Chemistry
Chapter 10
Notes #1
Covalent Compounds -Review
Common Diatomic molecules
Acids – Binary and Oxy
Hydrogen (gas), Oxygen, Nitrogen, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine
Hydrochloric, Hydrosulfuric, Sulfuric,
Sulfurous, Chlorous
Regular Compounds
Carbon Dioxide, Carbon tetrachloride,
diphosphorus pentoxide
Covalent Compounds
Nonmetal + nonmetal
Use prefixes to tell how many of each
(find it on the pink sheet)
2nd element, change the ending to –ide
Example Fluorine becomes Fluoride
Example: CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
Example: N2O4 – dinitrogen tetraoxide
Ionic Compounds - Review
Cation + Anion (positive + negative)
Charges matter!!!!!!
Roman numerals tell charge for transitions
Polyatomics don’t end in –ide (mostly)
Need your cheat sheet
Examples
Tin (IV) oxide, lead (II) sulfite, strontium
carbonate, aluminum oxide, magnesium
chloride, calcium oxide, potassium iodide,
potassium iodate
Ionic Compounds
Metal + nonmetal
Find charge on periodic table for elements,
on pink sheet for polyatomics
Ions come together to balance charge
NO charges (superscripts) in the formulas,
just subscripts
EX: Mg2+ and Cl= MgCl2
Name: Name the metal, change the
nonmetal ending to –ide
EX: MgCl2
= Magnesium Chloride
Chemical Reactions- Review
Change in the composition and properties
of a substance, or substances, as the
result of a chemical reaction.
Ex. Souring of Milk
Ex. Rusting of iron
Ex. Change in color
Burning./Combustion
Chemical reactions change substances
Chemical Reactions- Review
Signs of Chemical Change
Combustion (Flame, Smoke, Ash)
New substance formed
Color change
Precipitate (solid formed when mixing 2 liquids)
Bubbling/fizzing (Production of a gas)
Change in Temp (warmer or cooler)
Disappearance of a metal
Formation of liquid droplets
Odor
Reactions
Breaking bonds require energy
Forming bonds releases energy
2 terms for describing the overall energy
transfer in a chemical reaction
Exothermic
Endothermic Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Exothermic Reactions
Chemical reactions that overall release energy
They use energy to break bonds, but more
energy is released in the formation of the
products than was used to break the bonds
•Endothermic Reactions
•Chemical reactions that overall use energy
•They use more energy to break bonds than is
released in the formation of the products
Chemical Reactions
Exothermic
Endothermic
Chemical Reactions
Original bonds are broken
Atoms rearrange
New bonds form
Reactants: starting substances that will
undergo a chemical change
Product: substance that is the result of a
chemical change/reaction
Chemical Reactions
Energy is conserved in chemical reactions
Law of conservation of energy
Chemical energy – energy stored in the
bonds of the compounds
Total energy on the reactant side of an
equation equals the total energy on the
product side
This includes the energy given off….
Chemical Reactions
Reactants
Word Equation
Isooctane + oxygen
Products
-> carbon dioxide + water
Skeleton Equation
->
C8H18
+
O2 ->
CO2
+
H2O
Chemical Equation
2C8H18
+
25O2 ->
16CO2
+
18H2O
Chemical Reactions
In a balanced chemical equation energy
and mass is conserved
You can only change coefficients
NO CHANGING SUBCRIPTS!
Changing the subscripts changes the
chemicals, therefore it changes the entire
reaction
Changing coefficients is just changing the
amounts of chemicals necessary to carry
out the reaction
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