The EXTERMINATOR of Waterborne
Diseases in Rural Areas,
Emergencies and Disasters
World Urgently Needs
Sanitation of Rural Waters
FACTS
• Waterborne epidemics start in rural areas
• More and more contamination of water sources
• Growing population..Growing Industries..Growing
Agriculture = LESS DRINKING WATER
• Better to prevent epidemics than to combat them
UNSAFE DRINKING WATER
is the
MAIN Problem the
world face today
For people who live in developed
countries, safe drinking water is as
close as the nearest tap
HOWEVER, MANY PEOPLE IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE
NOT SO FORTUNATE
People hauls and drinks water from
contaminated rivers, rain ponds,
shallow wells or buys it from tank
trucks storing it in open containers
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World Facts
• 5 million people die each year from diseases
transmitted through contaminated water
• 50% of all hospitalizations in developing countries
are from waterborne diseases
• 80% of all illnesses in the developing world result
from waterborne diseases
• At any one time about 1 billion people are suffering
from waterborne diseases
WATER is the MOST important need
we have in life
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Emergencies are more and more frequent
Aid MUST go first to the basic = WATER
Not just provide water but SAFE drinking water
Diarrhea endemic in many countries
Cholera and hepatitis at the turn of the corner
• Improving the water quality improves quality of
life, and generate savings to the country
World Rural Areas Reality
• School children with parasites and diarrhea…how can
they learn being chronically ill?
• Drop of productivity
• Other social programs prone to fail do to unsafe water
• Large government cost to cure waterborne diseases
• Poor quality of life
WHO’s Statistic
• “Acute diarrhea with dehydration is the leading
cause of death in children under 5”
CAUSED BY UNSAFE DRINKING WATER
Common Water Disinfectants
• Oxone
• Bromine
• UV
• Solar
• Boiling
• Filtering
• CHLORINE
Application in Rural Areas
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Oxone…………...N/A
Bromine ………..N/A
UV…………………N/A
Solar……………. Very Limited
Boiling……..……It works..but damages the
environment killing trees
• Filtering………... Does not disinfects. Only works
for dissolved and suspended solids
• CHLORINE…..the most used in history
Chlorine
• Proven benefits
• Excellent residuals
• Effective killer of micro-organisms
Different Forms of Chlorine
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Chlorine gas
Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH)
Commercial Sodium Hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite Generated On-site
Chlorine Gas
• Extremely Dangerous
• High Dependency from Manufactures
• High Dependency on Transportation
• Unstable Pricing
• Unsure Logistic
• Constant Replacement of Equipment
• Poor Alternative for Small Aqueducts
• Impossible for household-based point of use
Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH)
• The MOST EXPENSIVE form of chlorine
• Few manufacturers in the world
• Total dependency from intermediaries
• Unstable, Dangerous
• Expensive Inventories
• Unfriendly Dosing
• Controlled Airlines Transportation
Commercial Sod. Hypo
• Expensive inventories
• Dangerous to the environment and Operator
• Unstable
• Dependency from others
• Imported Item in most countries
• Requires large storage tanks
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Sodium Hypochlorite Generated OnSite
Generated from common salt and electricity
Low concentration..not dangerous, fresh, stable
Easy and friendly to dose
Excellent residuals
Inexpensive
Proven in thousands installations
Rapidly accepted by the communities
Specially Designed for Small Communities
History
• Originates in New York en 1893 (Wool Process)
• Used in 1st World War to cure open wounds (Carrel
Dankin Solution.)
• Used by YMCA in 1930 as pool disinfectant
• Not economic compared to gas chlorine
• Development of DSA in the 70’ made it economic
On-Site Technology
• Anodes coated with precious metal oxides
(DSA) Iridium – Platinum - Rhodium
• Cathodes made out of Titanium
• H2O + NaCl + e-  NaOCl + H2
• Minimum electrodes life 5 years
• Operation and maintenance extremely
easy
Parameters Considered in
design
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Lack or deficient electricity
Tropical heat and humidity
Poor preparation of operators
Easy to operate and maintain
Strong, manageable, durable
Inexpensive
AQUACHLOR Sodium Hypochlorite
Generated On –Site
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Easy to use and maintain.
Designed for harsh tropical conditions
Reliable
Not hazardous to the operator
Most economic way to obtain chlorine.
