Microbial growth in:• Closed Cultivation Systems
• Open Cultivation Systems
• Semi-Open Cultivation Systems
Closed Cultivation Systems
• Operates in a closed system.
• All materials are added to the system at the start of the
process, the system is then closed and products removed
only when the process is complete.
• Also called Batch Cultivation Process/System
• The most widely used system for growing microorganism.
Open Cultivation Systems
• It allows continuous processing with substrate (nutrients in medium)
entering and end product leaving out of the system.
• Also called Continuous Cultivation Process/System.
• Steady state condition is maintained, in which
– The rate of increase of cell biomass with time is equal to zero.
– The total number of cells are constant and
– The total volume in the bioreactor are constant.
Semi-Open Cultivation Systems
• Also called semi-batch cultivation
• Allows either input of substrate in the system or
output of end product from the system but not
both.
Maintenance energy and yield concepts,
and Estimation of biomass
• Stoichiometry
– Mass and Molar Relationships between thre
reactants consumed and products formed can be
determined using Stoichiometric calculations
ExampleC6H12O6-------2C2H6O + 2CO2
Substrate
Products
Total mass and Number of atom of each element
these two quantities is constant during any
Chemical and Biochemical reactions.
Maintenance energy
Cell consumed Substrate from the external environment and channel it into different metabolic
pathways. Some substrate may be directed into growth and product synthesis and some is used to
generate energy for maintenance activities.
Substrate requirement for maintenance is different for different organism and culture conditions.
The specific rate of substrate uptake for maintenance activities is known as maintenance coefficient , m.
A maintenance coefficient is used to describe the specific rate of substrate uptake for cellular
maintenance, or
m = - [dS/dt]m /X
Unit of maintenance coefficient , m. is kg substrate (kg biomass)-1S-1
• For product formed in the metabolic pathways which generate ATP,
the rate of production is related to cellular energy demand.
• Growth is usually the major energy requiring function of cells,
therefore if production is coupled to energy metabolism, product will
be formed whenever there is growth.
• However ATP is also required for other activities known as
maintenance or maintenance energy.
• For Example
– Cell mobility.
– Turnover of cellular components.
– Adjustment of membrane potential and internal pH.
Yield Concept
• The extent to which reactants are converted to product is expressed as the
reaction yield.
• Generally yield is the ratio of mass or mole of product formed to the
mass or moles of reactant consumed.
• If more than one products or reactants is involve in the reaction, the
particular compound of interest must be identified.
• e. g. The yield of glutamic acid from glucose is 0.6 g g-1.
•
are expressed in terms of yield coefficients or yield factors (Y)
• Yield coefficients (Y) is used to quantify the nutrient requirement and
production characteristics of an organism
The carbon requirement for biomass production under aerobic conditions may be
estimated from the cellular yield coefficient (Y) which is defined as:
• The yield is an important term in bioprocess analysis
because of the complexity of metabolism or frequent
occurrence of side reactions.
• Despite this complexity yield principle can be applied to
cell metabolism to relate flow of substrate in metabolic
pathways to formation of biomass and other products.
Definition of Yield coefficients (Y) can be mathematically
generalized as- ΔF
YFG =
---------ΔG
Where,
YFG is the yield factor, F and G are substances involved in
metabolism, ΔF is the mass or moles of F produced and ΔG is
the mass or moles of G consumed.
-ve sign shows the consumption of G
• Several yield coefficients or yield factors
include– Yield of biomass from substrate (Yxs)
– Yield of biomass from oxygen(Yxo)
– Yield of product from substrate(Yps)
– ------------– ------------
• (Yxs) is defined as mass or mole of Biomass produced per
unit mass or mole of substrate consumed.
• (Yps) is defined as mass or mole of product produced per
unit mass or mole of substrate consumed.
• (Ypx) is defined as mass or mole of product produced per
unit mass or mole of Biomass formed.
• (Yxo) is defined as mass or mole of Biomass produced per
unit mass or mole of oxygen consumed.
• (Ycs) is defined as mass or mole of carbon dioxide
produced per unit mass or mole of substrate consumed.
• (YATP) is defined as mass or mole of Biomass produced per
unit mass or mole of ATP formed.
Parameters of growth and analysis of
growth data
•
•
•
•
•
Nutrient Composition of the medium
Temperature
Dissolved oxygen
pH of the medium
Degree of mixing
Estimation of biomass
Total mass and Number of atom of each element
These two quantities is constant during any Chemical
and Biochemical reactions.
Therefore the estimation of biomass can be done by
using Stoichiometric calculations
with the help of
– Biomass Yield
– Product Yield
The carbon requirement for biomass production
under aerobic conditions may be estimated from
the cellular yield coefficient (Y) which is defined
as:
•
(Yxs) is defined as mass or mole of Biomass produced per unit mass or mole of
substrate consumed.
•
(Yps) is defined as mass or mole of product produced per unit mass or mole of
substrate consumed.
•
(Ypx) is defined as mass or mole of product produced per unit mass or mole of
Biomass formed.
•
(Yxo) is defined as mass or mole of Biomass produced per unit mass or mole of
oxygen consumed.
• 1. What is the “glucose effect” and why are
certain cells affected by it?
• 2. What are the problems faced with
rapidly metabolising substrate?
• 3. Explain the role of water in fermentation
media.
• 4. Industrial byproducts are used as
fermentation substrate. Comment