http://es-es.net/
MS Information Assurance, CISSP, CWNA, CEH, MCSE, Security+, I-Net+, Network+, Server+, CNA, A+
erstaats@es-es.net http://es-es.net
In attending this session you agree that any software
demonstrated comes absolutely with NO
WARRANTY. Use entirely at your own risk. Ernest or
Eric, & the other 3rd party vendors whose software is
demonstrated as part of this session are not
responsible for any subsequent loss or damage
whatsoever!
Legal advice– I am not a lawyer for legal advice
please seek a trained lawyer in the field you have a
question.
ETHERNET ISSUES

Network and System Access
–
–
–
–
–

Unauthorized Join
Unauthorized Expansion of the Network
VLAN Join
VLAN Tagging
Spoofing and Address Capture
Traffic Integrity
–
–
–
–


ARP Poisoning and Rogue DHCP Server
Man in the Middle
Session Hijacking
Replay
Availability of Service
– Denial of Service
– Switch Control
Using Network as a Medium
–
–
–
–
Traffic Confidentiality
– Passive Eavesdropping
– Active Eavesdropping

RELATED ISSUES

Network Scanning
Break-Ins
Topology Discovery Protocols
Redundancy and Aggregation
Protocols
Other Security Related Issues
–
–
–
–
–
Configuration and Installation Issues
Implementation Issues
Issues with Legacy Technology
Architectural Issues
Freely available Software for Attacks
and Exploits

A switch learns the MAC address/port pairings and
stores them in limited memory
 Easy to generate bogus frames and get the memory to
owerflow
 If a MAC address is unknown the switch broadcasts it out of
all its ports
 Makes eavesdropping possible

Spanning Tree Protocol is used to define the logical
topology for an Ethernet segment
 Any host can claim to be the STP root and direct large parts
of traffic to go through itself
 Man in the Middle attack (MitM)
 STP can also be used for Denial of Service (DoS)

DHCP poisoning
 A new host on LAN broadcasts a request for IP and
router information
 Any host can pretend to be the DHCP server and tell
that it is the router
 Enables a Man in the Middle attack

ARP poisoning
 Any host on LAN can broadcast a gratuitous ARP
message claiming to have any IP address (including the
router) at its MAC address

ARP poisoning can be used to hijack an ongoing
session

Frames can hop from one Virtual LAN to another with
"double tagging"
 VLANs supposedly bring security


VLAN management protocols enable all kinds of attacks
Frame padding and MAC table timeouts leak information
 With persistance the attacker can passively wait for HTTP cookies

All attacks can be (and are being) made to software
 Ettercap for MitM, http://ettercap.sourceforge.net/
 Sniffers for eavesdropping: Wireshark, ngrep, tcpdump, snoop
 Packet crafting tools: packETH, Bit-Twist, Mausezahn, Hping,
Nemesis, Scapy, Yersinia, THC Parasite, macof
 Packetsquare for capture, edit and replay

Access Control and Node
Authentication
–
–
–
–
Physical Protection of the Network
Segmentation and VLANs
Access Control Lists
Authentication based Access Control
– IEEE 802.1X
– Network Access Control

Network Integrity Protection
– Securing ARP
– Port Security
– Control and Management Plane
Overload Protection (CoPP)
– Control and Management Plane
Logical Protection
– STP BPDU and root guard
– Deep Packet Inspection
– Proper Configuration

Traffic (Payload) Integrity and
Confidentiality Protection
– Traffic Encryption and Integrity
Verification
– IEEE 802.1AE MACsec
– Replay Protection



Intrusion Detection and
Prevention Systems
Hiding or Obfuscating Network
Topology
Future solutions
– Automated Key Management
Policies
– Cryptographically generated
addresses
– Removing ARP broadcasts
– OpenFlow or DHT/TRILL


IEEE has no architectural solutions, except VLAN
802.1X adds authentication, does not protect from
misuse
 Authenticated entities may misbehave

802.1AE MACsec adds confidentiality (encryption)
 Based on 802.1X authentication
 Not end to end, but host to switch

802.1X and MACsec require administration activities
per node
 Software installation, identity management
 High cost, little flexibility


Vendor solutions can make Ethernet fairly
secure, but require configuration
Configuring each switch with knowledge of
topology
 Port Security, Root Guard, BPDU Guard...
 Effectively these are ACLs with fancy names to
separate user and control (and management) planes


