PALM V EIN TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS
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•
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INDRODUCTION
Biometrics
Palm Vein Technology
•
REASONS FOR CONSIDERING THE PALM AREA FOR
IDENTIFICATION :
•
•
•
•
•
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Accuracy
Practical applications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
3
INTRODUCTION
• Palm vein technology is one of the upcoming
technology.
• It is the world’s first contactless personal
identification system that uses the vein patterns
in human palms to confirm a person’s identity.
• It is highly secure and accurate.
• The contact less feature gives it a hygienic
advantage over other biometric authentication
technologies.
• It uses the vascular patterns of an individual’s
palm as personal identification data.
• biometric authentication technology, which
identifies people by their unique biological
information
4
Biometrics
 Automated measurement of Physiological and/or
behavioral characteristics to determine or authenticate
identity is known as Biometrics
 Increasing necessity of e-mail, Internet resources etc,
offers serious security concerns.
 Biometrics can be defined as recognizing and identifying
a person based on physiological or behavioral
characteristics
 The behavioral characteristics measure the movement of
a user, when users walk, speak, type on a keyboard or
sign their name.
 The physiological characteristics would be the physical
human traits like fingerprints, hand shape, eyes and face,
veins, etc
BIOMETRIC FEATURES
• It becomes obsolete to beware passwords safely
or to remember to all of them.
• Abuse of stolen id cards and passports will be
reduced enormously.
• Abuse of stolen credit cards will be prevented.
• Taking over foreign identities will be impossible.
• Building access right to people without the right
of admittance will be prevented.
• Access to devices/computers will be not possible
for persons without the right of admittance.
• Unnecessary costs will be drastically reduced.
• Level of common convenience and safety will
grow.
DIFFERENT BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES
 Physical Biometrics
• Iris
• Retina
• Vein Pattern
• Hand Geometry
• Face
• Fingerprint
• Ear shape
 Behavioral Biometrics
• Keystroke dynamics
• Signature dynamics
• Walking Gait
• Voice
Biometric Systems
Biometrics Process
new biometric sample is requested.
No
Biometric
Data Collection
Transmission
Signal Processing,
Feature Extraction,
Representation
Quality
Sufficient?
Yes
Generate Template
Database
Yes
No
Template Match
Decision
Confidence?
VOICE PRINT
Voice Recognition: is the Identification using the acoustic features
of speech that have been found to differ between individuals.
ADVANTAGES
• Easy to use and requires no special training or equipment.
• Relatively inexpensive compared to other biometrics.
• Consumers prefer to use voiceprints over other biometric technology
for identification according to a Chase bank’s research study.
DISADVANTAGES
• When processing a person’s voice over multiple channels such a
microphone and then over a telephone reduces the recognition rate.
• Physical conditions of the voice, such as those due to sickness, affect
the voice verification process.
• Environment noise reduces the overall accuracy and effectiveness of
the recognition.
• The storage requirement for voiceprint database can be very large.
• A person’s voice changes over time.
Voice Identification System
Construct voice
reference
template
Database
 FINGER PRINT
• Fingerprint Recognition is the identification by using patterns of
friction ridges and valleys on an individual's fingertips which are
unique to that individual.
 ADVANTAGES
• Since fingerprints are the composition of protruding sweat
glands, everyone has unique fingerprints. They do not change
naturally.
• Its reliability and stability is higher compared to the iris, voice,
and face recognition method.
• Fingerprint recognition equipment is relatively low-priced
compared to other biometric system
 DISADVANTAGES
• Vulnerable to noise and distortion brought on by dirt and twists.
• Some people may feel offended about placing their fingers on the
same place where many other people have continuously touched.
• Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints.
• Since users have to touch the sensing device, so it gets damaged
on scratches on it
Fingerprint Recognition steps:
Database
FACE RECOGNITION
Face recognition uses the visible physical structure of the face
and analyses the spatial geometry of distinguishing features in it
to identify an individual.
ADVANTAGES
Non intrusive, privacy cannot be invaded easily.
Cheap technology.
