Horticulture Science
Lesson 22
Supplying Nutrients to
Floriculture Crops
Interest Approach
Lay out several examples of fertilizers. Pick a flowering
plant and ask the students to find the correct fertilizer
for that particular plant. Ask them why they chose that
fertilizer. Repeat this activity with a houseplant and a
vegetable plant. Then ask the students to describe how
they would use the fertilizer (e.g., mix with water, apply
to the soil, spray on the leaves). Finally, ask the
students to describe what is in the fertilizer that helps
plants grow.
Student Learning Objectives
•Discuss plant nutrition.
•Describe pH and how it is
modified.
Student Learning Objectives
•Describe the components of a
fertilizer.
•Explain the methods of applying
fertilizers to horticultural crops.
Terms
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chlorosis
complete fertilizer
fertilizer
fertilizer analysis
fertilizer injector systems
incomplete fertilizer
limestone
macronutrient
micronutrient
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Terms
nutrient deficiency
parts per million (ppm)
plant nutrition
primary macronutrients
secondary macronutrients
slow release fertilizer
soil pH
soil test
sulfur
water-soluble fertilizer
What is plant nutrition?
• Plants need nutrients for healthy growth
and development.
• Plant nutrition involves the absorption of
nutrients for plant growth and is dependent
on 16 essential elements, often referred to
as nutrients.
What is plant nutrition?
• Three of the 16 elements comprise 89
percent of a plant’s tissue by dry weight:
oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and carbon (C).
• They are considered to be non-fertilizer
nutrients.
• The plant acquires these three elements
through natural processes from air and
water.
What is plant nutrition?
Six essential elements in addition to
oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon are required
in greater quantity than the others; they
are called macronutrients.
• The macronutrients are nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium
(Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S).
– 1. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are
considered primary macronutrients because
they are used in complete fertilizers.
• Nitrogen promotes green leafy growth.
• Phosphorus encourages flowering and root growth.
• Potassium provides disease resistance.
What is plant nutrition?
– 2. Calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are
said to be secondary macronutrients
because plants need them in moderate
amounts.
• These secondary macronutrients may or may
not be used in complete fertilizers.
What is plant nutrition?
• The other seven essential elements, called
micronutrients, are needed in small quantities.
• These are sometimes called trace elements. They
are boron (B), copper (Cu), chlorine (Cl), iron
(Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), sodium
(Na), and zinc (Zn).
• Six of these (boron, copper, iron, manganese,
molybdenum, sodium, and zinc) are supplied to
plants as fertilizers.
• Chlorine is not added to fertilizers since plants
obtain sufficient quantities of chlorine from the
medium or from water.
What is plant nutrition?
A little phrase can be used to help memorize
the 16 essential elements for plant growth.
– It is “C. B. Hopkins Café Mighty Good Closed
Monday See You Zen.”
• It represents the following: Carbon (C), Boron
(B), Hydrogen (Hopkins), Oxygen (HOpkins),
Phosphorus (HoPkins), Potassium (HopKins),
Nitrogen (HopkiNs), Sulfur (HopkinS), Calcium
(Café), Iron (café), Magnesium (Mighty
good), Chlorine (Closed), Manganese
(Monday), Molybdenum (Morning), Copper
(See you = Cu), Zinc (Zen).
What is plant nutrition?
• Other elements play important roles in
plant growth and development.
• For instance, silicon (Si) improves plant
strength and disease resistance.
• Nickel (Ni) is another element considered
important for plant growth.
What is plant nutrition?
• Plants receive most of the nutrients they
need from the growing media.
• In order to maintain healthy plants, a
grower must provide the right type and
amount of nutrients to the media so the
plants can absorb the nutrients and grow.
– 1. A soil test can be performed to determine
which nutrients are present and which nutrients
are deficient or lacking.
– 2. When nutrients are deficient in the soil, the
plant growth is adversely affected.
What is plant nutrition?
• It is common for plant leaves to show
symptoms of a nutrient deficiency by
turning colors.
• When nitrogen is deficient in the
soil, a plant’s older leaves turn
yellow.
• Abnormal yellowing of plant
leaves is a condition called
chlorosis.
• A plant will show purpling in
the stem or leaf when
phosphorus is deficient.
What is pH and how is it
modified?
• Many times, the nutrients needed for plant
growth are present in the soil, but the
plants do not have access to the nutrients.
• Nutrient availability is influenced by the pH
of the soil.
• Soil pH measures the amount of acidity or
alkalinity and is based on the amount of
hydrogen ions present in the soil.
What is pH and how is it
modified?
• Soil pH can range from 1
to 14.
• A pH reading of 7 is
neutral.
• Substances that have pH
readings below 7 are
acidic.
• Substances with pH
readings above 7 are
alkaline or basic.
What is pH and how is it
modified?
• Plants have specific pH ranges that are
ideal for maximum plant growth.
