References for Medical Professionals
Publication
Comment
Classification
Anonymous. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd
edition. Cephalalgia 2004; 24 Suppl 1:9-160.
Detailed classification head and
neck pains
Burchiel KJ. A new classification for facial pain. Neurosurgery 2003;
53(5):1164-1166.
Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain. Descriptors of chronic
pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms, 2nd Ed. Seattle: IASP Press,
1994.
Classification of all pain
conditions
Trigeminal Neuralgia: IHS Classification ICHD-II. International Headache
Society. Accessed 8 Dec 2010.
http://ihsclassification.org/en/02_klassifikation/04_teil3/13.01.01_facialpain.h
tml
Web site
General facial pain
Aitken, G. Ten things you need to know about neuropathetic pain. 2010
Bennett MI, Attal N, Backonja MM, et al. Using screening tools to identify
neuropathic pain. Pain 2007; 127:199-203.
Useful overview of the different
tools that are now available
Chong MS, Bajwa ZH. Diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain. J Pain
Symptom Manage 2003; 25(5 Suppl):S4-S11.
Chong MS. Headache syndromes presenting with facial pain and autonomic
features. In: Zakrzewska JM, Harrison SD, editors. Assessment and
management of orofacial pain. 1 ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2002. 209-245.
Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ. Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform
headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) or cranial
autonomic features (SUNA)--a prospective clinical study of SUNCT and
SUNA. Brain 2006;129:2746-6
An excellent overview of these
conditions
Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ. Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias:
current and future treatments. Headache 2007;47(6), 969-980.
An excellent overview of these
conditions
Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, et al. Core outcome measures for chronic
pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 2005; 113:9-19.
Important for those designing trials in the future
Finnerup NB, Sindrup SH, Jensen TS. Chronic neuropathic pain:
mechanisms, drug targets and measurement. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2007;
21:129-36.
An excellent overview
McDermott AM, Toelle TR, Rowbotham DJ, Schaefer CP, Dukes EM. The
burden of neuropathic pain: results from a cross-sectional survey. Eur J Pain
2006; 10:127-35.
O’Connor AB, Dworkin RH. Treatment of neuropathic pain: an overview of
recent guidelines. Am. J. Med. 2009; 122(10Suppl), S22-32.
Useful overview summarizing
recent guideline publications
Publication
Comment
Rasmussen P. Facial pain. II. A prospective survey of 1052 patients with a
view of: character of the attacks, onset, course, and character of pain. Acta
Neurochir (Wien) 1990; 107(3-4):121-128.
Very detailed descriptions
including trigeminal neuralgia
Rasmussen P. Facial pain. III. A prospective study of the localization of facial
pain in 1052 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1991; 108(1-2):53-63.
Very detailed descriptions
including trigeminal neuralgia
Rasmussen P. Facial pain. IV. A prospective study of 1052 patients with a
view of: precipitating factors, associated symptoms, objective psychiatric and
neurological symptoms. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1991; 108(3-4):100-109.
Very detailed descriptions
including trigeminal neuralgia
Zakrzewska JM Facial pain : an update Curr Opin Support Palliat Care
2009: 3:125-130
Recent overview
General on trigeminal neuralgia
Burchiel KJ, Slavin KV. On the natural history of trigeminal neuralgia.
Neurosurgery 2000; 46(1):152-154.
Cheshire WP. Trigeminal neuralgia: for one nerve a multitude of treatments.
Expert Rev Neurother 2007; 7(11):1565-1579.
Garvan NJ, Siegfried J. Trigeminal neuralgia--earlier referral for surgery.
Postgraduate Medical Journal 1983; 59(693):435-437.
Why early referral for surgery
Gronseth G, Cruccu G, Alksne J, Argoff C, Brainin M, Burchiel K, Nurmikko
T, Zakrzewska JM. Practice parameter: the diagnostic evaluation and
treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (an evidence-based review): report of the
Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
and the European Federation of Neurological Societies. Neurology 2008;
71:1183-90.
