Classification of Matter
Matter
 Matter - the “stuff ” – solids, liquids, gases, (plasma, and
Bose-Einstein condensates) – that compose the universe
 Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Phase Change
SOLIDS
 Molecules vibrate but
can’t change position
 Retains shape and size
LIQUIDS
 Atoms are close (similar to
solids) – but can slip pass each
other.
 Has definite volume
 No definite shape
GAS
 Most energetic phase on
Earth
 Move fast – cannot attach to
each other
 No shape or volume
 Results when gas is heated too a
point where atoms lose
electrons (10,000 C)
 Stars
 On Earth
 Neon and Fluorescent lights
(electrical charges passed through)
PLASMA
BOSE-EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE
 Created in 1995
 Occurs when temperature
approach absolute zero
(zero Kelvin) and all
electrons exist at their
lowest energy state.
 Atoms do not appear as
distinct particles but as
one “super blob”
Created 1995… Chemistry Jocks
Predicted 1924...
Which of the following is not an
example of matter?
A
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Yo
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b
5.
W
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4.
a
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sm
2.
Plasma
Wood
Your breath
Oxygen
A vacuum
water
Pl
a
1.
What is matter made of?
What is matter composed of?
 All matter is composed of atoms.
 Atoms are the smallest particle of matter that still has the
same properties of that type of element. (ex. copper, oxygen)
 Multiple atoms chemically bonded together are called
molecules (ex. H2or O2 oxygen gas)
 If more than one type of atom (2 different capital letters) are
bonded together, it is called a compound (ex. CuO –
copper (II) oxide or MgS – magnesium sulfide)
 (In other words, all compounds are molecules, but not all
molecules are compounds.)
Classify the substance: CuCl
Atom
2. Molecule
3. Compound
1.
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Classify the substance: He
Atom
2. Molecule
3. Compound
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Classify the substance: Cl2
Atom
2. Molecule
3. Compound
1.
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Physical and Chemical Properties
 A physical property describes the basic characteristics of a
substance.
 Examples: color, odor, taste, density, length, boiling point,
melting point, volume, mass, temperature, phase (solid,
liquid, or gas)
Chemical property
 A chemical property describes how substances react with
other substances.
 Examples: wood burns in oxygen and gives off heat, iron
rusts faster when exposed to oxygen and water
What kind of property?
The boiling point of water is 373.15
Kelvin.
Physical property
2. Chemical property
3. Both
4. Neither
1.
ica
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What kind of property?
Platinum does not react with
oxygen at room temperature.
Physical property
2. Chemical property
3. Both
4. Neither
1.
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What kind of property?
Gallium metal melts in your hand.
Physical property
2. Chemical property
3. Both
4. Neither
1.
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What kind of property?
Metal wire conducts electricity.
Physical property
2. Chemical property
3. Both
4. Neither
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Physical and Chemical Changes
 A physical change involves a change in physical properties
(mass, temperature, phase change, etc.) but no change in the
main components that make up the substance.
 Ex. boiling, melting, breaking, slicing
 A chemical change involves a change in the fundamental
components of the substance and a new substance forms.
 Ex. burning wood, iron rusting
Physical or Chemical Change?
Iron metal is melted
Physical change
2. Chemical change
3. Both
4. Neither
1.
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Physical or Chemical Change?
Milk turns sour
Physical change
2. Chemical change
3. Both
4. Neither
1.
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Physical or Chemical Change?
A piece of wax is melted over fire
and starts to burn.
Physical change
2. Chemical change
3. Both
4. Neither
1.
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Physical or Chemical Change?
Steam from your shower
condenses on the mirror.
Physical change
2. Chemical change
3. Both
4. Neither
1.
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Physical or Chemical Change?
Electrolysis sends an electric
current that splits water into
hydrogen and oxygen.
Physical change
2. Chemical change
3. Both
4. Neither
1.
