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2
• Living things need energy to
survive and function.
• You get the energy you need
from the food you eat.
• Where does that energy come
from?
• Sun  Plants  You !!!
• You must eat food to get
energy (you are a
heterotroph).
– When you breakdown your
food you store the energy
in the bonds of ATP.
• Plants can make their own
food (they are
autotrophs).
– Plants store sunlight energy
in the chemical bonds of
glucose (a carbohydrate).
ATP 3
glucose
ATP: Energy Storage
WHAT IS ATP?
• Universal Energy
Molecule
• The cell’s “Energy
Bank”
• Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP)
• Consist of
– a sugar called ribose
– N containing Adenine
– Three phosphate
groups
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5
ATP
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
6
When the energy is used the
ATP is converted into ADP
P
P
ADP
ATP
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery
The Bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP are VERY HIGH ENERGY.
When a phosphate group is removed-energy is released
CLIP
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Using ATP in Active Transport Animation
ATP
8
• Cell can make ATP
from ADP by using
the energy from
carbohydrates.
• This means that
ADP
the energy in
ATP
carbohydrates is
then stored in
Energy from the
Carbohydrates is stored in ATP until needed
by cells.
ATP!!!
Breaking down
Carbohydrates releases
energy
. ATP is the major energy link between energy-9
using and energy releasing reactions.
CLIP
Trapping Energy
glucose
Clip
10
hotosynthesis is the process by which plants:
• Use
– sunlight, carbon
dioxide & water
• Produce
– high energy
carbohydrates such
as sugars (glucose)
&starches.
Plants store
sunlight energy in
Glucose!
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Where does
photosynthesis take
place?
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Leaf Structure
Photosynthesis Location:
The leaves of plants:
a.stomata
b.cells
Chloroplast
Cell
Goes in
CO2
Stomata
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The Internal Structure of a Leaf
Section 23-4
CO2 enters
through the
stomata
Epidermis
Chloroplasts
Stomata
Guard
cells
Goes in
CO2
Let’s go look at leaves……
Chloroplast
Structure
Chloroplasts are only found in
photosynthetic, eukaryotic cells.
Using the energy
from the sunlight,
chloroplasts
are able to form
ATP as well as
synthesizing sugars
from H20 & CO2.
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Chloroplast
Structure
Chloroplast
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Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Outer
Membrane
Inner Membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid
Chloroplast
Structure
Chloroplast
Picture
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Things to know about Chloroplasts
1. Have a double membrane the inner
membrane the outer membrane
2. Have their own DNA this carries the
information to make the enzymes
18.1
1.
2.
Things to know about Chloroplasts
Have a double membrane the inner membrane the outer membrane
Have their own DNA this carries the information to make the enzymes
3. Have their own ribosomes more like the
ribosomes of prokaryotes than eukaryotes
make their own enzymes required for
photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and
water produce glucose
4. Contain chlorophyll this green chemical
Pigments
(pigment) "traps" sunlight
energy
are
molecules
that
absorb
18.2
• Plants absorb
certain
wavelengths of
light.
• Blue and Red.
• Pigments are
molecules that
absorb light.
b
a
• Main pigment is
Chlorophyll.
• When they
absorb light,
they are
absorbing Energy.
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Photosynthesis: Products &Reactants
SUN
CO2 + H2O
Light Energy
SUN
Chloroplast
Glucose & O2
Formula For
Photosynthesis
• 6 _____ + 6 ______
+__________
Reactants
______ + ______
Products
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Photosynthesis Takes Place in 2 Steps.
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The light reaction is the photo part of photosynthesis.
Step 1: Light Dependent Reaction.
– Energy captured from Sunlight.
– H2O is split into H+, electrons,
& Oxygen (O2).
– The O2 diffuses out
of the Chloroplasts.
– MADE: O2 , ATP &
NADPH.
– Takes place: Thylakoid
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The Calvin cycle is the synthesis part of photosynthesis.
Step 2: Light Independent
Reaction
(CALVIN CYCLE).
–The Chemical Energy Sunlight
Stored in ATP and
NADPH is used to make
Glucose using CO2.
–This is a light
independent reaction.
–MADE: Glucose
–Takes place: Stroma
This process is known
as carbon fixation.
Water
ATP
NADPH
Oxygen
Step 1:
Light Dependent
Reaction
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Photosynthesis: An Overview
LIGHT
REACTION
Section 8-3
DARK REACTION-Light Independent
Thylakoid Membrane
SUNLIGHT
Stroma
Water
CO2
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2
Go to
Section:
Sugars
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6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
Occurs in two Steps
Light dependent
Reaction
Produces
Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Occurs
(location)
Thylakoid
Membrane
Dark Reaction/
Calvin Cycle
Produces
Glucose
Occurs
(location)
Stroma
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PLANTS STORE
ENERGY FROM
THE SUN IN
THE BONDS OF
GLUCOSE !!!!
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Where does each reactant enter
the plant???
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• Once plants use light energy to
form carbohydrates, other
organisms, called Heterotrophs, can
then use this carbohydrate energy
for their own life processes.
• One way carbohydrate energy is
used by organisms is through the
process of cellular respiration.
Sun  Plants  You!!
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Major
Conce
pt
How it’s
all
connect
ed.
Cellular
Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
• Process that occurs in
cells in which cells
break down Glucose
for ENERGY!
• Occurs in cytoplasm
and Mitochondria.
Breaking down food
for energy.
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Cellular Respiration Overview:
• Plants are producers and make glucose by
the process of photosynthesis.
• Heterotrophs breakdown glucose for energy.
• There are two important ways a cell can
harvest energy from food: fermentation and
cellular respiration.
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Breaking down food for energy.
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Cellular Respiration Takes Place in 3 Steps.
Step 1: Glycolysis
Step 2: Krebs Cycle
Step 3: Electron Transport
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Step 1: Glycolysis
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• Means “Splitting
Glucose”
• Glycolysis
starts with Glucose.
–Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules called
Pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid ).
–Happens in the Cytoplasm.
–Clip
•Glycolysis does not need
oxygen!
Steps 2 & 3 Occur in the Mitochondria
Mitochondria Anatomy
2 membranes
Own ribosomes
Own DNA
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In the presence of Oxygen:
Step 2: Krebs Cycle
Step 3: Electron Transport
• Happens in the
Mitochondria
• Starts with Pyruvate.
• Pyruvate moves into
the mitochondria and is
broken down into
CO2,H2O & ATP.
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Cellular Respiration Review
With
oxygen
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
Go to
Section:
Electron
transport
Alcohol or
lactic acid
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Breaking down glucose without
oxygen
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Glucose
Glycolysis
With
out
oxygen
Go to
Section:
Krebs
cycle
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
Electron
transport
Alcohol or
lactic acid
Ethanol
and
Carbon
Dioxide
Pyruvic Acid
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
• Without oxygen: Pyruvate is converted
into Lactic Acid or Alcohol during
Fermentation.
• Lactic Acid- Muscle cells
• Alcohol- Yeast
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• In the presence of oxygen:
1 Glucose is converted into
36 ATP.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
• Without oxygen:
1 Glucose is converted into
2 ATP.
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Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Photosynthesis
•produces food
•stores energy
•Uses H2O
•uses CO2
•releases O2
•occurs in sunlight
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Respiration
•uses food
•releases energy
•Produces H2O
•produces CO2
•uses O2
•occurs in the dark as
well as light
Energy Converters video. Click picture.
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• Photosynthesis “they might be giants”