Diversity in Archaea, Bacteria,
and Eukarya (except for animals)
Introduction
• Life developed on earth 3.1-3.8 billion years
ago
• The first living organisms were simple cells
with little internal structures and primitive
metabolism (prokaryotes)
• All living species evolved from them.
Introduction
• There are between 8 and 20 million existing
species. Less than 2 million have been named
• Taxonomy = classification system
• Linnaeus classification system based upon
structural similarities between species.
• Modern classification system based upon
evolutionary relationships (determined by
DNA sequencing).
Classification categories
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domain
kingdom - a group of related phyla
phylum (plural = phyla) - a group of related classes.
class - a group of related orders
order - a group of related families
family - a group of related genera
genus (plural = genera) - a group of related species
Species - a kind of living organism . All organisms who
can potentially reproduce together under natural
conditions and produce fertile offspring.
Naming species
• Binominal nomenclature (two names)
• The scientific name of a species is formed
by the genus name followed by species
name
Homo sapiens
Canis familiaris
3 Domains
1. Bacteria
– Includes blue-green algae
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
– The Eukarya are divided into 4 Kingdoms:
Plants, Fungi, Animals and ?Protista?
Biology by Krogh: The term protist is a label of
convenience rather than a label that reflects
evolutionary reality….It actually refers to many
different evolutionary lines of organisms.
Recent studies of protist DNA and ultrastructure has
shown that the protists are far more diverse than had
been previously thought. They probably should be
classified in several kingdom-level taxa. We retain the
word "protist" as a convenient term to mean "eukaryote
that isn't a plant, animal, or fungus."
University of California Berkeley Museum of Paleontology 2011
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
University of California Berkeley Museum of Paleontology 2011: The 12 kingdoms
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Domains
Bacteria &
Archaea
Kingdom
?Protista?
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Animalia
Cells Type
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Number of
Cells
Unicellular or
Colonial
Unicellular or
Colonial
Multicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
Autotrophic or Autotrophic or
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
(Saprophytic)
Heterotrophic
(ingestion)
Cell Wall
(Chitin)
No Cell Wall
Type of
Nutrition
Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
Cell Wall
Cell Wall
Cell Wall or
No Cell Wall
Cell Wall
(Cellulose)
Examples
Bacteria &
Blue-Green
Bacteria
(algae)
Protozoa &
some algae
Seaweeds,
Mushrooms,
some algae,
molds
mosses,
vascular plants
Humans, fish,
insects
Cell Types:
Prokaryotic: small, simple cells which lack a
nucleus and other cell structures
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and internal
structures
Number of cells:
• Unicellular-one celled organism
• Multicellular-many cells that function as
a unit. Individual cells do not survive on
their own.
• Colony- a group of cells which are
attached to each other, but each cell
could survive on its own.
Type of Nutrition:
• Autotrophic- an organism that make its own
food, usually by photosynthesis.
• Heterotrophic- an organism that does not
make its own food, it consumes other
organisms by either ingesting them or by
decomposing them( saprophytes).
Cell wall:
• material secreted by the cell
• external to the plasma membrane
• Chemical composition varies by
kingdom
Domain Bacteria
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Bacteria, includes Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae).
Prokaryotic organisms
Unicellular or colonial
Autotrophic (chemosynthesis or photosynthesis) or
heterotrophic
• Cell wall
• Reproduce by cell division. Also have sexual
recombination.
• Bacteria decompose dead bodies and cause disease
Examples of blue-green algae:
Oscillatoria, Nostoc.
Bacterial Shapes
• Spherical (coccus)
• rod-shaped (bacillus)
• Spiral shaped (spirillus)
Domain Archaea
• (formerly Archaebacteria)
• Prokaryotic
• Some but not all live under extreme
conditions
• There are basic differences between the
biochemistry of Archaea and Bacteria.
Domain Eukarya Kingdom ?Protista?
(very heterogeneous – not a real group))
• Eukaryotic cells
• Unicellular and colonial organisms
• Some do have a cell wall, some do not.
1. Plant-like protista
• Autotrophic (photosynthesis): Euglena, Diatom.
2. Animal-like protista, called Protozoa.
. Move to catch food: Amoeba-pseudopodia.
Paramecium-cilia.
3. Fungus-like protista, saprophytes.
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
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Multi-cellular, Eukaryotic cells
Heterotrophic-decomposers
Cell wall
Hyphae - microscopic, branching filaments, which
take food from the substrate
• Mycelium – the whole group of hyphae
• Several phyla of fungi: mushrooms, puffballs,
rusts, bread mold, yeast, bracket fungus, ring
worm
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae
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Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Cell wall made of cellulose
The plant kingdom is divided into many phyla, but
there are three groups of phyla:
1. Algae (but are these in the kingdom Plantae, or
their own kingdom(s)?)
2.Primitive Land Plants
3.Vascular Plants
• Textbook: Red, brown, and green algae are in
the Protista kingdom
• Lab manual: Red, brown and green algae are
in the Plant kingdom (see table on page 96)
• UC Berkeley: Red, brown and green algae are
in separate kingdoms.
Algae (except for the blue-green algae)
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Filamentous body or flat, thin body
Eukaryotic, cells with cell wall and chloroplasts
Unicellular or colonial
Photosynthetic
Do not have vascular tissues
Most live in water
Examples of Algae
1. Green - fresh water, salt water, wet land:
Spirogyra, Ulva
2. Red algae - deep ocean: Polysiphonia
3. Brown algae - ocean, coastal, huge seaweeds:
(kelp) [Fucus].
Primitive Land Plants [Non-Vascular]
• They do not have vascular tissues, so are small
• They do have leaf-like, stem- like, and rootlike structures.
• Examples: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Vascular Plants or Tracheophytes
• Have vascular tissue:
– Xylem – transports water and minerals
– Phloem - transports organic matter, mainly sugar
• They have true roots, stems, and leaves
• They are grouped by their reproductive
structures.
Vascular plants:
1. Seedless Plants – primitive leaves, roots and
stems.
-they make spores, do not make seeds
-require water for reproduction
-Examples: Fern, horsetail
2. Seed plants
-produce seeds
-produce pollen
- do not require water for reproduction
Vascular Seed Plants
1. Gymnosperms- naked seeds in cones
*Do not have flowers or fruit
*Examples: Cycads, Ginkgos, and Conifers
2. Angiosperms
*Produce flowers [pollinated by wind, insects, birds, etc.]
*After fertilization, part of the flower develops into a fruit.
*Within the fruit the seeds develop.
Phylum Angiospermae
1.Class Monocots.
• One cotyledon inside of the seed, narrow leaves
with parallel veins, and flower parts in multiples
of 3 or 6.
• Grasses and grains (corn, rice, wheat).
2.Class Dicots.
• Seeds with two cotyledons, broad leaves with
netted veins, and flower parts in multiples of 4 or
5.
• Beans, peas, rose, etc.