Introductory Chemistry, 2nd Edition Nivaldo Tro Chapter 4 Atoms and Elements Experiencing Atoms Atoms are very small; they are building blocks of matter. Atom = smallest particle of an element that retains its characteristics Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 2 Dalton’s Atomic Theory Elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms 2. All atoms of an element are identical; atoms of different elements are different 1. – every carbon atom is identical to every other carbon atom they have the same chemical and physical properties – but carbon atoms are different from sulfur atoms John Dalton (1766-1844) they have different chemical and physical properties Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 3. Atoms combine in simple, whole- number ratios to form molecules of compounds – each molecule of a compound contains the exact same types and numbers of atoms Law of Constant Composition or Definite Proportions Chemical Formulas Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 4 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 4. In chemical reactions, atoms are not broken or changed into other atoms. – atoms are not created or destroyed, just rearranged total mass will remain the same Law of Conservation of Mass – atoms of one element do not change into atoms of another element in a chemical reaction cannot turn Lead into Gold by a chemical reaction Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 5 Dalton’s Atomic Theory Law of multiple proportions : if two elements A and B combine to form more than one compound, masses of B which combine with mass of A, is a ratio of small whole numbers. Ex: CO, (1.33 g O/1g C); CO2 (2.67 g O/g) The mass of O in CO2 is twice that in CO: 2.67g O in CO2/1.33 g O in CO2 = 2.00 Thus, when 2 elements combine to form 2 different compounds, they combine in different ratios or proportions: CO, CO2 ; SO2, SO3 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 6 Modern Evidence for Atoms Atoms can be seen through a special instrument called the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 7 Mass of Atoms Using compositions of compounds and assumed formulas, Dalton determined relative masses of atoms Dalton based his scale on H = 1 amu we now base it on C-12 = 12 amu exactly unit = atomic mass unit, amu Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 8 The Atom is Divisible! Work done by J.J. Thomson and others proved that the atom had particles called electrons Thomson found that electrons are much smaller than atoms and carry a negative charge The mass of the electron is 1/1836th the mass of a hydrogen atom Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 9 Rutherford’s Experiment Alpha Particles Striking Screen Radioactive Sample Lead Box Gold Foil Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 Fluorescent Screen 10 Conclusions from Rutherford’s Experiment Atom mostly empty space – because most particles went through Atom contains a dense particle that was small in volume compared to the atom but large in mass – because of the few particles that bounced back This dense particle was positively charged – because of the large deflections of some of the particles Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 11 Rutherford’s Interpretation – the Nuclear Model 1) Atom contains a tiny dense center called the nucleus 2) The nucleus has essentially the entire mass of the atom – the electrons weigh so little they give practically no mass to the atom 3) The nucleus is positively charged – the amount of positive charge balances the negative charge of the electrons 4) The electrons move around in the empty space of the atom surrounding the nucleus 12 The Modern Atom Atoms are composed of three particles protons, neutrons and electrons The nucleus contains protons and neutrons The electrons move outside the nucleus Neutral atom has same # protons and electrons. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 13 The Nuclear Atom: protons Nucleus neutrons + - + - electrons 14 Subatomic Particles: Charge? Location? neutrons (n) protons (p) electrons (e) Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 15 Subatomic Particles: Charge? Location? neutron 0 nucleus proton +1 nucleus electron -1 outside Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 16 Subatomic Particles: Mass (amu) neutron 1 proton 1 electron 0 (1/1837) Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 17 Elements Each element has a unique number of protons in its nucleus Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number – the elements are arranged on the Periodic Table in order of their atomic numbers Each element has a unique name and symbol – symbol either one or two letters one capital letter or one capital letter + one lower case Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 18 How many? protons = depends on element neutrons = variable for each element electrons = same as protons Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 19 atomic number The number of protons in one atom; each element has a different atomic number The number on top of the element symbol in the periodic table Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 20 The Periodic Table of Elements Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 21 Review What is the atomic number of boron, B? What is the atomic mass of silicon, Si? How many protons does a chlorine atom have? How many electrons does a neutral neon atom have? Will an atom with 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons be electrically neutral? Will an atom with 27 protons, 32 neutrons and 27 electrons be electrically neutral? Will a Na atom with 10 electrons be electrically neutral? Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 22 Review What is the atomic number of boron, B? 5 What is the atomic mass of silicon, Si? 28.09 amu How many protons does a chlorine atom have? 17 How many electrons does a neutral neon atom have? 10 Will an atom with 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons be electrically neutral? Yes Will an atom with 27 protons, 32 neutrons and 27 electrons be electrically neutral? Yes Will a Na atom with 10 electrons be electrically neutral? No Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 23 Three Types of Elements = Metal = Metalloid = Nonmetal Metals Solids at room temperature, except Hg Shiny Conduct heat, electricity Malleable: can be shaped Ductile = drawn or pulled into wires Lose electrons and form cations (+ charge) in reactions About 75% of the elements are metals Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 25 Nonmetals Found in all 3 states Poor conductors of heat & electricity Solids are brittle Gain electrons in reactions to become anions (- charge) Only a few on the right of periodic table Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 26 Metalloids Show some properties of metals and some of nonmetals Also known as semiconductors Properties of Silicon shiny conducts electricity does not conduct heat well brittle Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 27 The Modern Periodic Table Elements with similar chemical and physical properties are in same column Columns are called Groups or Families – designated by a number and letter at top Rows are called Periods Each period shows the pattern of properties repeated in the next period Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 28 The Modern Periodic Table Main Group = Representative Elements = ‘A’ groups Transition Elements = ‘B’ groups – all metals Bottom rows = Inner Transition Elements = Rare Earth Elements – metals – really belong in Period 6 & 7 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 29 = Alkali Metals = Halogens = Alkali Earth Metals = Lanthanides = Noble Gases = Actinides = Transition Metals Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 30 Important Groups - Hydrogen nonmetal colorless, diatomic gas – very low melting point & density reacts with nonmetals to form molecular compounds – HCl is acidic gas – H2O is a liquid reacts with metals to form hydrides – metal hydrides react with water to form H2 HX dissolves in water to form acids Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 31 Important Groups – IA, Alkali Metals hydrogen usually placed here, though it doesn’t belong lithium soft, low melting points,low density sodium very reactive, never find uncombined in nature potassium tend to form water soluble compounds rubidium react with water to form basic (alkaline) solutions cesium and H2 releasing a lot of heat 32 Important Groups – IIA, Alkali Earth Metals harder, higher melting, and denser than alkali metals reactive, but less than corresponding alkali metal form stable, insoluble oxides from which they are normally extracted oxides are basic = alkaline earth beryllium magnesium calcium strontium barium Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 33 Important Groups – VIIA, Halogens nonmetals F2 & Cl2 gases; Br2 liquid; I2 solid fluorine all diatomic chlorine very reactive react with metals to form bromine ionic compounds iodine HX all strong acids except HF Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 34 Important Groups – VIIIA, Noble Gases all gases at room temperature, – very low melting and boiling points very unreactive, practically inert very hard to remove electron from or give an electron to Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 35 Charged Atoms = Ions Number of protons (atomic #) identifies the element! – all sodium atoms have 11 protons in the nucleus In chemical change, number of protons in nucleus of atom doesn’t change! Atoms can lose or gain electrons becoming electrically charged, these are called ions Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 36 Ions Atoms acquire a charge by gaining or losing electrons – not protons!! Ion Charge = # protons – # electrons ions with a + charge are called cations – more protons than electrons – form by losing electrons ions with a – charge are called anions – more electrons than protons – form by gaining electrons Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 37 Atomic Structures of Ions Metals form cations For each positive charge the ion has 1 less electron than the neutral atom – Na atom = 11 p+ and 11 e-, Na+ ion = 11 p+ and 10 e– Ca atom = 20 p+ and 20 e-, Ca2+ ion = 20 p+ and 18 e- Cations are named the same as the metal sodium Na Na+ + 1esodium ion calcium Ca Ca2+ + 2ecalcium ion The charge on a cation can be determined from the Group number on the Periodic Table – Group 1A +1, Group 2A +2, (Al, Ga, In) +3 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 38 Atomic Structures of Ions Nonmetals form anions For each negative charge the ion has 1 more electron than the neutral atom – F = 9 e-, F- = 10 e– P = 15 e-, P3- = 18 e- Anions are named by changing the ending of the name to -ide fluorine oxygen F + 1e- F- fluoride ion O + 2e- O-2 oxide ion Charge on an anion can be determined by subtracting 8 from the Group number on the Periodic Table – Group 7A 7- 8 = -1; Group 6A 6 – 8 = -2 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 39 Example 4.5: Determining the Number of Protons and Electrons in an Ion Example: Find the number of protons and electrons in the Ca2+ ion. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 41 Example: Find the number of protons and electrons in the Ca2+ ion Write down the given quantity and its units. Given: Ca2+ Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 42 Example: Find the number of protons and electrons in the Ca2+ ion Information Given: Ca2+ Write down the quantity to find and/or its units. Find: #p and #e Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 43 Example: Find the number of protons and electrons in the Ca2+ ion Design a Solution Map. ion symbol Information Given: Ca2+ Find: #p and #e #p and #e #e Ion charge = #p - #e element atomic number Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 44 Example: Find the number of protons and electrons in the Ca2+ ion Information Given: Ca2+ Find: #p and #e Solution Map: ion symbol element atomic number #p #e Apply the Solution Map. – Determine the Name of the Element Ca = calcium Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 45 Example: Find the number