DIRECT READING SEMINAR
Baton Rouge, LA
Marketing Team, August 2012
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nickel Carbonyl Detection
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene Sensor Study
Cat Ex versus Infrared Detection for combustible gases
X-zone Technology
Nickel Carbonyl Detection
NICKEL CARBONYL
 Chemical Formula:
Ni(CO)4
 Synonyms & Trade Names: Nickel tetracarbonyl, Tetracarbonyl nickel
 Exposure Limits:
NIOSH REL: Ca TWA 0.001 ppm
OSHA PEL: TWA 0.001 ppm
ACGIH: TWA 0.05 ppm
 Develops with CO and heat exposure on the nickel catalyst during a
change out.
4 | 34
Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
NICKEL CARBONYL TUBE
 Dräger-Tube®: CH19501
 Tube type: Color comparison ampoule tube
 Detection Range: 0.1 – 1 ppm
 Pump Strokes: n=20
 Standard Deviation: ± 50%
 Measuring time: ~5 minutes
 No longer recommended to extend range with
additional pump strokes
 H2S or SO2 could cause bleaching effect,
which would turn indication layer white
 10 ppm H2S 30 mm white
 10 ppm SO2 15 mm white
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Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
CARBON MONOXIDE TUBE
 Dräger-Tube®: 6733051
 Tube type: Direct Reading Tube
 Detection Range: 2 to 60 ppm
 Pump Strokes: n=10
 Standard Deviation: ± 10 to 15%
 Measuring time: ~4 minutes
 No issue with use in N2 purged atmospheres
 Direct reading CO monitors can be used
 Nickel Carbonyl can respond on electrochemical sensors
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Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
Sensor Study
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
H2S and SO2 Sensor Evaluation
 H2S and SO2 sensors evaluated for
response based on new ACGIH
exposure levels
 5 manufacturers participated in the
study
 “Results demonstrate that these
monitors cannot reliably alarm and
measure H2S or SO2 concentration at
the new TLV’s with an acceptable
degree of accuracy.”
 DrägerSensors® were not
evaluated
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Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
 Chemical Formula:
H 2S
 Synonyms & Trade Names: Hydrosulfuric acid, Sewer gas, Sulfuretted
hydrogen
 Exposure Limits:
NIOSH REL: C 10 ppm [10 min max]
OSHA PEL: C 20 ppm; 50 ppm [10 min max peak]
ACGIH: TWA 1 ppm, STEL 5 ppm
9 | 34
Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
DrägerSensor XXS H2S LC
Part No:
6811534
Measuring Range:
0 … 100 ppm
Instrument:
X-am 3400 / 2000
X-am 5000 / 5600
Pac 7000
Pac 3500 / 5500
Lower Detection limit:
0.4 ppm
Resolution:
0.1 ppm
Response Time T90:
15 s
Applications:
Landfill measurement, petro chemistry, fertilizer production, sewage plants,
mining & tunneling, shipping, organic chemistry, steel industry, pulp & paper, oil
& gas, biogas, monitoring hazardous materials
Outstanding Features:
• fast response time and excellent linearity
• selective measurement of H2S at or below 1 ppm
• long life time
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Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
SULFUR DIOXIDE
 Chemical Formula:
SO2
 Synonyms & Trade Names: Sulfurous acid anhydride, Sulfurous oxide,
Sulfur oxide
 Exposure Limits:
NIOSH REL: TWA 2 ppm; STEL 5 ppm
OSHA PEL: TWA 5 ppm
ACGIH: STEL 0.25 ppm
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Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
DrägerSensor XXS SO2
Part No:
6810885
Measuring Range:
0 … 100 ppm
Instrument:
X-am 5000 / 5600
Pac 7000
Detection limit:
0.1 ppm
Resolution:
0.1 ppm
Response Time T90:
15 s
Applications:
Food & beverage industry, pest control, mining, oil & gas, petro chemistry,
pulp & paper, shipping, steel industry
Outstanding Features:
• highly selective if selective filter is used, cross sensitivity to H2S will be
eliminated
• selective filter has a life time of 1,000 ppm x hours
 at H2S of 1 ppm 1,000 h sensor usage
• fast response time
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Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
Cat Ex vs IR
DrägerSensor Infrared
IR Ex
Measuring Range:
Part No:
6812180
Instrument:
X-am 5600 Detection limit:
0-100 %LEL / 0-100 % by vol. CH4
1 %LEL / 0.2 % by vol.