Generates Sustainable Projects
Perspective
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Salt is inexpensive and abundant
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SALT + SOLAR ENERGY + WATER = HEALTH
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2 lbs of salt can sanitize
160,000 lit of water and reach
more than 5,000 people
COST $
LESS THAN US$ 3 CAN SANITIZE
THE
WATER CONSUMED BY MORE THAN
10,000 PEOPLE
SUSTAINABILITY
• Generate more chlorine than
needed for water sanitation.
Bottle it and sell the excess to the
community to generate funds for
buying more salt…..
The Center for Disease Control (CDC)
along with CARE, Pan American
Health Org., PSI have developed a
Handbook for Implementing
Household-based Water Treatment for
the Developing World
Please visit the following website to
access it
WWW.CDC.ORG/SAFEWATER/
AQUACHLOR NaOCl On-Site
Technology
• Anodes & Cathodes made out of Titanium
• Anodes coated with special metal oxides
(DSA)
• Electrolytic-grade copper cables
• H2O + NaCl + e-  NaOCl + H2
• Minimum electrodes life 6 years at 24
hours/day
DESIGN PARAMETERS
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Lack or deficient electricity
Tropical heat and humidity
Poor preparation of operators
Easy to operate and maintain
Strong, manageable, durable
Inexpensive
Simple look ..Not complicated
Raw Materials
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2.8 lbs salt
2.5 KWh
15 Gallons of water
Generate 1 lb of
equivalent chlorine
good to disinfect
227,000 lit of water
AT 2 PPM
Various Models for Different Population
Sizes
WATER SANITATION
CAPACITIES
AC5 Solar
- 6 sun/hrs - 30,000 lit at 1ppm
AC25 Solar - 6 sun/hrs - 105,000 lit at 1ppm
AC50 - 20 hrs - 1 million lit at 1 ppm
AC100 - 20 hrs - 2 million lit at 1 ppm
AC200 - 20 hrs - 4 million lit at 1 ppm
Solar Systems
(A/C) Systems
Dosing to disinfect water
•For 1 ppm: 1 to 6000 or 4 drops per lit
•For 2 ppm: 1 to 3000 or 7 drops per liter
•Best to measure residual at different times of year
•Methods: Gravity, Pumps (AC or DC)
Dosing to Disinfecting Water
•For 1 ppm: 1 to 6000 or 4 drops per lit
•For 2 ppm: 1 to 3000 or 7 drops per liter
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Installation Room
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Place P/S higher than reactor tank on a shelve
Place a division between P/S and reactor tank
Cross Ventilation to evacuate gases
Air direction from P/S  Tank
Good Illumination
Protect salt from humidity
Avoid metals in room – they will rust
Electrical Installation
• Use a voltage stabilizer if necessary
• Tighten the electrode terminals to P.S. with
wrench (not by hand)
• Never open the P/S “high voltage”
• Do not overload circuit with other loads
• Always use 3-wire plugs for grounding
Brine Preparation
• Chose your formula and stick with it
• Pre-mark salt volume in recipient
• Pre-mark water level in reactor tank
• Pre-dissolve salt ahead of time
• Make satured brine (30%) and mix 1 to 10
• Better to have 2 reactors –One in use other in process
Brine Preparation
• Strain water in a cloth if too dirty with debris or
insects.
• Wait until salt is totally dissolved
• If salt is from seawater evaporation use 10%
more than the indicated in formula to compensate
for minerals other than ClNa
• Use a lid with hole in the center for electrode
alignment
Proper Brine Level
Process
• Introduce electrode with Power Supply off
• Turn on P/S using timer switch
• Do not remove electrode with P/S on
• Do not use electrode as agitating paddle
End of Process
When Power Supply stops – The
solution is ready to use as SODIUM
HYPOCHLORITE at a concentration 0.6 %
to 0.7 % (6000 to 7000 ppm)
Maintenance
• Pour white vinegar into recipient
• Rinse electrode with water
• Every 1-2 weeks place electrode into vinegar for 30
minutes
• Rinse electrode with water
• Electrode ready for another reaction
• Can use hydrochloric acid at 5% Never stronger
• Keep electrode in vinegar while not in use
• Clean P/S with a dry cloth
Maintenance Precautions
Power to the generating electrode must be off
while the electrode is in the cleaning solution.
q
Rinse the generating electrode thoroughly with water
after removal from the storage container and prior to
immersion in the electrolysis tank.
- Never combine the cleaning solution with the sodium
hypochlorite solution.
Proper Acid Level
Proper Acid Level
Operating Precautions
Do not smoke or have open flames close to the
equipment.
Avoid contact of the solution with eyes or skin.
Avoid the solution contacting clothes.