International guidelines on TN
Lee JY, Chen HI, Urban C, Hojat A, Church E, Xie SX et al. Development of
and psychometric testing for the Brief Pain Inventory-Facial in patients with
facial pain syndromes. J Neurosurg 2010.
New tool to assess quality of
life
Nurmikko TJ, Eldridge PR. Trigeminal neuralgia--pathophysiology,
diagnosis and current treatment. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87:117-32.
An excellent overview
Obermann M, Katsarava Z. Update on trigeminal neuralgia. Expert Review
of Neurotherapeutics 9 (3) (pp 323 -329), 2009; March.
Spatz AL, Zakrzewska JM, Kay EJ. Decision analysis of medical and
surgical treatments for trigeminal neuralgia: how patient evaluations of
benefits and risks affect the utility of treatment decisions. Pain 2007;
131:302-10.
Very good overview
Important to see how patients
decide on treatment
Spencer CJ, Neubert JK, Gremillion H, Zakrzewska JM, Ohrbach
R.Toothache or trigeminal neuralgia: treatment dilemmas. J Pain. 2008 Sep;
9(9):767-770.
Van KM, van Genderen WE, Narouze S, Nurmikko TJ, van ZJ, Geurts JW et
al. 1. Trigeminal neuralgia. Pain Pract 2009; 9(4):252-259.
Weigel G, Casey KF. Striking Back. The trigeminal neuralgia handbook.
Barnegat light: The trigeminal neuralgia association; 2000.
Book for patients
Publication
Comment
Zakrzewska JM, Jorns TP, Spatz A. Patient led conferences - Who attends,
are their expectations met and do they vary in three different countries? Eur
J Pain 2009:13:486-491
Value of patient conferences
Zakrzewska JM, Patsalos PN. Long-term cohort study comparing medical
(oxcarbazepine) and surgical management of intractable trigeminal
neuralgia. Pain 2002; 95:259-66.
One of few long term follow up
studies
Zakrzewska JM. Insights: facts and stories behind trigeminal neuralgia.
Gainesville: Trigeminal neuralgia association, 2006:1 – 12.
Book for patients
Epidemiology
Dieleman JP, Kerklaan J, Huygen FJ, Bouma PA, Sturkenboom MC.
Incidence rates and treatment of neuropathic pain conditions in the general
population. Pain 2008; 137:681-8.
Hall GC, Carroll D, Parry D, McQuay HJ. Epidemiology and treatment of
neuropathic pain: The UK primary care perspective. Pain 2006; 122:156-62.
Shows increased prevalence of
TN
Katusic S, Beard CM, Bergstralh E, Kurland LT. Incidence and clinical
features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1984. Ann
Neurol 1990; 27:89-95.
Koopman JS, Dieleman JP, Huygen FJ, de Mos M, Martin CG, Sturkenboom
MC. Incidence of facial pain in the general population. Pain 2009; 147:122-7.
Illustrates misdiagnosis
Rothman KJ, Monson RR. Survival in trigeminal neuralgia. J Chronic Dis
1973; 26:303-9.
Rothman KJ, Monson RR. Survival in trigeminal neuralgia. J Chronic Dis
1973; 26(5):303-309.
Rothman KJ, Wepsic JG. Side of facial pain in trigeminal neuralgia. J
Neurosurg 1974; 40(4):514-523.
Tolle T, Dukes E, Sadosky A. Patient Burden of Trigeminal Neuralgia:
Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey of Health State Impairment and
Treatment Patterns in Six European Countries. Pain Practice 2006; 6:15360.
Useful review of a large cohort
of trigeminal neuralgia patients
Zakrzewska JM, Hamlyn PJ. Facial pain. In: Crombie IKCPR, Linton SJ,
LeResche L, Von Korff M, eds. Epidemiology of Pain, 1 Edn. Seattle: IASP,
1999.
Aetiology and pathophysiology
Devor M, Amir R, Rappaport ZH. Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia:
the ignition hypothesis. Clin J Pain 2002; 18:4-13.