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Intensive & Extensive
 Intensive Property: A property that does not depend on the
amount of matter present
 Extensive Property: A property that does depend on the
amount of matter present
Organizational window
Intensive Property
Physical
Property
Boiling point, Color,
Concentration, Electrical
conductance, Density,
Ductility, Magnetism, Melting
point, Solubility, Luster,
Temperature,Thermal
Conductance
Chemical
Property
Chemical stability
Flamability
Reactivity
Toxicity
Extensive property
Length
Mass
Shape
Volume
We will not talk about any property that is both chemical and
extensive.
1 type of matter
CAN NOT BE
SEPARATED BY
PHYSICAL
MEANS
CAN BE
SEPARATED
BY PHYSICAL
MEANS
2 or more types
of matter
Mixtures and Pure Substances
 Pure substances always have the same composition,
even at the molecular level. (ex. water, salt, nitrogen)
 Impure substance of mixtures contain two or more
materials that may be separated by physical means
Examples of physical means include: filtration,
distillation, chromatography, evaporation, sorting,
magnetization
MIXTURES
 Heterogeneous
 Homogeneous
 Contains more than 1
 Contains more than 1 type
type of matter
 Not uniform
of matter
 Same throughout
Examples:
Chicken noodle soup
Chocolate chip ice
cream
Before it is Open?
After it is Open?
Examples:
Soda pop
Ink from a marker
1 type of matter
CAN NOT BE
SEPARATED BY
PHYSICAL
MEANS
CAN BE
SEPARATED
BY PHYSICAL
MEANS
2 or more types
of matter
What type of matter?
NaCl (table salt)
Mixture
2. Substance
1.
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What type of substance?
NaCl (table salt)
Element
2. Molecule
3. Compound
1.
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What type of matter?
Bowl of Lucky Charms (it’s
magically delicious)
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4.
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2.
Element
Compound
Molecule
Homogeneous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Ele
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Classify a pitcher of iced tea.
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Element
Compound
Molecule
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Ele
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1.
Classify the air in the room.
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Element
Compound
Molecule
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Ele
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1.
Classify oxygen gas (O2 )
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Element
Compound
Molecule
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Ele
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1.
Several Types of Physical Separations
Filter
Naturally
Separating
Decant
Centrifuge
Physical
Separations
Evaporate/
Boiling Off
Evaporative
Distillation
Magnetism
Exotic
Properties
Sublimation
Chromatography
Filtering
 Separating out smaller and larger parts using a grating
 Gravity Filtering: normal filtering where the drive to filter is
solely derived by gravity pulling the smaller parts through the
filter (Coffee or Tea Filtering)
 Vacuum Filtering: filtering where a vacuum is used to pull the
small particles through the filter (Büchner funnel)
Decanting (Pouring off)
 Pouring off or removing one liquid without anything else
 Naturally Separated
 Centrifuge
 Bottom Removal
Evaporative Separation
 Separations based on changing one substance into its vapor
state, then possibly recapturing it and returning it to a liquid
 Evaporation: removal of a liquid by evaporation
(Drying mud puddles)
 Boiling: removal of a liquid by boiling it into a vapor
(Reducing marsala sauce)
Evaporative Separation
 Distillation: any process by which a liquid is removed through
boiling or evaporation, then made to condensate and is captured as
a liquid (Distillation of alcohol)
Pop Quiz!
Study physical separation…
Quiz will start at 2:11 and
you will have 3 minutes to
take it
Get a piece of paper out
1.) Name 2 physical properties
 2.) What is a molecule?
 3.) How would you separate alcohol
from water?
