Botany - Basic
Plant Science
Master Gardener
Training
Objectives:
Review Binomial
Nomenclature
Review Plant Parts
& Function:
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flowers
Fruit
Plant Taxonomy
Binomial
nomenclature
(2 name system)
Linnaeus
Plant Taxonomy
Genus:
One or more
characteristics
the same
Similar to
family name,
always
capitalized
Acer - Maple
Sugar Maple
Red Maple
Plant Taxonomy
Species:
Interbreeding
organisms
Name is usually
descriptive
Never capitalized
rubrum (red)
Plant Taxonomy
Scientific name
includes:
Genus - Acer &
Species- rubrum
Acer rubrum
Red maple
Plant Taxonomy
Variety - subdivision of
species
Cultivar - cultivated
variety
Most are clones - manmade through asexual
reproduction (budding,
grafting, cuttings)
Magnolia grandiflora
‘Gloriosa’ or
Magnolia grandiflora cv.
Gloriosa
Plant Cell
Cells are the smallest
unit of living matter
capable of continued
life and growth
All living things are
made of cells
Cells vary in size and
shape based on
function
Cell growth occurs by
Mitosis - cell division
Nucleus contains DNA
Cell differentiation
Storage, Cork, Vascular
Cell enlargement
Meristematic Cells
Where plant growth occurs
Capable of cell division - mitosis
Located in
embryos
tips of roots & shoots
leaf & flower buds
vascular cambium
Gymnosperm
Produce “naked” seeds
Approximately
271 species
Cycad, ginkgo, pine
& podocarpus
Podocarpus
Ginko
Cycad
Gymnosperm
Awl-like
Leaves are evergreen vs
deciduous
Scale-like
Awl-like
Needles
Scale-like
Needle
Gymnosperm
Always woody
Naked seeds
produced in cones
Absent of flowers
Longleaf Pine
Angiosperm
Angiosperms Flowering plants
Over 250,000 species
Magnolia, fruit trees
Duckweed, grass, palm
Flowers are present
Seeds are enclosed
in fruits
Divided into monocots
and dicots
Monocot vs Dicot
 Grasses, sedges
 Corn, bananas
 Lilies, agapanthus
 Orchids
 Magnolia, Elm
 Roses, plumbago
 Carrots, sunflowers
 Dandelions
Monocot vs Dicot
 One cotyledon (seed leaf)
 Cotyledon: Modified seed
leaf
 Two cotyledons (2 leaves)
Monocot vs Dicot
Flower parts in 3’s
or multiples of 3
Grass, lily, iris or palm,
caladium - Monocot
Flower parts in 4s
or 5s or multiples
Poppy, rose, ligustrum, Dicot
Monocot vs Dicot
Parallel leaf veins
Network of veins
Monocot
Dicot
Monocot vs Dicot
Scattered vascular tissue
Vascular tissue in ring
pattern
Monocot vs Dicot
Pollen grain with
1 groove
Lily pollen grain
Pollen grains with
3 grooves
Oak pollen grain
Monocot vs Dicot
Fibrous roots
Single taproot
Grasses,
palms
Most trees
& shrubs
Major Plant Parts
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Reproductive
Structures
Function of Roots
Anchor plant
Food storage
Propagation
Nutrient and
water absorption
from soil
Types of Roots
Root hairs - Penetrate
openings in soil
Fleshy root - Sweet
Potato, carrot
Taproot - Dicot
Fibrous - Monocot
Aerial roots Philodendron
Knees - Bald cypress
Functions of Stems
Support & display leaves,
fruit, & flowers
Food & water conduction
Water storage
Food storage
tubers, corms, bulbs, or rhizomes
Propagation
Classified as annual, perennial, biennial
Stems
Annual – 1 yr
growing season
Examples:
Begonia
Coleus
Petunia
Salvia
Perennial –
several growing
seasons
Examples:
Daylilies
African Iris
Butterfly bush
Phlox
Stems
Biennial – lasting
for 2 years
Examples:
Thistle
Parts of a
Stem
Terminal bud
Axillary bud
Leaf scar
Node
Internode
Terminal bud
scale scar
Lenticil
Parts of a Stem
Cambium –
produces new
vascular
tissue
– xylem transmits
water and
nutrients from
soil
– phloem transmits
carbohydrates
from leaves to
the rest of the
plant
Modified
Stems
Stolon
Runner
Rhizomes
Tuber
Tendrils &
thorns
Modified Stems
Stolon: horizontal stem- grasses, some mints
Runner: specialized above ground stolon –
strawberry or spider plants
Rhizomes: horizontal stem just at or below
surface – iris, canna, ginger, bamboo
Tuber: swollen stem, storage: potato,
caladium
Tendrils: Grapes
Thorns: some cacti
Functions of Leaves
Photosynthesis
Transpiration
Respiration
Propagation
Modified leaves
thorns, spines
Photosynthesis
Food production
Carbon dioxide +
water
+ light & chlorophyll
 sugar + water +
oxygen
Transpiration Rate
Dryness of soil
Winds
Temperature
Humidity in the air
Amount of light
Leaf Venation
Parallel monocots (lilies)
Pinnate - single
primary vein
similar to a
feather (loquat,
camellia)
Parallel
Leaf Venation
Palmate - several
principal veins
radiating from the
base of the leaf
blade (red maple)
Leaf Divisions
Simple - blade is one piece - red maple
Blade
Bud
Bristle tip
Midrib (vein)
Petiole
Lobe
Sinus