of protons and electrons in the Ca2+ ion Information Given: Ca2+ = calcium Find: #p and #e Solution Map: ion symbol element atomic number #p #e Apply the Solution Map. – Determine the Atomic Number of the Element Ca = calcium Atomic Number = 20 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 46 Example: Find the number of protons and electrons in the Ca2+ ion Information Given: Ca2+ = calcium, Z = 20 Find: #p and #e Solution Map: ion symbol element atomic number #p #e Apply the Solution Map. – Determine the Number of Protons in an Atom of the Element Ca = calcium Atomic Number = 20 #p = atomic number = 20 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 47 Example: Find the number of protons and electrons in the Ca2+ ion Information Given: Ca2+ = calcium, Z = 20 Find: #p = 20 and #e Solution Map: ion symbol element atomic number #p #e Apply the Solution Map. – Determine the Number of Electrons in an Ion of the Element Ca = calcium Atomic Number = 20 #p = atomic number = 20 Ion Charge = #p - #e +2 = 20 - #e -18 = - #e 18 = #e Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 48 Atomic Structures of Ions Ion + p - e -1 Cl +1 K S -2 Sr +2 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 49 Atomic Structures of Ions Ion -1 Cl K +1 -2 S Sr +2 + - p e 17 18 19 18 16 18 38 36 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 50 Ion Charge & the Periodic Table Charge on an ion can often be determined from an element’s position on the Periodic Table Metals are always positive ions, nonmetals are negative ions For many main group metals, the charge = the group number For nonmetals, the charge = the group number - 8 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 51 Charges of Main Group Ions IA IIA IIIA Li+1 Be+2 VIA VA VIIA N-3 O-2 F-1 Cl-1 Na+1 Mg+2 Al+3 P-3 S-2 K+1 Ca+2 Ga+3 As-3 Se-2 Br-1 Rb+1 Sr+2 In+3 Te-2 I-1 Cs+1 Ba+2 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 52 Isotopes Isotopes = atoms of an element that have same # of protons but different # of neutrons Isotopes of an element have different masses isotopes are identified by their – mass numbers = protons + neutrons All isotopes of an element are chemically identical – undergo the exact same chemical reactions Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 53 Isotopes • Atomic Number Number of protons Z (symbol) • Mass Number Protons + Neutrons Whole number A (symbol) Abundance = relative amount found in a sample Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 54 Neon Number Number of of Protons Neutrons Symbol Percent A, Mass Natural Number Abundance Ne-20 20 10 Ne 10 10 20 90.48% Ne-21 21 10 Ne 10 11 21 0.27% Ne-22 22 10 Ne 10 12 22 9.25% Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 55 Isotope Symbols • Cl-35 makes up about 75% of chlorine atoms in nature, and Cl-37 makes up the remaining 25% • Average atomic mass of Cl = 35.45 amu • Cl-35 has a mass number = 35, 17 protons and 18 neutrons (35 - 17) 35 17 Cl X = Atomic Symbol A = mass number Z = atomic number or Cl-35 AX Z Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 56 Example 4.8: Determining the Number of Protons and Neutrons from Isotope Symbols Example: 52 How many protons and neutrons in the chromium 24 Cr isotope Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 58 Example: How many protons and neutrons in the chromium isotope 52 24 Cr Write down the given quantity and its units. Given: 52 24 Cr Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 59 Example: How many protons and neutrons in the chromium isotope 52 Information Given: 52 24 Cr 24 Cr Write down the quantity to find and/or its units. Find: #p and #n Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 60 Example: How many protons and neutrons in the chromium isotope 52 24 Cr Design a Solution Map. ion symbol Information Given: 52 24 Cr Find: #p and #n #p #n Mass # = #p + #n element atomic number Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 61 Example: How many protons and neutrons in the chromium isotope 52 24 Cr Information Given: 52 Cr 24 Find: #p and #n Solution Map: ion symbol element atomic number #p #n Apply the Solution Map. – Determine the Name of the Element Cr = chromium Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 62 Example: How many protons and neutrons in the chromium isotope 52 24 Cr Information Given: 52 24 Cr = calcium Find: #p and #n Solution Map: ion symbol element atomic number #p #n Apply the Solution Map. – Determine the Atomic Number of the Element Cr = chromium Atomic Number = 24 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 63 Example: How many protons and neutrons in the chromium isotope 52 24 Cr Information Given: 52 24 Cr = calcium Find: #p and #n Solution Map: ion symbol element atomic number #p #n Apply the Solution Map. – Determine the Number of Protons in an Atom of the Element Cr = chromium Atomic Number = 24 #p = atomic number = 24 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 64 Example: How many protons and neutrons in the chromium isotope 52 24 Cr Information Given: 52 24 Cr = calcium Find: #p and #n Solution Map: ion symbol element atomic number #p #n Apply the Solution Map. – Determine the Number of Neutrons in an Atom of the Element Cr = chromium Atomic Number = 24 #p = atomic number = 24 Mass Number = #p + #n 52 = 24 + #n 28 = #n Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 65 Practice - Complete the following table Atomic Mass Number Number Number Number of of Protons Electrons Number of Neutrons Calcium-40 Carbon-13 Aluminum-27 +3 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 66 Practice - Complete the following table Atomic Mass Number Number Number Number Number of of of Protons Electrons Neutrons 20 40 20 20 20 Calcium-40 Carbon-13 Aluminum-27 +3 6 13 6 6 7 13 27 13 10 14 Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 67 Mass Number is Not the Same as Atomic Mass The atomic mass is an experimental number determined from all naturally occurring isotopes The mass number refers to the number of protons + neutrons in one isotope – natural or man-made Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4 68