Graff-Radford SB, Simmons M, Fox L, White S, Solberg WK. Are bony
cavities exclusively associated with atypical facial pain and trigeminal
neuralgia? Proc. Western USA Pain Society, 1. 1988.
Ref Type: Abstract
Hamlyn PJ, King TT. Neurovascular compression in trigeminal neuralgia: a
Classic
Publication
Comment
clinical and anatomical study. J Neurosurg 1992; 76(6):948-954.
Love S, Coakham HB. Trigeminal neuralgia: pathology and pathogenesis.
Brain 2001; 124:2347-60.
Obermann M, Yoon MS, Ese D, Maschke M, Kaube H, Diener HC et al.
Impaired trigeminal nociceptive processing in patients with trigeminal
neuralgia. Neurology 2007; 69(9):835-841.
Differences between TN and
atypical TN
Turner CL, Mendoza N, Illingworth RD, Kirkpatrick PJ. Measurement of
pulse pressure profiles in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74(4):533-535.
Diagnosis and investigations
Casey KF. Role of patient history and physical examination in the diagnosis
of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 18(5):E1.
Cruccu G, Biasiotta A, Galeotti F, Iannetti GD, Innocenti P, Romaniello A et
al. Diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia: a new appraisal based on clinical and
neurophysiological findings. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 58:171-186.
Cruccu G, Galeotti F, Iannetti GD, Romaniello A, Truini A, Manfredi M.
Trigeminal neuralgia: Update on reflex and evoked potential studies. Mov
Disord 2002; 17 Suppl 2:S37-S40.
Drangsholt M, Truelove E. Trigeminal neuralgia mistaken as
temporomandibular disorder. J Evid Base Dent Pract 2001; 1:41-50.
Excellent overview of diagnostic
features
Fromm GH, Graff-Radford SB, Terrence CF, Sweet WH. Pre-trigeminal
neuralgia. Neurology 1990; 40(10):1493-1495.
Concept of pre-trigeminal
neuralgia
Limonadi FM, McCartney S, Burchiel KJ. Design of an artificial neural
network for diagnosis of facial pain syndromes. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg
2006; 84:212-20.
New proposal for diagnostic
categories
Melzack R, Terrence C, Fromm G, Amsel R. Trigeminal neuralgia and
atypical facial pain: use of the McGill Pain Questionnaire for discrimination
and diagnosis. Pain 1986; 27(3):297-302.
Usefulness of McGill
Nurmikko TJ. Altered cutaneous sensation in trigeminal neuralgia. Arch
Neurol 1991; 48(5):523-527.
Patel NK, Aquilina K, Clarke Y, Renowden SA, Coakham HB. How accurate
is magnetic resonance angiography in predicting neurovascular compression
in patients with trigeminal neuralgia? A prospective, single-blinded
comparative study. Br J Neurosurg 2003; 17(1):60-64.
Peker S, Dincer A, Necmettin PM. Vascular compression of the trigeminal
nerve is a frequent finding in asymptomatic individuals: 3-T MR imaging of
200 trigeminal nerves using 3D CISS sequences. Acta Neurochir. (Wien )
151(9), 1081-1088 (2009).
Neurovascular compression
found in non TN
Yoon SZ, Lee SI, Choi SU, Shin HW, Lee HW, Lim HJ, Chang SH. A case of
facial myofascial pain syndrome presenting as trigeminal neuralgia. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Mar; 107(3):e29-31.
Misdiagnosis
Publication
Comment
Epub 2008 Dec 25.
Zakrzewska JM. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia.
Clin J Pain 2002; 18:14-21.
Evidence base for diagnosis
Zakrzewska JM. McMillan, R. Trigeminal neuralgia: the diagnosis and
management of this excruciating and poorly understood facial pain. Post
Grad J 2011;87;410-416
Medical Management
Beydoun A, Schmidt D, D’Souza J. Oxcarbazepine versus carbamazepine
in trigeminal neuralgia: a meta-analysis of three double blind comparative
trials. Neurology S3, 2 (2002).