Separations by Exotic Properties
 Some methods of separation hinge upon the utilization of
unusual properties, and are therefore rarely very useful
 Magnetism
 Sublimation
Separations by Exotic Properties
 Chromatography – components of a mixture separate by
dissolving and traveling at different rates through a mobile phase
of chromatography paper
Several Types of Physical Separations
Gravity Filtering
Filter
Vacuum Filtering
Naturally
Separating
Decant
Centrifuge
Bottom Removal
Physical
Separations
Evaporate/
Boiling Off
Simple
Distillation
Fractal
Magnetism
Vacuum
Evaporative
Exotic Properties
Sublimation
Chromatography
Filtering
 Separating out smaller and larger parts using a grating
 Gravity Filtering: normal filtering where the drive to filter is
solely derived by gravity pulling the smaller parts through the
filter (Coffee or Tea Filtering)
 Vacuum Filtering: filtering where a vacuum is used to pull the
small particles through the filter (Büchner funnel)
 Pressurized filtering: filtering where the smaller particles are
pushed through a filter, leaving the larger on the high pressure
side (Reverse Osmosis)
Decanting
 Pouring off or removing one liquid without anything else
 Naturally Separated: Decant the top liquid on top of another
substance where those two are normally separated
(saltwater and sand, pouring oil off water)
 Centrifuge: for slowly separating mixtures a simulated-gravityspin can separate substances before decanting (Blood & Plasma)
 Bottom Removal: the bottom liquid can be removed by opening
a valve on the bottom of a container, or carefully using a pipette
(Organic Chemistry Labs)
Evaporative Separation
 Separations based on changing one substance into its vapor
state, then possibly recapturing it and returning it to a liquid
 Evaporation: removal of a liquid by evaporation
(Drying mud puddles)
 Boiling: removal of a liquid by boiling it into a vapor
(Reducing marsala sauce)
 Distillation: any process by which a liquid is removed through
boiling or evaporation, then made to condensate and is captured
as a liquid (Distillation of alcohol)
Distillations
 a method of separating mixtures based on differences in
their volatilities (boiling points) in a boiling liquid mixture
 Tools: Alembic, retort, cooling columns
 Simple distillation: Heat the mixture – all vapors are collected
and condensed (used when boiling points are extremely
different or trying to separate from a solid substance)
 Fractal distillation: boiling off of one liquid while keeping
another in liquid form, then condensing the boiled vapors
 Vacuum distillation: Fractal distillation in a partial vacuum (This
method is used when the boiling points of the desired liquids
are too hot to be safely achieved by heating the mixture)
Separations by Exotic Properties
 Some methods of separation hinge upon the utilization of
unusual properties, and are therefore rarely very useful
 Magnetism: when one part of a mixture is magnetic, it can be
removed by utilizing magnetic fields
 Sublimation: one material can be removed by sublimating it into
a vapor, leaving the remainder present
 Chromatography – components of a mixture separate by
dissolving and traveling at different rates through a mobile phase
of chromatography paper
 MANY MORE!!! These sorts of separations can be a lot of fun
because they are so unusual, but will rarely be needed
Several Types of Physical Separations
Gravity Filtering
Filter
Vacuum Filtering
Naturally
Separating
Decant
Centrifuge
Bottom Removal
Physical
Separations
Evaporate/
Boiling Off
Simple
Distillation
Fractal
Magnetism
Vacuum
Evaporative
Exotic Properties
Sublimation
Chromatography
Error in the Lab
 There is always a measure of error with measurements.
 Percent Error is used to calculate this error:
Types of Error
 The primary types of error in experiments are:
 Operator Error (not acceptable – can easily be fixed)
 Design Error (procedure needs to be modified)
 Instrument Error (instrument not calibrated)
Operator Error
 Due to a mistake that is the direct fault of
the scientist
(ex. Typing a number in wrongly on the
calculator, not reading meniscus at eye level,
copying the balance reading wrongly, not
recording to the correct number of sig figs)
-Not acceptable in a lab report because they
can be immediately fixed
Design Error
 Error due to a faulty procedure or design
 Examples: using a bunsen burner instead of a hot water bath
caused the temperature to move upwards too quickly; not
using a magnetic stirrer caused the solution not to
completely dissolve
Instrument Error
 Error due to a measuring instrument not being calibrated
correctly.
 Examples: a clock set 5 minutes fast, a balance that records 5
g less than the actual mass,
 Note: reading the instrument incorrectly or recording the
wrong number of sig figs is an operator error, not an
instrumental error
Which type of error?
A thermometer records all
temperatures 3 degrees too low.
1. Operator error
2. Procedural error
3. Instrumental error
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Which type of error?
You record the length as 35.0cm
but the correct resolution is
35.00cm.
1. Operator error
2. Procedural error
3. Instrumental error
le
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Which type of error?
You should have heated the
solution more to get all of the
solute to dissolve.
1. Operator error
2. Procedural error
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3. Instrumental error