Resolution:
1% LEL / 0.1 Vol.-% for IR Ex
Response Time T90:
20 s
Applications:
Telecommunications, shipping, sewage, gas supply companies, refineries,
chemical industry, mining, landfills, biogas plants, tunneling.
Outstanding Features:
• measuring of hydrocarbons in inert atmospheres
• high level of long-term stability
• highly resistant to poisoning
14 | 34
Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
Dräger
Infrared vs. heat of reaction technology
Catalytic bead sensor
Used in
Dräger
Infrared sensor
Dräger
Measuring principle
Heat of reaction sensors are based on the oxidation of
flammable gases on the surface of electrical heated catalytic
elements, the pellistor.
Due to the emerging heat of combustion the electrical
resistance of the pellistor changes. The electrical
homogenous compensator (the inactive spiral coil) is
covered with a chemical inert layer and is used as a
reference resistance to the pellistor. The resulting resistance
change in the active part will be altered into a output signal.
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Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
By means of infrared light in a specific wave length the CH bond of Hydrocarbon molecules will oscillate, whereas
the infrared light will lose energy (light will be absorbed by
the gas). In principle, the gas detectors will measure how
much the light sent from the infrared lamp will be
absorbed during the multiple passing through the gas.
Colour filter in front of each detector will let pass only a
small frequency range of light. The measuring detector
has been tuned to the specific absorption of the C-H
stimulation. The reference detector will measure the
general light intensity. By comparison of both
measurements a reliable result will be shown, which is
largely independent to aging processes.
Dräger
Infrared vs. CatEx – metrological differences
Catalytic bead sensor
Inert
Measurement:
O2 in gas sample
required?
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 for the operation at least
10% O2 is required.
Infrared sensor
 also applicable in inert
atmospheres
Typical measuring - 0 - 100 % LEL flammable
ranges for
gases
flammable gases - 0 - 100 Vol.-% for Methane
- 0 - 100 % LEL flammable
Hydrocarbons
- 0 - 100 Vol.-% for Methane,
Propane and Ethylene
Measureable
flammable gases
All flammable Hydrocarbons with
C-H bonds
No measurement of Hydrogen
(H2);  but a combination of the
IR Ex sensor with the
electrochemical H2 sensor to an
added H2 Ex signal is possible.
All flammable gases;
exception: large molecules
No influence by non flammable
gases
Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
Dräger
Relative sensitivity of a Methane calibrated instrument
90
80
--- 50 % LEL CH4
70
60
50% LEL Methane
50
50 %LEL Propane
50 %LEL Toluene
40
50 %LEL Nonane
30
50 %LEL Hydrogen
20
10
0
+ H2
(EC)
Dual IR
X-am 5600
CAT
X-am 5000
Relative Sensitivity of a Methane calibrated instrument
As an example for – the row of Alcanes: Methane (C1), Propane (C3), Nonane (C9)
As an example for – ring-shaped Hydrocarbons: Toluene
As an example for – inorganic explosive compounds: Hydrogen
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Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
Dräger
Infrared vs. heat of reaction technology
Catalytic bead sensor
“Fail Safe“
Some faults like contaminations,
can only be discovered by a bump
test
Possible sensor defects like
corrosions on the surface,
defective lamps or detectors
can be shown by the
instrument as an error
Limitations and
erratic influences
(e.g.
contamination)
Silicones; halogenated
Hydrocarbons; lead-containing
components as Tetraethyl lead;
Organic Phosphorous compounds;
Sulphur compounds
No influences by sensor
poisoning
high concentrations (H2S)- the
CatEx 125 used in the Dräger X-am
5000 is equipped with an H2S pre
filter to reduce the influences
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Infrared sensor
Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
Minimized influences due to
water vapor concentration
In the Dräger X-am 5600
this influences will be
minimized by heating the
measuring cell (avoid
condensation).
