The Ancient Egyptian
Origins of Greek Philosophy
Mathew John
April 19, 2013
Abstract
 According to the widely-accepted claims of world history, and of those
who engage in it, philosophy and all of its theories, concepts,
achievements and advancements have all been credited to the
intellectual accomplishments of Ancient Greece and its great thinkers. In
spite of this, the reality is that what is understood to be Ancient Greek
Philosophy today originated with, and was influenced by, the philosophies
of Ancient Egypt. This work will explore, explain and provide evidence for
this statement, argue that Ancient Egypt was a Black civilization, and
defend the idea that Black people have contributed abundantly to
Western civilization and have influenced numerous accomplishments for
which Europeans are given acknowledgment.
What Is Philosophy?
 Philosophy is the intellectual and spiritual quest for a
comprehensive understanding of human existence.
 Philosophy is the investigation of causes and laws underlying
reality; in other words, philosophy is an inquiry into the nature
of things based on logical reasoning.
 Source: “Philosophy." Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary. 11th Edition. 2008.
Cheikh Anta Diop
 Diop, as well as other African-centered scholars sought to bring to light the
history and achievements of Africa, specifically the Kingdoms of Ancient
Egypt.
 African Philosophy is essentially intertwined with the African worldview as
found in the Southern Cradle of Diop’s Two Cradle Theory.
 Western Philosophy is reflective of the European Worldview as found within
those who inhabited the Northern Cradle of Diop’s Two Cradle Theory.
 Source: Diop, Cheikh Anta. The Cultural Unity of Black Africa: The Domains of Patriarchy and of
Matriarchy in Classical Antiquity. Chicago: Third World, 1978. Print.
Is African Philosophy Possible?
 Reason, which is utilized by human beings to know what is true and
valid, is understood by many to constitute philosophical knowledge.
 The question of whether or not there is an African philosophy, may
lead to the profounder question of whether or not one can attribute
reason to Black people.
 Africans are not void of a history, culture or development, they
therefore do not lack reason.
 If African civilizations were more than capable of reason, then they
were more than capable of creating their own philosophies and
schools of thought.
 Source: Obenga, Théophile. African Philosophy In World History. Princeton, N.J.: Sungai, 1998. Print.
The Egyptian Mystery System
 Sought to explain the origin of the universe and the existence of
everything that is.
 Ancient Egyptians did not restrict themselves to only a single system of
belief relating to cosmogony; they branched out and adhered to other
major systems emanating from the religious centers of Hermopolis,
Heliopolis and Memphis.
 Egyptians had one doctrine of creation, and this one concept was
articulated differently according to the different religious centers.
 These systems developed long before Greece was formed as a nation,
and before any Greeks had ventured into the lands of Africa.
 Source: Onyewuenyi, Innocent C. The African Origin Of Greek Philosophy: An Exercise In Afrocentrism.
Nsukka, Nigeria: University of Nigeria, 2005. Print.
Ancient Greek Philosophy
 Egyptian cosmological concepts will prove to be influential for such
Ancient Greek philosophers as Thales (635 – 545 B.C.), Anaximander
(610 – 546 B.C.), Anaximenes (585 – 526 B.C.), Heraclitus (544 – 484
B.C.), Pythagoras (580 – 500 B.C.), Parmenides (540 – 470 B.C.),
Socrates (470 – 399 B.C.), Plato (427 – 348 B.C.), Aristotle (384 – 322
B.C.), etc.
 Source: Onyewuenyi, Innocent C. The African Origin Of Greek Philosophy: An Exercise In Afrocentrism.
Nsukka, Nigeria: University of Nigeria, 2005. Print.
 Source: Bakalis, Nikolaos. Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics. Victoria, BC.:
Trafford, 2005. Print.
Pythagoras
 Born in Samos in Ionia (580 – 500 B.C.)
 Founder of School of Pythagoreans, which combined numerology, mathematics, philosophy,
and mysticism.