DISADVANTAGES
 2D recognition is affected by changes in lighting, the person’s hair, the age,
and if
the person wear glasses.
It also depends on orientation/angle of user’s face with camera.
 Requires camera equipment for user identification; thus, it is not likely to
become
popular until most PCs include good resolution cameras as standard
equipment.
Even the expressions on the face also affect the recognition process. For
example:in Canada passport size photo with neutral face expression are
accepted.
Face recognition process:
Input face
image
Extraction of
face image
Extraction of
face features
Positive
Database
negative
 IRIS SCAN
• The iris is the colored ring of textured tissue that surrounds the
pupil of the eye.
• ADVANTAGES
 Very high accuracy.
 Verification time is generally less than 5 seconds.
 The eye from a dead person would deteriorate too fast to be
useful, so no extra precautions have to been taken with retinal
scans to be sure the user is a living human being.
• DISADVANTAGES





Intrusive.
A lot of memory for the data to be stored.
Very expensive.
Difficult to use because of positioning eye.
Requires more time for matching with database stored
Iris Identification Steps:
Input of face
image
Detection of
eye regions
Put iris in focus
Recognition of
iris pattern
accept
reject
Database
Signature Identification:
•
Signature identification: is the analyses of the way a user
signs his or her name.
•
The process used by a biometric system to verify a
signature is called dynamic signature verification (DSV).
•
the angle at which the pen is held
•
the number of times the pen is lifted,
•
the time it takes to write the entire signature,
•
the pressure exerted by the person while signing,
•
the variations in the speed with which different parts of
the signature are written.
• ADVANTAGES
 Unique for every individual and user himself can decide
the identity.
 Lesser false acceptance rate.
 Relatively cheap technology.
 No expert training required
DISADVANTAGES
 Signature of a person may change after a long time, like if
an user gone through an accident and he cannot use his
hand and then he signs after a long time, his sign and
pressure points may change.
 High false rejection rate.
Pressure points may change because of weather or some
disease.
 System can be fooled by imitating
Profile
Database
Palm Vein Technology
• In this technology ONE’S PALM is used as the
“PASSWORD” for verification
• The veins present in the palm of the individual are
scanned & verified thus providing the access
• Palm vein authentication is one of the vascular pattern
authentication technologies.
• Vascular pattern authentication includes vein pattern
authentication using the vein patterns of the palm, back of
the hand or fingers as personal identification data
• The palm vein authentication uses the vascular patterns of
the palm as personal identification data
First the individual places his PALM on the
sensor, thus the sensor takes the “PALM VEIN
IMAGE” and compares it with the pre-registered
one with the help of INFRA RED RAYS.
If there is a match then access is allowed, if not
access is denied.
This system is not at all dangerous. A near
infrared ray is a component of sunlight, whose
effect is much less than walking in sunlight.
REASONS FOR CONSIDERING THE PALM AREA FOR
IDENTIFICATION :
• A palm has wide area and more complicated vascular
pattern and contains some differentiating features for
personal identification when compared with the
patterns present in the back of the hand and the
ventral side or dorsal side of the fingers.
• The palm normally has no hair and thus eliminates an
obstacle to capturing the vein pattern and it is less
susceptible to a change in skin color.
• For this purpose the contactless palm vein
authentication device was launched by Fujitsu in
Japan. This is also known as palm secure.
REASONS FOR CONSIDERING THE PALM
AREA FOR IDENTIFICATION ….
• In palm vein authentication we use sensing and matching
technology.
• when near-infrared light passes, deoxygenated hemoglobin
in the blood flowing through the veins absorbs near-infrared
rays, causing it to be visible as black regions to the scanner.
• Arteries and capillaries, whose blood contains oxygenated
hemoglobin,
which does not absorb near-infrared light, are invisible to the
sensor, hence “VEINS” are chosen
SENSING TECHNOLOGY
:
The sensing technology used for vein patterns is based on
near-infrared ray spectroscopy (NIRS) and imaging
Deoxygenated hemoglobin in vein vessels absorbs light
having a wavelength of about 760 nm within near-infrared
area (Fig. 1).
