Percentage of CHONPS in living things
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•
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C
H
O
N
P
S
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
18.5%
9.56%
65.0%
3.3%
1.0%
Trace
• Other trace 3.0% (Copper, magnesium, etc)
• CHONPS molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (SONCH)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• CHONPS molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (SONCH)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• CHONPS molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (CHONS)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• CHONPS molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (CHONS)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• CHONPS molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (CHONS)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (CHONPS)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Carbohydrates (sugars) CHO
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Common sugars tend to end in “ose” Ex –glucose.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• MONOSACCHARIDES:
– Simple Sugars: Broken down quickly.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Triose: 3C
Pentose: 5C
Hexose: 6C
GLUCOSE
(aldehyde)
**USES OF EACH??
FRUCTOSE
(ketone)
GALACTOSE
(aldehyde)
• DISACCHARIDE – two sugars (double sugars)
– Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Dehydration Synthesis
• Condensation
Reaction
• Monomers link to
form a polymer;
water is removed.
Types of sugars
• Sucrose = Glucose +
Fructose
• Lactose = Glucose +
Galactose
• Maltose = Glucose +
Glucose
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Types of sugars
• Sucrose = Glucose +
Fructose
• Lactose = Glucose +
Galactose
• Maltose = Glucose +
Glucose
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Types of sugars
• Sucrose = Glucose +
Fructose
• Lactose = Glucose +
Galactose
• Maltose = Glucose +
Glucose
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Types of sugars
• Sucrose = Glucose +
Fructose
• Lactose = Glucose +
Galactose
• Maltose = Glucose +
Glucose
**Where is each disaccharide seen?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
What is the molecular formula of a
disaccharide…such as sucrose?
• Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
• So… C12H24O12??
• WHY NOT??
Glycosidic linkage?
*Rings are formed in aqueous solutions
Hydrolysis
• A polymer
splits to form
two monomers
when water is
added
• POLYSACCHARIDES: Many sugars linked
together.
– Complex Sugars.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
2 main functions of polys:
• 1.
Storage: to provide sugar for cells
• 2.
Protection: structural
• Starch is a complex sugar
– (longer lasting energy)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Glycogen: The storage form of glucose, comes
from starch in plants.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Chitin – Insect exoskeleton
LIPIDS
• CHONPS molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (CHONS)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
What do you know?
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Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Made up of polymers or no?
Consist mostly of repeated…..
Functions
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.
Fats: fatty acid + glycerol
Non-polar HC tail
-hydrophobic
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
-triglyceride
HC chains can vary
-usually 16-18
Carboxyl “head”
-fatty “acid”
HC “tail”
Saturated and Unsaturated
Double bonds?
Straight vs bent?
Animal vs plant?
Solid vs liquid?
Steroids
# fused rings?
Examples??
Phospholipids
Function?
# of fatty acids
Head?
Tail?
Micelle
Nucleic Acids
• CHONPS molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (CHONS)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (CHONPS)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Monomers
Families of Bases
DNA
RNA
So…
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•
Function?
Monomer?
3 parts of monomer?
Families of bases?
Complementary Base Pairing?
Phosphodiester and hydrogen bonding?
DNA vs RNA?
Proteins
• CHONPS molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (CHONS)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Structural
support
Movement
Signaling
Defense
Storage
Transport
Structure
Nonpolar
Alanine
Polar
Charged
Polypeptide Bond
Levels of structure
• Primary
Levels of Structure
• Secondary
Levels of Structure
• Tertiary
Levels of Structure
• Quartenary
Denaturation
• What causes the proteins to form like they
do?
• What happens if the environment changes?