Good administration practices
Knowledge of vendor-specific quirks of the
switches

Ethernet architecture is flawed from security point of
view
 It is a nice and simple LAN architecture
 But it is "fail open" by design
▪ If you don't know how to handle a frame, send it to everybody
▪ Trusting everybody is implicit

Vendor solutions require active management
 Mainly to tell the switches the topology (trunk ports and leaf
node ports)

Potential new solutions
 Deduct topology information automatically (low management
overhead) then use Intrusion Prevention Systems and ACLs to
protect the network
 Get rid of ARP and broadcasts (with e.g. DHT-Trill)

1. SHARED, UNCONTROLLED MEDIA:
 Invisible & Airborne Threats are Hard To Control vs. Wired
Network

2. SELF-DEPLOYING & TRANSIENT NETWORKS
 Simplicity of Self Discovery Create Security Challenges
 Mobile Nature of Wireless LAN Devices and Users Require In-
depth
 Forensics capability to Address Security Breaches

3. USER INDIFFERENCE
 Invisible Connectivity & True Distributed Nature Gives a Faulty
Sense of Security

4. EASIER TO ATTACK
 Lax WLAN Security is the Lowest Hanging Fruit for Hackers
 Dozens of Tools Readily Available to Exploit these Holes

From a System management terminal, someone could:
 Add non-dedicated machines for administration
 Install new programs and new vulnerabilities
 Forget to update the management application when updating other
LMR machines
 Remote into the management application from outside the LMR
network
 Connect LMR to existing management functions

Protect, Detect, Respond




Physically secure the management terminals
Ensure system managers are authenticated
Ensure appropriate privileges for users
Update patches and manage administrator terminals

With the Radios, someone could:






Use a radio purchased from eBay
Steal an existing radio from storage
Send invalid data packets from the radio and terminals
Infect the radios with viruses
What else could be done?
Protect, Detect, Respond
 Ensure subscribers are authorized and authenticated
 Ensure that alerts are generated when unauthorized radios
attempt to access the system
 Implement firewalls and Router Access Control Lists to ensure only
valid packets are passed
 Close unnecessary ports and protocols







Network Edge blurred – another access into
your mission critical network
Rogues, hackers, mis-configured devices
Organized crime – hacking for profit
Interfacing with other systems
Access control
Combination of public and private network
connectivity
Multiple agency access

OPEN AP‟S
 Let‟s all play nice

COOKIE SESSION IDS
 SSL login, and then?

EDIT COOKIES
 Sniff and edit

FERRET AND HAMSTER

http://erratasec.blogspot.com/sidejacking.zip

DHCP Attack
 Exploit attacks a client and loads creates a Admin User on
device
 DHCP Broadcast Attack (MS06-036)
 http://www.milw0rm.com/sploits/07212006MS06_036_DHCP_Client.tar.gz

DNS ATTACK/MANIPULATION
 Can offer anything to you and you believe it
 Sites: Banking, Hotel, Airlines, Work (Exchange, Oracle, SQL)

TORNADO
 Web-based attack tool which exploits up to 14 browser
vulnerabilities and installs malware on the user's system


YOUR NOTEBOOK IS:
1. Not location-aware  2. Wants to always
connect to something
 Office
 Home
 Hotspot





Virtual Local Area Networks
A logical grouping of devices or users
Users can be grouped by function,
department, application, regardless of
physical segment location
VLAN configuration is done at the switch
(Layer 2)
VLAN's are not security! They are obscurity,
they are great for
segmentation and traffic management

Static VLAN Assignment
- Port based membership: Membership is
determined by the port on the switch on
not by the host.

Dynamic VLAN Assignment
- Membership is determined by the host’s
MAC address. Administrator has to
create a database with MAC addresses and
VLAN mappings
• VLANS cannot communicate with each other
even when they exist on the same switch
• For VLANS to communicate they must pass
through a router
• Each VLAN is required to have at least one
gateway to route packets in and out of the
network



Trunking allows us to cascade multiple
switches using the trunk ports to
interconnect them
Trunk ports act as a dedicated path for each
VLAN between switches
The trunk port is a member of all configured
VLANs

These attacks are designed to allow the
attacker to bypass the Layer 3 device

The attack takes advantage of incorrectly
configured trunk ports on network switches