Dräger
Infrared vs. heat of reaction technology
Catalytic bead sensor
Stability/Drift
Life time
good, in case of no catalyst
poison;
Recommended calibration
interval*:
3 to 6 months
Very good due to the physical
basis;
Expected: 3+ years;
depending on poisoning or
mechanical defects
Expected: 8+ years; depending
on corrosions and mechanical
defects
Warranty: 2 years
Warranty: 5 years
* Providing recommended bump/function tests are performed
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Infrared sensor
Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
Recommended calibration
interval*: 6 to 12 months
Dräger
Recommended application
Cat bead sensor Infrared sensor
Ex hazard due to gases as Methane
- Gas Pipelines, compressor stations
- Waste water plants and channels
- Biogas und clearing sludge
- Landfill
- Energy supply (Gas and Electric)
- Building , Telekom and electric work because of leaks of adjoining gas pipelines or swamp gas
- Mining
Ex hazard due to gases as Ethane, Propane, Pentane, Hexane
- Natural gas pipelines and natural gas processing
- Refineries and petrochemical treatment
- Processing in the chemical industry
- LPG storage and transportation
- Extraction of vegetable oil
Ex hazard due to vapors as Benzine, Diesel
- Refineries and petrochemical treatment
- Processing in the chemical industry (paint, polymer processing)
- Crude oil transportation and storage
Ex hazard due to inorganic gases – Hydrogen
- Hydrocracker in Refineries
- Energy producer
- Production of margarine
unknown Ex hazard
- Fire Services and Civil Protection
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Direct Reading Seminar | Marketing | 08.2012
The infrared sensor does
not measure any Hydrogen!
The Dräger X-am 5600 in
combination with an
electrochemical Hydrogen
sensor can be used
Dräger X-zone 5000
Technology Update
August 2012, Russell Warn
Portable Gas Detection Portfolio
Application overview
Dräger X-zone 5000
Patented: Device Integrated in Amplifier
The product
State-of-the-art area monitoring – the Dräger Xzone in combination with the Dräger X-am 5000 or
X-am 5600 gas detection instruments can be used
for the measurement of one to six gases. The
transportable, sturdy and waterproof unit extends
mobile gas detection technology to a unique
system with many flexible applications
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Area Monitoring - the concept
Advantages of an area monitoring safety concept
Big savings by implementing an area
monitoring safety concept!
Example 1:
Use of one area monitor instead of multiple
personal gas monitors;
Savings due to eased logistics and training
efforts for contractors within industrial
shutdowns
=> reduced costs
Example 2:
An area monitor is placed where the gas
hazard is expected
=> more safety
It can be used additionally to the personal
air monitors handed out to all workers;
Rerelease procedures e.g. „after lunch
breaks“ can be eased.
=> less costs
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Dräger X-zone 5000
Really noisy innovative area monitoring – 360°
Good sound!
108 dB at 1 m or 120 dB at 30 cm
Sweeping alarm sound from 1500 to 2300 Hz, that cannot be missed even with
different industrial background noises
- 360° visible green LED illuminated ring indicates: “no potential gas hazard”
- 360° visible red or red/green LED illuminated ring indicates: “gas hazard” in
combination with a
- 360° audible evacuations alarm
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Dräger X-zone 5000
Innovative area monitoring – 360°
360° gas
access
The 360° gas access on the top of
the Dräger X-zone acts as a wind
shield => highest safety
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Dräger X-zone 5000
wireless fence line monitoring
Up to 25 Dräger X-zone 5000 units automatically interconnect to form a
wireless fenceline. This interconnection of the transportable measuring heads
enables quick monitoring of large areas, e.g. pipelines or industrial tanks within
the scope of industrial shutdowns. If a unit indicates a gas alarm (mother alarm
– red) the device transmits the alarms to all other units that are part of the
fenceline to a daughter alarm – green/red thus ensuring a simple evacuation
alarm. Alternatively a wired or a combination of a wired/wireless fenceline can
also be formed.
