)
American College of Emergency Physicians: Clinical policy for procedural
sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med May
1998;31 663-677.
7)
Pediatric Committee of the American College of Emergency Physicians.
Pediatric analgesia and sedation. Annals Emergency Medicine February
1994, 23: 237-250.
Comment: This paper reviews the agents to be used and monitoring procedures
for painful procedures performed in the Emergency Department – from the
perspective of
emergency medicine physicians. It also discusses discharge
criteria after sedation is given.
8)
National Institutes of Health. Consensus conference – anesthesia and
sedation in the dental office JAMA. 1985;254:1073-1076.
9)
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guidelines for the elective use of
pharmacologic conscious sedation and deep sedation in pediatric dental
patients. Pediatr Dent. 1997;19:48-52.
10) American Dental Society of Anesthesiologists. A. D. S. A. guidelines of intraoperative monitoring of patients undergoing conscious sedation, deep
sedation and general anesthesia. J Conn State Dent Assoc. 1988;62:210211.
11) American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guidelines for the elective use of
conscious sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia in pediatric
patients. ASDC J Dent Child. 1986;53:21-22.
12) American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and
analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 1996;84:459-471.
13) Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Care of
Patients: Examples of Compliance. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission
on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; 1999:87-91.
14) Nelson MD Jr. Guidelines for the monitoring and care of children during and
after sedation for imaging studies. AJR. 1994;581-582.
15) Macpherson CF, Lundblad LA: Conscious sedation of pediatric oncology
patients for painful procedures: development and implementation of a
clinical practice protocol. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. 14(1): 3342: 1997 Jan.
Comment: Protocol is included. A review of the literature is also included along
with 16 references.
16) AAP Statement: Prevention and Management of Pain and Stress in the
Neonate. Fetus and Newborn Committee. Feb 2000.
Comment: Statement reviewed issues surrounding pain control in newborns. A
review of the physiologic implications of pain and recommended effective and
safe interventions for pain and stress management are included.
17) Innes G. Murphy M. Nijssen-Jordan C. Ducharme J. Drummond A.
Procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Canadian
Consensus Guidelines. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 17(1):145-56, 1999
Jan-Feb.
Comment: These guidelines come from the Canadian Association of Emergency
Physicians (CAEP)
who determined the need to establish guidelines for
procedural sedation in the ED for providers in their country. A subcommittee
reviewed existing literature, determined levels of evidence, and developed the
document, which evolved based on feedback from the CAS and CAEP Standards
Committees. These are generally well though out guidelines that discuss the
goals, definitions, and principles of ED sedation, and make recommendations for
pre-sedation preparation, patient fasting, physician skills, equipment and
monitoring requirements, and post-sedation care. The guidelines are intended for
non-anesthesiologists but serve as a good reference for anyone who provides
sedation for children. Joseph Cravero MD
18) Morton NS et al. Development of a selection and monitoring protocol for
safe sedation of children. Paediatr Anaesth. 1998;8(1):65-8.
19) Pediatric Dentistry July/August 1993 Volume 15, number 4 Guidelines for
the effective use of pharmacologic conscious sedation and deep sedation in
pediatric dental patients.
Comment: This document reviews the use of sedation medications and
monitoring for dental practitioners. Its contents were not developed with the
sanction of the AAP although an earlier version (1985) did have the AAP seal of
approval.