Basic VLAN Hopping Attack
1. Attacker fools switch into thinking that
he is a switch that needs trunking
2. The attack needs a trunking favorable
setting such as Auto to succeed
3. The attacker is now a member of all
trunked VLANs on the switch and he
send and receive data on those VLANs

Double Encapsulated VLAN Hopping Attack
1. Switches perform only one level of IEEE
802.1q decapsulation
2. This allows the attacker to specify a .1q
tag inside the frame, allowing the frame
to go to a VLAN that the outer tag did
specify.
3. This attack works even if Trunk ports are
set to OFF










Use dedicated VPAN for all trunk ports.
Avoid using VLAN 1.
Deploy port security.
Set users ports to non trunking.
Use ARP security options.
Use BPDU guard, Root guard.
Use PVLANs.
Disable CDP.
Disable unused ports and put them in an unused vlan.
Ensure DHCP attack prevention.
26
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

Listed in Lab manual starting on Page 11
MiniPwner Here is a list of some of the software that comes installed:
Nmap network scanner
Tcpdump sniffer
Netcat Hacker’s swiss army knife
aircrack Wireless network analysis
kismet Wireless network analysis
perl Perl Scripting Language
openvpn VPN Client and Server
dsniff suite of sniffing and spoofing tools, including arpspoof
nbtscan NetBIOS Network Scanner
snort Sniffer, Packet Logger, Intrusion Detection System
samba2-client Windows File Sharing Client
elinks Text Based Web Browser
yafc FTP Client
openssh-sftp-client Secure File Transfer Client








Fully loaded. Wireless, 3G/GSM, & NAC/802.1x bypass!
Includes 3G, Wireless, & USB-Ethernet adapters
Fully-automated NAC/802.1x/RADIUS bypass!
Out-of-band SSH access over 3G/GSM cell networks!
One-click Evil AP, stealth mode, & passive recon
Maintains persistent, covert, encrypted SSH access to
your target network
Tunnels through application-aware firewalls & IPS
Supports HTTP proxies, SSH-VPN, & OpenVPN
Analyze risk
risk = (cost of an exploit)*(likelihood it will occur)
Mobile devices make this inexpensive and very possible (BeetleJuice) inside of “Flame”
Demos:
Bypass DLP
(Safepod)
ANTI
FaceNif
WIFI Kill
•
•
•
•
•
•
Inherent trust. “It’s MY PHONE.”
Portability is a benefit and a risk
• Controls if lost
• Lock/Erase? Implications of erasing personal data
• PIN security – secure or easy to do 1 handed
• What is resident in memory?
Malware – whole new breed of malware and products
Malicious apps
• Increasing
• How do you write secure apps?
Social engineering providers – value of OOB
communication
Where did my app come from ? What is a trusted source?



Username: root
Password: toor
startx
Tools organized by
category in the typical
order of a penetration
test.
Main
collection of
tools by
category

Sweet and Simple
 ICMP: Ping


Fping- quickly
check an IP range.
Not very reliable;
many servers and
firewalls can turn
off ICMP replies.


TCP and UDP- More than ICMP Replies
Nping
 TCP
 UDP
 IP ranges

Many others for Internal and External
▪ Applications> Backtrack> Information Gathering>
Network Analysis> Identify Live Hosts

Nping --tcp –p 8080 66.110.218.68



Linux: traceroute
Win:
tracert
Seeing hops and routers in between.
Zenmap
 The all-in-one GUI for nmap
 Hop and routing maps
 Save findings for later
 Extremely easy




“doors” on the system where info is sent out
from and received
When a server app is running on a port, it
listens for packets
When there is nothing listening on a port, the
port is closed
TCP/IP Stack
 65,536 TCP Ports




Open – port has an application listening on it,
and is accepting packets.
Closed – port is accessible by nmap, but no
application is listening on it.
Filtered – nmap can’t figure out if the port is
open or closed because the packets are being
filtered. (firewall)
Unfiltered – Ports are accessible, but nmap
can’t figure out if it is open/closed.

Any port can be configured to run any service.
 But major services stick to defaults

Popular TCP ports/services:







80 – HTTP (web server)
23 – Telnet
443 – HTTPS (ssl-encrypted web servers)
21 – FTP
22 – SSH (shell access)
25 – SMTP (send email)
110 – POP3 (email retreival)ecure shell, replacement
for Telnet)
 445 – Microsoft –DS (SMB communication w/ MS
Windows Services
 139 – NetBIOS-SSN (communication w/ MS
Windows




services
– 143 – IMAP (email retreival)
– 53 – Domain (DNS)
– 3306 – MYSQL (database)

Nmap ("Network Mapper") is a great tool that
we have in both the portable apps and in BT
Extremely powerful.

