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Eastern parts of the Pacific Ocean
Mountains mainly formed on the edges of the
continents
Andes Mountain
Himalayan Mountains
Located along the western coast of South America
Is the longest
continental mountain range
in the world at about 7 000km
in length and 200 to 700km
wide.
 Average height of 4,000 m
 Peak height of 6 962m
above sea level at Mt.
Aconcagua
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Mainly caused by the compression of the
western rim of the South American Plate due
to the subduction of the Nazca Plate.
Oceanic – Continental Plates
Convergent Plate Boundary
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Fold Mountains – Caused by the subduction
of the Nazca plate, resulting in the contortion
of sediments which fold together to form the
Andes itself
Trenches – Peru-Chile trench
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Volcanoes – Result of subduction of the
Nazca and Antarctic Plate underneath the
South American Plate, causing the former to
melt partially and rise through fractures in
the lithosphere as magma.
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Located in Nepal, Asia
Separates the Indian subcontinent from the
Tibetan Plateau.
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Home to the world’s highest peaks,
sometimes known collectively as the Eightthousanders due to their height.
Includes mountains such as Mount Everest
and K2
Imagine Mt Aconcagua in Andes, but a
hundred of them in a range of mountains,
with some even higher!
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Formed by the continental collision at the
convergent boundary of the Indo-Australian
Plate and the Eurasian Plate, creating a fold
mountain.
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Youngest mountain on the planet
Consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary rock
and metamorphic rock
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India, moving at 15 cm
per year, collided with the
Eurasian Plate about 10
million years ago
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This indirectly proved the existence of the
Tethys Ocean
Sedimentary rocks which had settled on the
ocean floor were light enough to be crumpled
into mountain ranges instead of sinking with
the oceanic part of the Indo-Australian Plate.
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The Indo-Australian Plate is sill moving at
about 67 mm per year!
This in turn causes the Himalayas to rise at
about 5 mm per year
This may not seem much, but it still means
that the Himalayas is geologically active.
The movement makes the region seismically
active leading to the occasional earthquake.
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Folding refers to a bending in rock strata
caused by compression.
This powerful force of compression pushes
the rock layers towards each other; thereby
creating folds and contortion.
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Weak compressional
force
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Strong
compressional force
 Same compressional force applied on both sides:
simple/symmetrical folds with limbs of the same
steepness.
 A larger compressional force is applied on one side:
asymmetrical fold with uneven limbs (one steeper
than the other)
 The compressional force being so great on only one
side: overfold/overturned fold with both limbs sloping
in the same direction
 When one limb of the overfold/overturned fold has
been pushed over the other limb until the axis of the
fold is almost horizontal: Recumbent fold
 Exceptionally powerful compressional force applied
on one side can cause a recumbent fold to fracture:
Overthrust fold is formed, since the upper part of the
recumbent fold thrusts forward along the plane of
fracture.
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Not only has this project taught me the usual
academic things such as folding and the
formation of fold mountains, it has also
helped me in the aspects of teamwork and
time management through the creation of a
presentation
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Grady
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This presentation has helped me learn alot
about folding and the formation of the
Himalayas and Andes, and also improved my
presentation skills and organisation.
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Ming Shi
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I have learnt many things about fold
mountains and the types of folds and how the
Himalayas and Andes were formed. I also
learnt more about working as a team and cooperating with each other
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Wesley
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This project has taught me how to manage
my time properly and also the idea of team
spirit, by co-operating with each other to
complete tasks. I have also learnt a lot about
how mountains are forms by folding and the
different kinds of folds that can occur.
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Zamen
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Aspects of Physical Geography
http://www.wikipedia.org/Andes
http://www.wikipedia.org/Himalayas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology)
R.B Bunnet, “Interactive Geography 3”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea
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Are there any questions?