Chapter 5 and 6
The Rock Cycle
Rocks
•
A ______ is a naturally occurring, _______
__________________ of _____________.
Fig 4.1
Rock Cycle
• A process in which rocks are
____________on Earth.
• The cycle goes through a series of _________.
– ______________ Rock
– ______________ Rock
– ______________ Rock
The ________ _________ is a group of changes, this change
does not necessarily have to be a ____________ change.
_________ rock can change into _____________ rock or
into _________________________ rock.
_________________ rock can change into
_____________________ rock or into ______________
rock.
____________________ rock can change into
____________________ or ___________________ rock.
Almost all of rock today that we have on earth is made up of all
the same stuff as the rocks that _____________ and other
__________ life forms walked, crawled, or _____________
over
While the stuff that ________ are made of has ___________
the same, the __________ themselves, have _______.
Over time rocks are _______________ into other rocks
Moving _____________ plates are responsible for
_______________ and _____________ many types of
rocks
When _______________ a rock sample
______________ observe the rock’s color
and _________ and determine its mineral
_______________.
___________: the ______, _________, and
pattern of the rock’s _________.
___________: the apparent color of the rock,
on the inside and the outside.
____________ __________: The minerals
that make up the different parts of a rock.
_____________ Rocks
What are They?
• Fire Rocks
• Formed ____________ by trapped, cooled
___________________
• Formed ____________ ground when
______________ erupt and ________ cools
What are igneous rocks?
• ____________ rocks are rocks that are formed
from the _____________of _____________or ___________________.
• _____________ is _________ that flows out
onto ____________ surface.
___________ is _____________
material that is located __________ the
earth’s surface.
Composition of Magma
____________ is often a ____________ mix of
molten rock, gases, and mineral crystals.
• The ____________ found in ___________ are
the same ___________ __________ found in
________ crust: ___________ (O),
___________ (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe),
magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K),
and sodium (Na).
_________ of Igneous Rocks
• ____________ igneous rocks are ___________grained igneous rocks that __________
___________ on Earth’s surface. These are the
rocks that are formed from ____________.
• ________________________ igneous rocks are
___________-grained igneous rocks that cool
________ beneath Earth’s surface.
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
• _______________________= SMALL
CRYSTALS/ FINE GRAINED!!!!!
• Basalt
Obsidian
______________Rocks
• Where Intrusive Rocks Are Found?
Under Ground
________Covers
_________of
Earth’s Crust
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
• ____________________________________=
SLOW COOLING, BIGGER CYSTALS AND
COARSE.
•
Granite
Types of Igneous Rocks
Scoria-________
Granite-________
Pumice - _________
Obsidian-________
Examples of Igneous Rocks
__________
__________ is a very important Igneous rock.
The ________ _______is primarily composed of
Basalt. Basalt is an _________igneous rock that
contains little___________.
Basalt is __________colored because it has
more ____________and __________in it
compared to___________.
Hot Spot __________ and spreading ridges
have a lot of basalt. Examples are the
___________ _______________ and__________.
Granite
The most famous igneous rock is_________.
Granite primarily makes up most of the __________
_________. You mostly likely know granite from
people’s countertops.
Granite is usually _______colored than
_______because it contains a lot of__________.
Granite is an__________ rock.
Granite is formed from the __________ of
__________and ___________ crusts.
Granite usually contains some form of ________
and______________.
Pumice
_________ is another _________igneous rock.
You know _________as the stone that you girls use to
smooth your feet.
Pumice had a unique property, it _________in
water. The _________why it ________is because
pumice is formed as a __________ ______ erupts and
_________is ___________from _________into the
_____ very rapidly and as is _________is
_________there are _________that get __________in
the rock and as it cools, the rock obtains a lot of
__________in it, making it very-very__________.
Pumice is primarly made from______________.
Obsidian
_______ is known as _________ _______, it
is very shiny and very smooth. It is also usually
black.
Obsidian is an _______igneous rock, it cools
very__________, allowing for _____ _______
growth. It has A LOT of ______in it, that is why it is
so shiny and ______like.
________________ Rocks
How They are Made
• ___________and _________break down the
earth
• Bits of earth settle in lakes and rivers
• __________are formed and build up
• ___________and _________turn the________ to
rock
Formation of __________ Rocks
• Much of Earth’s __________is covered with____________.
• ___________are pieces of________ material
that have been __________on Earth’s surface
by________,________,__________, gravity, or
___________precipitation.
• When ____________ become ________
together, they form _________ rocks.