Simple use:

Nmap –v –A
‘v’ for verbosity and ‘A’ for OS/version Detection

Scan one target
or a range

Built-in profiles
or make your
own for personal
ease.

Visual Map
 Hop Distance
 Router Information

Group Hosts by
Service
Using a quite traceroute

Here are some IPs open to be scanned. Be
careful!






66.110.218.68
66.110.220.87
Hackerinstitute.net
66.110.218.106
moodle.gcasda.org
Just in case
 192.168.2.254
 192.168.2.240

Host name to IP lookup:
nslookup www.es-es.net

Reverse lookup:
nslookup 74.208.95.36



dig [domain]
any
dig es-es.net
any
The ‘any’
switch is used
to show all
DNS entries.
 Just a few record types cribbed from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DNS_record_types
Code
Number
Defining RFC
Description
A
1
RFC 1035
address record
28
RFC 3596
IPv6 address record
MX
15
RFC 1035
mail exchange
record
CNAME
5
RFC 1035
Canonical name
record
PTR
12
RFC 1035
pointer record
AXFR
252
RFC 1035
Full Zone Transfer
AAAA

http://serversniff.net/subdomains.php
 http://serversniff.net/nsreport.php gcasda.org
 http://serversniff.net/content.php?do=httprobots

http://whois.domaintools.com/

Tools on Thumb Drive
 DNS Lookup good DIG tool(GUI)
http://nscan.org/dig.html
 Nirsoft’s
http://www.nirsoft.net/utils/whois_this_domain.html
http://www.nirsoft.net/utils/ipnetinfo.html

Using Wireshark and taking advantage
of unencrypted traffic.
 Telnet Session
 Website logins
 SNMP capture

Wlan0 needs to be in monitor mode
List the available capture
interfaces.
Choose an interface…


ip.src==[ip_address_of_target]
Filter by protocol
 telnet
 ssh
 http, etc.

and
 This is used to link multiple filters together
Everything is
unencrypted over telnet;
every character typed is
sent as an individual
packet.
 Wireshark can follow
and piece together the
packet stream for us.
 This will allow us to see
the password in clear
text.

Here is the unencrypted login page^
 Set wireshark to filter and display HTTP only
 We are now looking for an interesting URL.
POST requests can be full of information.



Web login for the procurve 2524
Captured login packets, found encoded
password hash.
Hash looked base64, and used Cain to
decode it:
The same password from the telnet session
Sniff SNMPv1 or SNMPv2c clear text
You'd be a fool not to sniff traffic and look for
UDP 161 just in case some SNMP traffic leaks to
client or servers you control
Also, try community string guessing/dictionary
attacking against SNMPv1, v2c, or v3

Onesixtyone by Solar Eclipse
 Speedy –Sends lots of requests in parallel, not waiting for





responses
Doesn't stop on success –enumerates all valid community
strings for a device
Good for large-scale iteration through network address space
dict.txt includes 49 common strings
Free at www.phreedom.org/solar/onesixtyone/
Free Metasploit module: auxiliary/scanner/snmp/community
 Nice, flexible RHOSTS options (range, list, file, IPv6, etc.)
 Stops once it gets a success on a given target (maybe just Read)
 Includes snmp.txt file with 119 common strings

If you achieve SNMP Read/Write access, you
own the device
 We can download running or startup configuration for




detailed analysis
Crack the passwords for it and use them on other
network devices
Cisco enable passwords are typically stored using
salted MD5, easily cracked using John or oclHashcat
We could dump CDP, ARP cache, and routing table for
target enumeration
We could reconfigure the device to allow all sorts of
access, such as telnet, ssh, http, or https


/pentest/enumeration/snmp
Onesixtyone
 Can dictionary attack SNMP
community names


With names we can enumerate.
onesixtyone –c dict.txt
192.168.2.240



Both snmpcheck and snmpenum are good,
but they have their pros and cons.
We will use snmpcheck today.
./snmpcheck-1.8.pl -t 192.168.2.240 -c admin v2
 We have the admin community from the attack
with onesixtyone.