RCT
Beydoun A, Schmidt D, D'Souza J. Oxcarbazepine versus carbamazepine in
trigeminal neuralgia : a meta-analysis of three double blind comparative
trials., Neurology 2002: 58 s3: 2
RCT
Bittar GT, Graff-Radford SB. The effects of streptomycin/lidocaine block on
trigeminal neuralgia: a double blind crossover placebo controlled study.
Headache 1993; 33:155-60.
RCT
Cheshire WP, Jr. Defining the role for gabapentin in the treatment of
trigeminal neuralgia: a retrospective study. J Pain 2002; 3:137-42.
Ferrell PB Jr, McLeod HL. Carbamazepine, HLA-B*1502 and risk of
Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: US FDA
recommendations. Pharmacogenomics. 2008 Oct;9(10):1543-6.
Importance of HLA testing for
carbamazepine sensitivity
Fromm GH, Terrence CF, Chattha AS. Baclofen in the treatment of
trigeminal neuralgia: double-blind study and long-term follow-up. Ann Neurol
1984; 15:240-4.
RCT
Han KR, Kim C, Chae YJ, Kim DW. Efficacy and safety of high concentration
lidocaine for trigeminal nerve block in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Int J
Clin Pract. 2008 Feb; 62(2):248-54. Epub 2007 Nov 23.
Lemos L, Flores S, Oliveira P, Almeida A. Gabapentin supplemented with
ropivacain block of trigger points improves pain control and quality of life in
trigeminal neuralgia patients when compared with gabapentin alone. Clin J
Pain 2008; 24:64-75.
RCT
Miller AD, Krauss GL, Hamzeh FM. Improved CNS tolerability following
conversion from immediate-to extend-release carbamazepine. Acta Neurol.
Scand. 109(6), 374-377 (2004).
Obermann M, Yoon MS, Sensen K, Maschke M, Diener HC, Katsarava Z.
Efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Cephalalgia
2008; 28:174-81.
Long term cohort
Taylor JC, Brauer S, Espir MLE. Long-term treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
Postgraduate Medical J 1981; 57:16-8.
Long term study
Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Carbamazepine for acute and
High quality systematic review
Publication
Comment
chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, CD005451 (2011).
Wiffen PJ, Rees J. Lamotrigine for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2007;CD006044.
High quality systematic review
Yang M, Zhou M, He L, Chen N, Zakrzewska JM. Non-antiepileptic drugs
for trigeminal neuralgia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011,
Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004029. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004029.pub3.
High quality systematic review
Zakrzewska JM Medical management of trigeminal neuropathic pains EOP:
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2010 Jun;11(8):1239-54
Zakrzewska JM, Linskey ME. Trigeminal neuralgia. Clin Evid (Online )
2009;2009:1207.
Updated regularly RCTs only
Surgical management
Barker FG2, Jannetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, Larkins MV, Jho HD. The long-term
outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. N Engl J
Med 1996; 334(17):1077-1083.
Largest series of MVD
Barker FG 2nd, Jannetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, Jho HD. Trigeminal numbness
and tic relief after microvascular decompression for typical trigeminal
neuralgia. Neurosurgery. 1997 Jan; 40(1):39-45.
Coakham HB. The microsurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia,
hemifacial spasm and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. In: Robertson JT,
Coakham HB, Roberstson JH, editors. Cranial Base Surgery. London:
Churchill Livingstone; 2000. 543-564.
de S, Sr., da Nobrega JC, de Siqueira JT, Teixeira MJ. Frequency of
postoperative complications after balloon compression for idiopathic
trigeminal neuralgia: prospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral
Radiol Endod 2006; 102(5):e39-e45.
de S, Sr., da Nobrega JC, Teixeira MJ, de Siqueira JT. Masticatory problems
after balloon compression for trigeminal neuralgia: a longitudinal study. J
Oral Rehabil 2007; 34(2):88-96.