When capturing a body using near-infrared rays only the
blood vessel pattern containing the deoxidized hemoglobin
is visible as a series of dark lines (Fig.2).
The vein authentication device translates the black lines of
the infrared ray image as the blood vessel pattern of the
palm (Fig. 3), and then matches it with the previously
registered blood vessel pattern of the individual.
Fig1: visible ray
image
Fig2:infrared ray
image
Fig 3 :Extracted vein
pattern
Blood vessel patterns are unique to every individual. Even the vein patterns
on each hand are different.
IMAGING METHODS:
There are two imaging methods used for veins
1.Reflection
2.Transmission.
Reflection Method:
The reflection method illuminates the target part from the front
In this method, an illumination device and a capturing
device can be combined because the direction of illumination
and capturing is the same.
Transmission method:
The transmission method illuminates the target part from the back,
the side or the surface around the target. but in this method,
those devices must be used separately because the direction of
illumination and capturing differs
Matching:
The palm vein pattern is extracted from infrared-ray images
as dark lines.
This Matching involves
1. Capture
2. Extraction of palm vein pattern features
3. Storing of palm vein pattern features
1. Capture:
Decide whether or not the user will hold his/her palm over the palm vein
authentication sensor. If the palm is held, capture the infrared-ray image
2. Extraction of palm vein pattern features:
Extract the palm vein pattern from the captured infrared-ray image by image
processing. Convert the palm vein pattern to palm vein feature data following
the algorithm to determine the correspondence between the two palm vein
patterns.
3. Storing of palm vein pattern features:
Store the palm vein feature data to storage, smart card or hard
disk, depending on the application.
HOW IT WORKS
Working of Palm Vein Systems
We Rest our palm on Vein Scanner
Palm Vein Scanner – near Infra Red Rays
Infra red rays will pass through veins
Veins carry Deoxygenated Hemoglobin
Deoxygenated blood absorbs Infra Red Rays
Arteries and capillaries reflects infra red rays
Vein patterns are captured for Authentication
 If Authorized, the requested Application gets Activated
•Extract the vein patterns from the infrared image and convert into
vein pattern data.
•Now Compares it with database
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WORKING
•
Step 1:
Palm vein authentication
technology consists of a small Palm vein
scanner that's easy and natural to use,
fast and Highly accurate . Simply hold
your palm a few centimeters Over the
scanner and within a second it reads
your unique vein pattern. A vein picture
is taken and palm pattern is registered.
Step 2:
The registered palm pattern is stored into the
database along with the personal details of the
client
1. One should place his/her palm
near to scanner.
• 2. The scanner makes use of a special characteristic of the reduced
hemoglobin coursing through the palm veins — it absorbs nearinfrared light. This makes it possible to take a snapshot of what's
beneath the outer skin, something very hard to read or steal.
• 3. The integrated optical system in the palm vein sensor uses this
phenomenon to generate an image of the palm vein pattern and the
generated image is digitized, encrypted and finally stored as a
registered template in the database.
Data Flow
35
Palm vein authentication
Palm has to be
positioned
3-8 cm over the
sensor
The generated template can
be stored in either a database
Sensor emits near
infrared
beam to the palm
The sensors template library
SW changes the raw image
into template data
Oxygen reduced blood
within the veins absorbs the
near infrared light
The sensors wide angular near
infrared camera takes a raw
image of the palm vein pattern
PALM VEIN PAATTERN VERIFICATION SYSTEM
The thermal vein pattern verification system involves
the following stages:
• Image Acquisition
• Image enhancement
• Vein pattern segmentation
• Skeletonization
• Matching
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User Interface
•Contactless
•Non-invasive
•2.18 seconds recognition
speed
source
38
How Secure is the Technology?
How Secure is the Technology?
• On the basis of testing the technology on more than 70,000
individuals, Fujitsu declared that the new system had a
false rejection rate of 0.01%(i.e., only one out of 10,000
scans were incorrect denials for access).