Wireless Alarm transfer from
one instrument to the next =>
quick setup of a wireless
fenceline reduces efforts for
the construction site “safety
preparation”
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Gas Dispersion
Where to place an area monitor?
Place an area monitor, where the gas hazard
is expected, but where do you expect it?
Gas lighter than
air:
light gas
or
hot gases
Gas heavier than
air:
dense gas
or
cold Gases
28 | 34
Hydrogen
Methane
Ammonia
Acetylene
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Propane
Chlorine
Benzene
Phosgene
Dräger X-zone 5000
wireless fence line monitoring
Typical recommendation
Comparable to fixed gas detectors – X-zones shall be placed, depending on
expected gases, in a distance of <25 m to ensure a safe area monitoring
system
Technical capability
X-zones would interconnect wireless at a distance of up to 100 m
With the used frequency of 868 MHz (Europe) or 915 MHz (Australia, USA,
Canada) a good connection also “around the corner” or with obstructions inbetween the X-zones can be ensured even though the distance might be
reduced
29 | 34
Dräger X-zone 5000
wireless fence line monitoring
Easy Setup within a MESH Network
X-zones are automatically interconnected –
the connection LED shows green,
if a neighbour instrument is found; it shows
red with no neighbour
ALL DEVICES SPEAK TO ALL OTHER XZONES
left instrument
switched on
connection LED
red
right instrument
turned on
IN MINIMUM ONE OTHER NEIGHBOUR
NEEDS TO BE FOUND TO TAKE PART IN
THE COMMUNICATION OF THE WHOLE
GROUP
=> HIGHEST SAFETY TO KEEP THE
CONNECTION WITHIN THE FENCELINE
30 | 34
connection LED
turned green
Dräger X-zone 5000
Pumped Area Monitoring
An integrated pump – available as an
option – provides continuous monitoring
of areas in pumped operation. Thus the
system allows for continuous monitoring
of difficult to access areas or confined
spaces from a distance of up to 45 m. By
using the diffusion cap the X-zone 5000
with pump is also useable in the diffusion
mode.
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Dräger X-zone 5000
Zone 0
In contrast to personal gas detection
instruments area monitors remain
in the Ex area also in the event of a gas
alarm. Therefore it is more important
that they are approved for Ex zone 0
– continuous operation in explosive
atmospheres is ensured.
ATEX:
IECEx:
32 | 34
I M1 Ex ia I Ma
(Mining)
II 1G Ex ia IIC T3 Ga
(Industry – Zone 0)
II 2G Ex d ia T4 Gb
CUS:
Class I, Zone 0, AEx ia IIC T3 Ga
Class I, Zone 1, AEx ia d IIC T4 Gb
Dräger X-zone 5000
Alternatively use the attractive
X-am 5000/5600 maintenance tools:
However, the gas detection instruments can also be quickly removed from
the Dräger X-zone 5000 to allow usage of the accessories of the small
personal gas detectors, such as the Dräger Bumptest Station or the Dräger
E-Cal station.
Dräger Bumptest Station, for bumptests and
calibrations of the gas detection devices
No daily
Bumptest
required!
Dräger
X-am 5x00
A bumptest is only necessary when placing
the instrument on the site. With 5 days
runtime
thisStation,
may befor
justbumptests,
one time acalibrations,
week!
Dräger
E-Cal
configurations, fleet management
of the gas detection devices
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THANK YOU!!
34 | 34
X-am 5600 | Marketing | 10.2011