• The _________ of sedimentary rocks begins
when ___________ and ___________
produce _______________.
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
• ___________= _______ moves ________. Layers
of sediment build up. ______ from the upper
______ pushes down on ______ and is ________
in to rock.
• _________= Large ________, pressure cannot
make them stick together. So _______
sediments are _________ together.
• __________ rocks often form as layers. Thus,
why would older layers be on the _________ of
the rock?
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• _______ Rock= Made from _____-_______
rocks. These fragments can either be
________ or _________- together.
• The ______ and ________ of sediments
determine the name for that rock.
• SANDSTONE
____________________
• _________would be considered a _________
sedimentary rock.
• Sandstone has _________grains, so the sand
sediments are _________together.
• These rocks contain a lot of ______and
_________.
• Sandstone tends to be___________.
Shale
• ________is another example of a
__________sedimentary rock.
• However, the __________that make shale are
much ________ than__________. The
__________that make up shale tends to
be_______, _________and________-. Thus
shale forms from_________-, not
cementation.
• Shale can help _________ locate________
reserves. These are called_________
______________.
__________________________
• Conglomerate rocks are_____________________. They
are made up of large _____________________
sediments like sand and pebbles. The sediment is so
large that pressure alone cannot hold the rock together;
it is also cemented together with dissolved minerals.
• It forms in many different environments and settings
where the energy of _______________________
enough to move large grains. Usually rivers, floods or
glaciers do the moving of this type of sediment.
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• ___________ Sedimentary=These rocks are
formed from ________ _________________.
• The ______________that are left behind after
a ___________ __________________.
• Those sediments will then form into
sedimentary rocks. ____________ is a good
example.
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• ____________Sedimentary Rocks=Rocks that
form from __________ remains. These are the
remains from once living organisms. Can be
both _________ and _________ remains.
COAL
• ________ is a _________ ________ created from the
remains of plants that lived and died about _____ to
_____ million years ago when parts of the earth were
covered with huge _______ forests. Coal is classified as
a ______________ energy source because it takes
_________ of years to form.
What is Coal?
• Coal:
– A sedimentary rock _______________________
– Mineralized _______________________material
deposited over a long period of time (although
miniscule geologically)
– altered chemical composition
– Formed by increased T and P
– Partial decay resulting from restricted access to
oxygen
________________________?
• Peat ≠ coal, but is the _______________stage
in coal formation
• A dark colored, brown to black,____________
substance formed from partial ____________ of
marsh vegetation by moisture and bacteria
_______________of Coal formation
•
•
•
•
•
____________________________ peat lands
Upper delta and alluvial plain swamps
________________________________
Bogs
Limnic environments
Coal Formation
• Sediment burial, subsidence of peat bogs
– Completely cuts off contact with atmospheric
______________________________________
– Overburden: compaction and subsidence
– Increase pressure, temperature
The Standard
Geologic
Time Scale
____________ Period (354 – 290 Ma)
Mississippian
(354-323 Ma)
Pennsylvanian
(323-290 Ma)
 locations of significant
deposition of organic matter in
what is now North America
____________________Limestone
• The accumulation of ________or shell
___________in___________, a sedimentary rock,
provides geologists with a record of the
___________of the animals that used to live in the
ancient oceans. ____________that contains large
shell or coral fragments is called______________.
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
____________
______________
Conglomerate
Halite- Chemical
Shale
Limestone
_________ is a tricky sedimentary rock. It is
primarily made from ________ _____________.
It can be formed from______ living
___________, like shells and such, thus this type of
limestone would be classified as an ______
_________ ______.
It can be _______ when water_______, or the
_________ _________ out of _______ and ______,
with other minerals form limestone, thus it would be
classified as a _________ _________ rock.
Limestone
Limestone is the rock that is most ________
rock in the state of__________. The reason why is
because the state of Florida was __________for the
majority of its life, a lot of ___________built up the
state in addition to ___________ ___________out of
water.
Remember that limestone is made primarily
from __________ ___________, thus it is
a.___________ This really important to a lot of
_____________the features in the state
of____________.
Florida Keys And The South Florida
• As land masses go, all of__________ is a mere child,
having___________ from the sea as recently as 20
to 30 million years ago.
• For _________its_________ base lay beneath the
warm waters of the _______ _________
__________.
• Slowly it __________ ___________, building
____________deposits that would eventually rise
above the surface.
