POST-MODERNISM
POSTMODERNISM
Postmodernism is a concept that

encompasses a wide range of ideals, methods
and practices. It is more importantly not a
philosophical movement in itself, but rather,
incorporates a number of philosophical and
critical methods that can be considered
'postmodern', the most familiar methods
include feminism and post-structuralism.
Postmodernism is not a method of doing
philosophy, but rather a way of approaching
traditional ideas and practices in nontraditional ways that deviate from preestablished super structural modes.
Postmodernism attacks the use of sharp

binary classifications such as male versus
female, white versus black, and imperial versus
colonial; it holds realities to be plural and
relative, and to be dependent on who the
interested parties are and the nature of these
interests.
Postmodernism claims that there is no
absolute truth and that the way people
perceive the world is subjective

Postmodernism, particularly as an academic

movement, can be understood as a reaction to
modernism in the Humanities. Whereas
modernism was primarily concerned with
principles such as identity, unity, authority,
and certainty, postmodernism is often
associated with difference, plurality, textuality,
and skepticism.
Literary critic Fredric Jameson
describes postmodernism as the
"dominant cultural logic of late
capitalism." "Late capitalism" refers to
the phase of capitalism after World
War II.
HISTORY AND EMERGENCE

The term "Postmodern" was first used around
the 1870s. In 1917, Rudolf Pannwitz used the
term to describe a philosophically-oriented
culture. His idea of post-modernism drew from
Friedrich Nietzsche's analysis of modernity and
its end results of decadence and nihilism.
In 1949 the term was used to describe a

dissatisfaction with modern architecture,
and led to the postmodern architecture
movement, it was also a response to the
modernist architectural movement known
as the International Style.
After that, Postmodernism was applied to a

whole host of movements, many in art, music, and
literature, that reacted against tendencies in
the imperialist phase of capitalism called
"modernism".
Walter Truett Anderson identifies

Postmodernism as one of four typological world
views.
Postmodernironist
scientificrational
socialtraditional,
neoromantic
These four world views are the Postmodern-ironist,

which sees truth as socially constructed; the scientific-
rational, in which truth is found through methodical,
disciplined inquiry; the social-traditional, in which
truth is found in the heritage of American and
Western civilization; and the neo-romantic, in which
truth is found through attaining harmony with
nature and/or spiritual exploration of the inner self.
The movement of Postmodernism began with

architecture, as a response to the perceived
mildness, hostility, and Utopianism of the Modern
movement.
It is this atmosphere of criticism, skepticism, and
emphasis on difference over and against unity
that distinguishes the postmodernism aesthetic.

Among writers defining the terms of this

discourse is Charles Jencks, described by
Architectural Design Magazine as "the definer of
Post-Modernism for thirty years" and the
"internationally acclaimed critic..., whose name
became synonymous with Post-modernism in the
80s"..
POST- MODERN MUSIC
Postmodern Classical music as well is not a

musical style, but rather refers to music of the
postmodern era. It bears the same relationship to
postmodernist music that postmodernity bears to
postmodernism. Postmodern music, on the other
hand, shares characteristics with postmodernist
art—that is, art that comes after and reacts
against modernism.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MODERNISM
MODERNISM & POST
Modern

Postmodern
Reasoning
From foundation upwards
Multiple factors of multiple
levels of reasoning. Weboriented.
Science
Universal Optimism
Realism of Limitations
Part/Whole
Parts comprise the whole
The whole is more than the
parts
God
Acts by violating "natural" laws"
Top-Down causation
Language
Referential
Meaning in social context
through usage
CONCLUSION
Ghasemi- Pourshahbaz