Leaf Divisions
Compound number of
separate
leaflets
Leaf Divisions
Type of Compound
Leaf:Pinnate: Leaflets
arranged on side
of main leaf stalk coontie
Leaf Divisions
Type of Compound:
Odd pinnate
end leaflet
wisteria
honeysuckle
Leaf Divisions
Type of
Compound:
Palmate Leaflets are
attached directly
to the petiole Virginia creeper,
schefflera
Leaf Arrangement on Stem
Alternate
One leaf at
each node
Examples:
Hibiscus,
citrus
Birch
Leaf Arrangement on Stem
Opposite
Two
leaves at
each node
Examples:
Viburnum,
Maple
Leaf Arrangement on Stem
Whorled
More than two
leaves at a node
Oleander
Leaf Shapes
Ovateoval w/
tapering
point
Lanceolate –
lance, long
and wider in
the middle
Ellipticaloval w/
short point
Cordate –
heart
shaped
Leaf Types: Margins
Entire – lacking
marginal
indentation
Serrate – sharp
straight edged
teeth pointing
apex
Double serrate –
primary teeth
have smaller
secondary teeth
Flowers
Function Reproduction
Parts of Flower:
Stamen (male)
Filament & anther
Pistil (female)
Stigma, style,
ovary
Complete Flower
Floral Terms
Female Flower
Incomplete
Flower
Male
Floral Terms
Pistillate Female parts
only
Staminate - Male
parts only
Flora Terms
Monoecious
Pistil & stamen on
same plant - oak,
corn, pecan
Flora Terms
Dioecious
Pistil & stamen on
separate plants holly, cycads
Floral Terms
Umbel –
Queen
Anne’s Lace
Multiple
Flower
Arrangement
Raceme –
Black Cherry
Spadix –
Peace Lily
Types of Fruit
Dry Fruit
Achene - buttercup or
sunflower
Legume - peas, beans
Silique - broccoli,
cabbage, radish
Legumes
Silique – mustard family
Types of Fruit
Dry Fruit
Capsule - irises, lilies,
violets, orchids
Nuts - acorns,
hazelnuts, hickory
nuts
Iris Capsule
Hickory Nut
Types of Fruit
Dry Fruit
Grain - wheat, oat,
rice, barley
Samaras - maples,
ashes, elms
Wheat
Samara
Types of Fruit
Fleshy Fruit
Drupe - peach, cherry,
plum, pecan
Pome - apple, pears
Peach
Apple
Types of Fruit
Fleshy Fruit
Berry- tomatoes, grapes,
persimmons
Pepo - pumpkins, squash,
watermelon
Types of Fruit
Fleshy Fruit:
Hesperidium - citrus
Aggregate - strawberry, blackberry
Multiple - pineapple
Botany - Basic
Plant Science
Thank you for
your attention.
Master Gardener Training
August 2012
by Rebecca L. Jordi
Adapted from “Botany Handbook for Florida”,
Revised Edition by Kathleen C. Ruppert
Quiz Time!!
Quiz Time!!
1. Which name is the correct scientific name
for Live Oak?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Quercus virginiana
Quercus Virginiana
Quercus Virginiana
Quercus virginiana
Quiz Time!!
2. Which name is the correct scientific
name for Crepe Myrtle cultivar?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lagerstroemia indica “Biloxi”
Lagerstroemia indica Biloxi
Lagerstroemia indica ‘Biloxi’
Lagerstroemia Indica Biloxi
Quiz Time!!
3. Is this an
Angiosperm
or a
Gymnosperm?
Quiz Time!!
4. Are these
flowers
monocots or
dicots?
Quiz Time!!
5. Is this a
monocot or a
dicot?
Quiz Time!!
6. Give 2
functions of
roots:
A. __________
B. __________
Quiz Time!!
7. Give 2
functions of
stems:
A. ____________
B. ____________
Quiz Time!!
8. Name this modified stem:____________
Quiz Time!!
9. Name two
functions of this
structure:
A. ____________
B. ____________
Quiz Time!!
10. Identify this leaf vein pattern:_________
Quiz Time!!
11. Identify this
leaf vein
pattern:
________
Quiz Time!!
12. Is this leaf
simple or
compound?
Quiz Time!!
13. Is this leaf simple or compound?
Quiz Time!!
14. Is this leaf
simple or
compound?
Quiz Time!!
15. Is this leaf simple or compound?
Quiz Time!!
16. Is this leaf even or odd pinnate?
Quiz Time!!
17. Is this leaf
arrangement
alternate,
opposite, or
whorled?
(Circle the
correct answer)
Quiz Time!!
18. Is this leaf
arrangement
alternate,
opposite or
whorled?
Quiz Time!!
19. Identify this
individual leaf
shape.
Lanceolate
Ellipical
Cordate
Ovate
Quiz Time!!
20. Identify this leaf shape
Lanceolate
Ellipical
Cordate
Ovate
Quiz Time!!
21. Identify this
leaf margin
Entire
Serrate
Quiz Time!!
22. Identify this
leaf margin
Entire
Serrate
Quiz Time!!
23. Identify this
reproductive
flower
structure:
Stamen
Pistil
Quiz Time!!
24. Identify this
reproductive
flower
structure:
Stamen
Pistil
Quiz Time!!
25. Is this plant monecious or dioecious?
Quiz Time!!
26. Is this plant monecious or dioecious?
Quiz Time!!
27. Identify this flower arrangement:
Raceme
Spike
Umbel
Quiz Time!!
28. Identify this dried fruit:
Achene
Legume
Samara
Grain
Silique
Quiz Time!!
29. Identify this dried fruit:
Achene
Legume
Samara
Grain
Silique
Quiz Time!!
30. Identify this fleshy fruit:
Drupe
Pome
Berry
Multiple
Pepo
Hespiridium