• The Florida ________lie on a thick layer of
limestone. The rock is covered by an ancient
________ _____________.
Florida Keys
• So over many year dead _________animals(
especially corals) with _________________
__________skeletons fell to the bottom of the
ocean and was built up over time for form
fossil _____________.
• In addition _____ _______has dropped and
exposed this___________, and poof- Florida
Keys and the rest of Florida.
__________ and________________
• ___________is a rock made up largely of
_____________ ___________and is readily dissolved
by rainwater.
• Water __________through the rock picks up the
__________ ____________and the evaporation of
the laden drops of water leaves a deposit that, over a
great period of time, creates the beautiful
stalagmites and stalactites.
What Is The Difference?
• Stalagmite - Stalactite = Ground and Ceiling
• Stalactites drop from the ceiling and
Stalagmites rise up from the ground.
__________________ _________
It is hypothesized that the ___________of the
________started about ____million years ago when
the area was under a warm _______ ______.
While the area was covered in the______, _______
_________was readily being ___________by marine
_____________.
Over the course of many______, the ___________
__________the surface and the ____________started
to get eroded by________ _________ in the rainwater
and_________, forming the __________ and the
famous _________ features.
Marianna Caverns
On the floor of the cave, are the____________, these
are also ____________ ____________structures formed from
calcium carbonate being ______________out from
the_________.
_________ _________are small, thin,_______, pipe
deposits of ______that form around the water (containing
dissolved___________ _________) dripping from
the_________, as the water_________ from the ceiling, it will
leave the _______ _________behind. Over time, the hollow
_______fills up with __________ ______and becomes more
stable and a__________ is created.
When a __________and a ___________meet each
other in the middle, a ______________is created
______________
• ___________ are common where the rock below the
land surface is_____________.
• As the rock____________, spaces and
___________develop underground.
• Sinkholes are dramatic because the land usually stays
intact for a while until the underground spaces just
get too big.
• If there is not enough support for the land above the
spaces then a sudden ____________of the land
surface can occur.
Sinkholes
• The most ___________from sinkholes tends
to occur in__________, Texas, Alabama,
Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee,
__________and Pennsylvania.
• ___________HAS MORE SINKHOLES than any
other state in the nation.
• Sinkholes provide a primary pathway for
rainwater to replenish
subsurface______________; they are an
important part of the __________ system that
supplies _______of Florida's drinking water.
______ ___________ State Park
• Falling Waters State Park is right here in
____________Florida. First, this state park
houses the_________ ____________ in the state.
• The _______ from the fall goes directly into
an_____________ _____________.
• The waterfall is in a_______________.
• You can walk to the ________and into the
sinkhole, you can see that there is____ water that
piles up at the bottom of the waterfall, it all
goes______________.
Falling Waters State Park
• There is a _________path that takes you
around________ sinkholes, some are rather
deep and lead to the ___________cave
_____________ down below.
___________Rocks
What are They?
• Rocks that have____________
• They were once
_________or____________
• ____________and _________changed the
rocks
Causes of Metamorphism
• Metamorphic rock forms when high
_____________and ___________combine to alter
the______________, mineralogy, or chemical
composition of a rock without ______________it.
• The high temperatures ultimately are derived from
Earth’s _________ _______________.
• The high _____________can be generated in two
ways:
– From___________ pressure caused by the
____________of _______________rock
– From the _____________ forces generated as
rocks are deformed during
___________building
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Textures
• Metamorphic rocks are classified
into___________ textural groups:
__________and________________.
– ____________metamorphic rocks are characterized
by __________ ___________and __________of
minerals.
– High pressure during metamorphism causes
minerals with______ or ___________crystals to
form with their long axes ___________ to the
pressure.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
• _____________-Foliated Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic Textures
• __________= Rocks that have
___________________. These rocks do
not have a sheet like structure.
• No matter how much_________ is
applied, the grains will not__________.
Under Pressure
• Metamorphism
Summary Of Metamorphic Rocks
• Below is a summary of the major characteristics of
metamorphic rocks.
• Classified by ________and_____________
• Rarely has fossils
• May react with acid
• May have alternate bands of light and dark
minerals
• May be composed of only one mineral, ex.
________&____________-
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Schist
Gneiss
Metamorphic Rock Pictures
Granite, Gneiss, Shale, Slate, Sandstone, and Quartzite are good
examples of metamorphic rocks.