• Most plants grow best at a pH of 5.5 to 7
because the most nutrients are available
for the plant to absorb in that range.
• Some important horticultural plants
(azaleas) do better in a medium that has a
more acidic pH.
What is pH and how is it
modified?
• A soil test can be performed to determine
the pH of the soil, and amendments can be
added to modify the pH.
• Limestone is commonly added to growing
medium in order to raise the pH.
• Sulfur or sulfur compounds can be added
to the media to lower the pH.
What are the components of a
fertilizer?
• A fertilizer is any material added to
growing medium that provides nutrients for
plants.
• Fertilizers vary in the components they
contain, the way they are applied, and the
function they serve.
What are the components of a
fertilizer?
• When choosing a fertilizer, one should always look
for the fertilizer analysis on the bag or box.
• The fertilizer analysis states the percentage of
primary nutrients (nitrogen, phosphate, and
potash) present in the fertilizer.
• The analysis is written as three numbers (i.e., 1510-26), which represent the percent of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potash present in the fertilizer.
• They are always listed in that order.
What are the components of a
fertilizer?
• Fertilizer analysis
What are the components of a
fertilizer?
• If a fertilizer contains all three primary
nutrients, it is called a complete
fertilizer.
• If a fertilizer is lacking any of the three
primary nutrients, it is an incomplete
fertilizer.
– The fertilizer analysis does not equal 100%.
– The rest of the fertilizer composition consists of
filler materials (necessary for the fertilizer to be
applied) and possibly some micronutrients.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
• Different plants have different nutrient
requirements; some are heavy feeders and
others are light feeders.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
Plants have different nutrient requirements
based on the stage of growth.
– The first stage is when the plant is a young
seedling or cutting.
– In the second stage, vegetative or leafy
growth is encouraged.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
– This is followed by the flower bud initiation
stage, the flower bud development stage,
and the flowering stages.
– Each stage calls for different rates of
fertilizers.
– In the vegetative stage, plants use more
nitrogen, whereas the flowering stage
requires less nitrogen and more
phosphorus.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
• Fertilizers are typically applied as watersoluble fertilizer or as slow-release fertilizers.
1. Water-soluble fertilizers dissolve
completely in water and stay in solution.
– The concentrations of the water-soluble fertilizers
are also easily adjusted.
– The fertilizer concentrate is then mixed with the
water in exact proportions before irrigating plants.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
• Fertilizer injector systems are standard
equipment in today’s greenhouses.
• With fertilizer injector systems, growers can
provide exact levels of water-soluble
fertilizers to a crop.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
2. Slow-release fertilizers continually
discharge a small amount of nutrients into
the growing media over a period of time.
– They are available in two forms.
– One form consists of a water-soluble fertilizer held
within a plastic resin or sulfur coating and is
designed to allow a small amount of fertilizer to be
slowly released; they have the appearance of little
round beads and are sometimes mistaken as
insect eggs by the uninformed.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
– The other type of slow-release fertilizer
comes in a granular form.
– This type releases no more than one
percent of the fertilizer in a 24-hour period.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
• There are a number of advantages to using
fertilizer injectors.
• The greenhouse plants are provided with
constant liquid feeding, which is especially
important with soilless media that have a low
cation-exchange capacity.
• The plants are fertilized when they are
watered, thus reducing labor.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
• All the plants of a particular crop receive the
same levels of nutrients, which assists in
producing a uniform crop.
• In addition, adjustments to the level of
nutrients in solution can be made easily.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
• Nutrients in solution are measured in parts
per million or PPM.
• Fertilizer rates can be taken from tables in
reference books or to instructions with their
injector system, or growers can calculate the
amount of fertilizer needed to reach a desired
PPM.
• In either case, it is beneficial for a grower to
understand how to calculate parts per million
(PPM) of fertilizer nutrients.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
1. An example problem might call for 200
PPM nitrogen.
• The chosen fertilizer is calcium nitrate with
an analysis of 15-0-0.
• A rule of thumb in calculating PPM is that 1
ounce of anything in 100 gallons H2O equals
75 PPM.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
• Problem: Wanted, 200 PPM N 15-0-0 Calcium
Nitrate
– Multiply the percent of the nutrient in the
given fertilizer by 75.
– .15 N × 75 = 11.63 PPM N (if 1 oz added
to 100 gallons) 200 divided by 11.63 =
17.2 oz of fertilizer needed in 100 gallons
to get 200 PPM.
How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?
• If the injector system delivers 1:100 (one
gallon concentrate mixed with 99 gallons
water for a total of 100 gallons), 17.2 ounces
of fertilizer is needed for each gallon of
concentrate.
• If the tank holds 30 gallons of concentrate,
516 ounces (32.25 pounds) of fertilizer is
needed to deliver 200 PPM.
Review/Summary
•What is plant nutrition?
•What is pH and how is it
modified?
Review/Summary
•What are the components of a
fertilizer?
•How are fertilizers applied to
horticultural crops?