 Pythagoreans also developed a calendar.
 Views include the constitution of the universe, the transmigration and immortality of the soul,
the doctrine of opposites (10 pairs), and the doctrine of the supreme.
 Substance of beings were numbers which can only be grasped through intellect: “All things
are numerable and can be counted. Moreover, it is impossible to conceive a universe in
which number is not to be found…”
 Odd and even numbers are not mutually exclusive, but rather they are complementary since
they derive from same source (units).
 Thus, two extremes are complementary and create harmony when united.
 Source: James, George G. M. Stolen Legacy: The Egyptian Origins of Western Philosophy. United
States: Feather Trail, 2010. Print.
 Source: Bakalis, Nikolaos. Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics. Victoria, BC.:
Trafford, 2005. Print.
Pythagoras
 Persuaded by Thales of Miletus to travel to Africa to study and
become initiated into the Egyptian Mystery System. Spent
twenty-two years in Egypt.
 Doctrine of opposites identical to Egyptian prototype. Held
that the virtue of harmony within the universe was a result of
the unity between the two.
 The Egyptian prototype of this doctrine can be identified
within both the Hermopolitan and Heliopolitan systems which
had opposites as partners in the creation process.
 One obtains harmony through the union of positive and
negative, male and female, body and soul, etc.
 Pythagoras’ foreign practices and beliefs, such as geometry,
incited fear and uncertainty in his home state of Greece.
 Source: James, George G. M. Stolen Legacy: The Egyptian Origins of Western Philosophy. United
States: Feather Trail, 2010. Print.
 Source: Bakalis, Nikolaos. Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics. Victoria, BC.:
Trafford, 2005. Print.
Pythagoras
 Plato, in his Laws, states the following:
ATHENIAN: All freemen I conceive, should learn as much of these branches of knowledge
as every child in Egypt is taught when he learns the alphabet. In that country arithmetical
games have been invented for the use of mere children, which they learn as a pleasure
and amusement. They have to distribute apples and garlands, using the same number
sometimes for a larger and sometimes for a lesser number of persons; and they arrange
pugilists and wrestlers as they pair together by lot or remain over, and show how their
turns come in natural order. Another mode of amusing them is to distribute vessels,
sometimes of gold, brass, silver, and the like, intermixed with one another, sometimes of
one metal only; as I was saying they adapt to their amusement the numbers in common
use, and in this way make more intelligible to their pupils the arrangements and
movements of armies and expeditions, and in the management of a household they make
people more useful to themselves, and more wide awake; and again in measurements of
things which have length, and breadth, and depth, they free us from that natural ignorance
of all these things which is so ludicrous and disgraceful.
CLEINIAS: What kind of ignorance do you mean?
ATHENIAN: O my dear Cleinias, I, like yourself, have late in life heard with amazement of
our ignorance in these matters; to me we appear to be more like pigs than men, and I am
quite ashamed, not only of myself, but for our whole Hellenic world.
Pythagoras
 Plato, in his Laws, also states the following :
For securing permanence no better method can be imagined
than that of the Egyptians. 'What is their method?' They make
a calendar for the year, arranging on what days the festivals of
the various Gods shall be celebrated, and for each festival they
consecrate an appropriate hymn and dance. In our state a
similar arrangement shall in the first instance be framed by
certain individuals, and afterwards solemnly ratified by all the
citizens.
Conclusions & Implications
 Human civilization began on the continent of Africa.
 Ancient Egyptian Civilization was a Black society.
 Ancient Egyptian civilization laid a philosophical
foundation which allowed for Greek philosophy to
develop more than 1,500 years later.
 The correction of inaccuracies within Western
philosophy, science, history and arts, which fail to
resonate with the conceptual or spiritual framework of
Black people as a result of worldview differences.
 Black people will elevate their consciousness and
ultimately become liberated.
Review of Literature
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