Dhople A, Kwok Y, Chin L, Shepard D, Slawson R, Amin P et al. Efficacy
and quality of life outcomes in patients with atypical trigeminal neuralgia
treated with gamma-knife radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;
69(2):397-403.
Dhople, A et al. Long-term Outcomes of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for
Classic Trigeminal Neuralgia. The American TNA Journal 2009
Erdine S, Ozyalcin NS, Cimen A, Celik M, Talu GK, Disci R. Comparison of
pulsed radiofrequency with conventional radiofrequency in the treatment of
idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Eur J Pain. 2007 Apr; 11(3):309-13. Epub
2006 Jun 9.
RCT
Flickinger JC, Pollock BE, Kondziolka D, Phuong LK, Foote RL, Stafford SL
et al. Does increased nerve length within the treatment volume improve
trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery? A prospective double-blind, randomized
RCT
Publication
Comment
study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2001;
51(2):449-454.
Gunther T, Gerganov VM, Stieglitz L, Ludemann W, Samii A, Samii M.
Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in the elderly: longterm treatment outcome and comparison with younger patients.
Neurosurgery 2009; 65(3):477-482.
Hakanson S. Trigeminal neuralgia treated by the injection of glycerol into the
trigeminal cistern. Neurosurgery 1981; 9(6):638-646.
First description of glycerol
Javadpour M, Eldridge PR, Varma TR, Miles JB, Nurmikko TJ.
Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in patients over 70
years of age. Neurology 60(3):520, 2003.
Kalkanis SN, Eskandar EN, Carter BS, Barker FG 2nd. Microvascular
decompression surgery in the United States, 1996 to 2000: mortality rates,
morbidity rates, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volumes.
Neurosurgery. 2003 Jun;52(6):1251-61; discussion 1261-2.
Importance of experience
Linskey ME, Ratanatharathorn V, Penagaricano J. A prospective cohort
study of microvascular decompression and Gamma Knife surgery in patients
with trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 2008; 109 Suppl: 160-172.
Lopez BC, Hamlyn PJ, Zakrzewska JM. Stereotactic radiosurgery for
primary trigeminal neuralgia: state of the evidence and recommendations for
future reports. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Jul; 75(7):1019-24.
Review.
Systematic review
Lopez BC, Hamlyn PJ, Zakrzewska JM. Systematic review of ablative
neurosurgical techniques for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
Neurosurgery 2004; 54(4):973-982.
Systematic review
Mendoza N, Illingworth RD. Trigeminal neuralgia treated by microvascular
decompression: a long-term follow-up study. Br J Neurosurg 1995; 9(1):1319.
Peters G, Nurmikko TJ. Peripheral and gasserian ganglion-level procedures
for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Clin J Pain 2002; 18(1):28-34.
Pollock B.E, Ecker RD. A prospective cost-effectiveness study of trigeminal
neuralgia surgery. Clin J Pain 2005; 21(4):317-322.
Pollock B.E. Comparison of posterior fossa exploration and stereotactic
radiosurgery in patients with previously nonsurgically treated idiopathic
trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 18(5):E6.
Regis J, Metellus P, Hayashi M, Roussel P, Donnet A, Bille-Turc F.
Prospective controlled trial of gamma knife surgery for essential trigeminal
neuralgia. J Neurosurg 2006; 104(6):913-924.
Sarsam Z, Garcia-Finana M, Nurmikko TJ, Varma TR, Eldridge P. The
long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia.
Br J Neurosurg 2010; 24(1):18-25.
Sekula RF, Marchan EM, Fletcher LH, Casey KF, Jannetta PJ.
Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in elderly patients. J
Cost effectiveness of surgery
Publication
Comment
Neurosurg 2008; 108(4):689-691.
Sindou M, Leston JM, Decullier E, Chapuis F. Microvascular decompression
for trigeminal neuralgia: the importance of a noncompressive technique-Kaplan-Meier analysis in a consecutive series of 330 patients. Neurosurgery
2008; 63(4 Suppl 2):341-350.