• And a false acceptance rate of less than 0.00008% (i.e.,
incorrect approval for access in one in over a millio scans).
• And if you registered your profile as a child, it'll still be
recognized as you grow, as an individual's patterns of
veins are established in utero
• No two people in the world share a palm vein pattern even those of identical twins will differ.
Overview of Biometrics
Technology
Fingerprint
+
-
•Popular
•Cheapest
•Less Accurate
Voice
•Non invasive
•Least Accurate
Iris & Retinal
•Very accurate
•Invasive
•Expensive
•Sensitive
•Non-invasive
•Relatively Cheap
•Accurate
•Unfamiliar
Palm Vein
accuracy
•
•
•
TECHNOLOGY
FALSE ACCEPTANCE RATE
FALSE REJECTION RATE
Palm Secure
.00008%
.01%
Fingerprint
1-2%
3%
Iris
.0001% - .94%
.99% - .2%
Voice
2%
10%
Vein patterns
– Distinctive and unique to individuals, even left and right hands.
– Difficult to steal or forge
False acceptance rate
– A rate at which someone other than the actual person is falsely
recognized.
False rejection rate
– A rate at which the actual person is not recognized accurately.
In comparison with others
technology
*note – Chart created using average of data provided by the Table
43
Need Of It
No more problems of forgotten passwords
and id codes - biometrics is the technology
taking care of it.
Apart from other techniques like IRIS scan in
which Cataract replacement, Finger scan
during Injuries etc can be an disadvantage,
this technique has no problems.
ADVANTAGES:
• Contactless, hygienic and non-invasive .
• It is difficult to forge for intruders because blood
vessels are hidden within the body.
• This technology is non- intrusive; It does not
involve any physical contact between the user
and the system .
• Vein patterns are unique to each individual;
even identical twins have different vein patterns
.
• Palm vein technology has an FRR of 0.01% and
FAR of less than 0.00008%.this is based on the
experiments conducted on 70,000 individuals in
Japan. It is Highly accurate
DISADVANTAGES:
• There are numerous factors that can effect the quality of
the captured image. They are body temperature, ambient
temperature, humidity, unevenly distribution of heat, heat
radiation, nearness of vein to surface, camera calibration
and focus.
• Palm vein recognition is invasive because it creates fear
among the users that it can be a painful process
• It is relatively expensive and not available for mass
production yet.
• It is not applicable to people who lost their palms.
APPLICATIONS:
•
•
•
•
Palm vein authentication is utilized in various
Fields such as
Security systems - Door lock and integrated
building security systems
Log-in control – login into pc’s or servers,
network data access, etc.
Healthcare - ID verification for medical
equipment, electronic record management, etc.
Financial services - ATM,Banks, vault access, etc.
applications
Practical Application
ATM:
•
Palm vein pattern is captured by
using the palm vein sensor on the
ATM. The palm vein pattern is
converted to palm vein features
and transferred to the user’s
smart card a
• The matching between the palm
vein features stored on the smart
card and those transferred from
the sensor is executed on the
smart card.
• The result is the output from the
card.
ATM MACHINES WITH
PALM VEIN SENSOR UNIT
49
Login authentication:
• Palm vein authentication can be
integrated into laptop PCs by
USB .
• It is used to control access to
electronically stored
information.
• Because login authentication
using palm vein authentication
can also be used for
authentication using
conventional IDs and passwords
Door security system:
• The palm vein authentication access
control unit can be used to control
entry and exit into and out of rooms
and buildings.
• This unit consists of operation and
control sections. The operation
section has a key pad, indicators ,
contactless smart card reader and
palm vein sensor
• The
control
section
has
a
processing
unit
for
the
authentication and stores palm vein
features of enrollees
• This unit executes verification when
a user input his or her ID
Palm vein pattern authentication technology
developed by Fujitsu was being used in a wide
range in japan .
 If this technology is introduced in our country we
can solve many problems such as password
protection in ATM
 security in various fields and if we implement this
technology in government offices we can make the
employees to work according the government
timings
 surely this technology will bring a revolution in the
field of science and technology in the near future.