Or with the –w option we can check or write
access and see if we can reconfigure the
switch
 Cell Communication has been hacked it is not secure Defcon Demos
 Email pop smtp sent in clear text.
If you lose the device it is not stored in a secure environment.
Running wireshark to sniff account at coffee shop
Several mobile apps have poor security including some bank
apps that store username and password on the device in clear
text i.e. Citibank
 PayPal had the app state that if the SSL cert was bad allow
it anyway
Local device storage issues SSD tends to move the app
around on the deice
Good uses an encrypted container to store email in “secure”
environment
Can they get into your VM or fake the caller ID
http://www.telespoof.com/freecall/agi
http://www.spoofcard.com/
http://www.telespoof.com/freecall/agi
www.spoofcard.com
http://www.slydial.com/apps.php
From the cell tower to back you is unencrypted.
Rogue Apps
Live malware found
How will you updated
Over the air or tethered
What about Bring your own Device
Jailbreakme.com it is so easy to jailbreak / Rooting a
device
Publish standards of what you will or will not support
Poorly codded apps that limit password length
complexity, and allow paste
Running Wireshark from a mobile device
Mobile Management tools available from several
3rd party Vendors : more info on es-es.net
AirWatch, Good Technology, MobileIron, Sybase, and
Zenprise
Most offer remote wipe of Corporate APPS and
email. Some have antimalware and filtering options
Read the list of permissions that app requests
before you install it
 Does that list make sense? For instance, does a
game really need to be able to send premium text
messages or access your contact list?

Metagoofil
http://www.edge-security.com/metagoofil.php

Exploit DB Google Dorks
http://www.exploit-db.com/google-dorks/
Online Google Hacking Tool
http://www.secapps.com/a/ghdb
 SiteDigger
http://www.mcafee.com/us/downloads/freetools/sitedigger.aspx
 Goolag
http://goolag.org

RobTex
While the interface is a bit weird in my opinion, this is a great site for
doing reverse DNS look-ups on IPs, grabbing Whois contacts, and
finding other general information about an IP or domain name.
http://www.robtex.com
ServerSniff
This one is sort of an odd ball. Lots of sites offer Whois info, this one
goes for more exotic tools. You really have to just play with it to find all
of its features. It’s sometimes hard to remember which option is
where. Just some of the tools are: ICMP & TCP traceroutes, SSL Info,
DNS reports and Hostnames on a shared IP. It’s nice to have them do
some of the recon for you if you don’t want to use a proxy and don’t
wish for your IP to show up in the target’s logs.
http://serversniff.net
Check if your email address has been owned
http://beta.serversniff.de/compromised.php
Portable apps

Angry IP Scanner
Wireless keyview
Zenmap will do more after lunch
Attack_Surface_Analyzer_BETA_x64
Wscc
Google Hacking Diggity Project --
SearchDiggity.Client Google and Bing “hacking”
Creepy
FreeScreenRecord–
HoffmanUtilitySpotlight2009_04 -- Rich Copy
great copying
From the portable apps we will do an angry IP scanner on our
local network to see what ports are open and if we can get
into them.



TCPView
Suffering from a slow connection? You get the feeling that
something's bogging down your WiFi or Ethernet adapter?
TCPView (also a part of Sysinternals and available via
WSCC) is your chance to figure out which process is costing
you how much bandwidth and deal with this connection
hog. Simply launch TCPView and sort all processes by
clicking the "Sent Packages/Bytes" or "Rcvd
Packages/Bytes" header to get the top bandwidth hogs.
Sign up for BrowserCheck Business Edition
Ensure all browsers and plug-ins used within your
organization are
up-to-date with the latest security patches
BrowserCheck Business Edition:
Provides you with a unique URL to give to users inside
your company
Allows your users to scans their browsers and plug-ins
for security issues
Helps you track the state of browser security in your
organization over time
http://www.qualys.com/forms/browsercheck-businessedition/
Vulnerabilities:
–OWASP (http://www.owasp.org)
–SANS Top 20 (www.sans.org/top20)
–National Vulnerability Database (http://nvd.nist.gov)
–cgisecurity (http//www.cgisecurity.com)
Guidance:
–National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Computer Security Resource Center
(http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/)
–Center for Internet Security (CIS)
(http://www.cisecurity.org/)
–Educause
(http://connect.educause.edu/term_view/Cybersecurity)