Shenouda EF, Coakham HB. Management of petrous endostosis in
posterior fossa procedures for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 2007; 60(2
Suppl 1):ONS63-ONS69.
Sweet WH, Wepsic JG. Controlled thermocoagulation of trigeminal ganglion
and rootlets for differential destruction of pain fibres, part 1. Trigeminal
neuralgia. J Neur Surg 1974; (40):143-158.
First descriptions
Taha JM, Tew JM, Jr., Buncher CR. A prospective 15-year follow-up of 154
consecutive patients with trigeminal neuralgia treated by percutaneous
stereotactic radiofrequency thermal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg 1995; 83(6):989993.
Tatli M, Satici O, Kanpolat Y, Sindou M. Various surgical modalities for
trigeminal neuralgia: literature study of respective long-term outcomes. Acta
Neurochir (Wien ) 2008; 150(3):243-255.
Systematic review
Tronnier VM, Rasche D, Hamer J, Kienle AL, Kunze S. Treatment of
idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of long-term outcome after
radiofrequency rhizotomy and microvascular decompression. Neurosurgery
2001; 48(6):1261-1267.
Tyler-Kabara EC, Kassam AB, Horowitz MH, Urgo L, Hadjipanayis C, Levy
EI et al. Predictors of outcome in surgically managed patients with typical
and atypical trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of results following
microvascular decompression. J Neurosurg 2002; 96(3):527-531.
Wilkins RH. Historical overview of surgical techniques for trigeminal
neuralgia. Techniques in neurosurgery 1999; 5:202-217.
History of surgery for TN
Yoon KB, Wiles JR, Miles JB, Nurmikko TJ. Long-term outcome of
percutaneous thermocoagulation for trigeminal neuralgia. Anaesthesia 1999;
54(8):803-808.
Zakrzewska JM, Jassim S, Bulman JS. A prospective, longitudinal study on
patients with trigeminal neuralgia who underwent radiofrequency
thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. Pain 1999; 79:51-8.
Long term cohort
Zakrzewska JM, Lopez BC, Kim SE, Coakham HB. Patient reports of
satisfaction after microvascular decompression and partial sensory
rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 2005; 56:1304-1311.
MVD independent reviewer
Zakrzewska JM, Lopez BC, Kim SE, Varian EA, Coakham HB. Patient
satisfaction after surgery for trigeminal neuralgia - development of a
questionnaire. Acta Neurochir (Wien ) 2005;147:925-932
Zakrzewska JM, Lopez BC. Quality of reporting in evaluations of surgical
treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: recommendations for future reports.
Neurosurgery 53(1), 110-120 (2003).
Quality of surgical reports
Publication
Zakrzewska JM. Surgery for trigeminal neuralgia? Pain 152(3), 469-470
(2011)
Trigeminal neuralgia and MS
Boneschi, F.M. Lifetime and actual prevalence and pain in multiple sclerosis.
PubMed 2008
Love S, Gradidge T, Coakham HB. Trigeminal neuralgia due to multiple
sclerosis: ultrastructural findings in trigeminal rhizotomy specimens.
Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2001; 27(3):238-244.
Cruces G, Biasiotta A, Di RS, Fiorelli M, Galeotti F, Innocenti P et al.
Trigeminal neuralgia and pain related to multiple sclerosis. Pain 2009;
143(3):186-191.
DMKG study group. Misoprostol in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia
associated with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2003; 250:542-5.
Eldridge PR, Sinha AK, Javadpour M, Littlechild P, Varma TR.
Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in patients with
multiple sclerosis. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2003; 81(1-4):57-64.
O'Connor AB, Schwid SR, Herrmann DN, Markman JD, Dworkin RH. Pain
associated with multiple sclerosis: systematic review and proposed
classification. Pain 2008; 137(1):96-111.
Solaro C, Messmer UM, Uccelli A, Leandri M, Mancardi GL. Low-dose
gabapentin combined with either lamotrigine or carbamazepine can be
useful therapies for trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol
2000; 44:45-8.
NB. Bold authors are members of MAB
Comment