Do not activate the transformer until the electrode
is properly immersed in the brine solution.
Do not remove the electrode from the brine tank
until the transformer has been deactivated.
Installation Precautions
Place the power supply away from the vapors that escape
from the process container (opposite direction of the
predominant wind.)
Observe the necessary precautions with the electrical
equipment. This system operates on 220 v and 50 Hz.
Make sure the available electrical supply conforms to the
requirements of the transformer
Installation Precautions
- Make sure the generating cell is properly connected.
Reversing the polarity of the cell will permanently damage the
electrode.
- Locate the power supply away from the possibility of liquid
spills.
- Hydrogen and chlorine gas are byproducts of hypochlorite
generation. Install the system in a well-ventilated area, preferably
with crossed ventilation for proper evacuation of hydrogen.
- Tighten the nuts/screws that connect the electrode to the power
supply snugly with the proper tool.
Tighten Nuts
Do not Reverse the polarity
Operating Precautions
Do not operate the electrode longer than
recommended. Doing so is wasteful and will
eventually decrease the concentration of
chlorine in the solution.
The water used for the brine solution should be
free of visible particles and solids. If necessary,
this water should be strained with a coarse-cloth
filter.
Maintenance
ONLY THE INMERSION OF ELECTRODE
IN WHITE VINEGAR FOR 30 MINUTES
ONCE A WEEK
Family Non-Contamination
Water Storage/Supply
Container
APPLICATIONS OF
GENERATED CHLORINE
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Water Sanitation In Remote Areas
Disinfecting Vegetables And Fruits
Disinfecting Latrines
General House Cleaning
Laundry In Health Centers
Water Treatment In Disasters
AQUACHLOR
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It is
It is
It is
It is
SIMPLE
EASY TO USE
EASY TO MAINTAIN
PROVEN in 47 countries by
prime org’s.
• It is INEXPENSIVE
• It is DURABLE
Users
Health Ministries of:
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Guatemala
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
Jamaica
Ecuador
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Costa Rica
Panama
Peru
Bolivia
Haiti
10 Caribbean
Islands
More than 2000 units
installed in:
47 countries providing more
than 500 million lit. of Safe
Drinking
Water
every
day Mexico
- Guatemala
- Honduras
- El Salvador
Nicaragua - Costa Rica - Panama – Belize – St.
Thomas - Mexico - Colombia - Ecuador- Peru Bolivia - Venezuela - Antigua –Jamaica – Dom.
Republic - Martinique – Dominique – Barbados Haiti - St. Kitts - Angola - Madagascar - Zambia Laos – Afghanistan – Viet Nam – Guinea – Nigeria
– Antigua - Burkina Faso – St. Vincent...
Economic Analysis CaOCl vs on-site NaOCl AQUACHLOR
Aqueduct Q = 2,000,000 lit/day; 2 ppm CL2 dose
DATA:
-Q = 2,000,000 lit/day
-Chlorine dose = 2 ppm
-Daily use of Cl2 = 4 kg
-Annual use of CaOCl at 100% = 1,460 kg
-Cost of 145 kg-drum of CaOCl at 67% = US$150.00
-Cost per kg = US$ 3.33 at 67%
-Cost per kg at 100% = $3.33÷ 0.67 = $4.98
-Cost of salt = $0.10/kg
-Cost of electricity = $0.21/kwh
-Cost CIF = $4,500
-Depreciation = 10 years
-In order to generate 1 kg of equivalent chlorine at 100% it is required:
5.5 kwh Electricity
6.2 kg Salt
Annual cost of CaOCl = 1,460 kg x 4.98 ……. $ 7,270.80
Costs for on-site chlorine generation:
1,460 x 5.5 x 0.21 (electricity)……………...……. $1,686.30
1,460 x 6.2 x 0.10 (salt)………………….….…….$ 905.20
Total materials …………………………….......… $2,591.50
Depreciation 10 years: 4,500 ÷ 10 …………….....$ 450.00
Total Annual Cost On-site Generation.…,,.…. $ 3,041.50
Annual Savings: $7,270.80 – $3,041.50 = $4,229.30
Payback: 4,500 ÷ 4,229.30 = 1.1 years
Manufactured by Equipment & Systems Eng., Inc.
14260 S.W. 136 St. No. 4
Miami, FL – U.S.A. 33186
E-mail: jotoma1@earthlink.net
Web page: WWW.EQUIPMENTANDSYSTEMS.COM
Tel (305) 378-4101
Fax (305) 378-4121