Introduction to The Animal
Kingdom
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_59u3hKOMOJg/SwHRScBEepI/AAAAAAAAAAw/QgcoPxESKYI/s1600/Animal_diversity_October_2007.jpg
What is an Animal?
• Animals are heterotrophic, eukaryotic and
multicellular organisms whose cells lack cell
walls
• 95% invertebrates (do not have a backbone)
• 5% vertebrates (have a backbone)
• 7 Essential functions of animals
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oeqaImj08x0/UFyQIWf61xI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/9ebYslzD2Ik/s1600/animalsdiagram.JPG
1. Feeding
• Herbivore = eats plants
• Carnivore = eats animals
• Omnivore = eats plants and animals
• Detritivore = feed on decaying organic material
• Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from
water
• Parasite = lives in or on another organism
http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/detail-tick-parasite-skin-9896425.jpg
http://fl1504015.edublogs.org/files/2012/02/food_chain-24s0jcx.jpg
http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/definitions/lg/filter-feeder.jpg
2. Respiration
• Take in O2 and give off CO2
• Different Methods:
– Lungs
– Gills
– Through skin
– Simple diffusion
http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/71/103771-004-CFAF92C6.gif
3. Circulation
• Very small animals use diffusion to get
nutrients and oxygen to cells
• Larger animals have circulatory systems
http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_animalmovement_graphik_33.png
4. Excretion
• Primary waste product is ammonia
• Kidney is the main organ for liquid waste
excretion
http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-110/L_IMG_figure1.gif
5 Response
• Receptor cells:
– Sound
– Light
– External stimuli
• Nerve cells => nervous system
http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/nervsys_2.gif
6. Movement
• Most animals are motile (can move)
• Muscles usually work with a skeleton
http://webecoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/animals.jpg
7. Reproduction
• Most reproduce sexually
– Genetic diversity
• Many invertebrates can also reproduce
asexually
– Increase their numbers rapidly
http://www.sritweets.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/dog-and-puppies.jpg
Trends in Animal Evolution
• Body Symmetry -the body plan of an
animal, how its parts are arranged
• Asymmetry - no pattern (corals, sponges)
• Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel
(starfish, hydra, jellyfish)
• Bilateral Symmetry - has a right and left
side (humans, insects, cats, etc)
Jellyfish Video
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/symmetrydiagram.gif
Cephalization - anterior concentration of sense organs,
basically the organism has a head, usually with eyes, nose
and other sense organs, plus a brain
http://images.emedicinehealth.com/images/4453/4453-4464-63362-71462.jpg
Body Sides
• Anterior – Towards head
• Posterior – Towards Tails
• Dorsal – Back side
• Ventral – Front side
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/lizard4_dorsal_ventral.gif
Segmentation - segments of the body
become specialized for specific purposes
http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/pix/tagmatization.jpg
Early Development
• Zygote - fertilized egg
• Blastula - a hollow ball of cells
• Blastopore - the blastula folds in creating an opening
• Protostome – where mouth is formed from blastopore
• Deuterosome – where anus if formed from blastopore
• Anus - opening for solid waste removal from digestive
tract
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/141993_Protostome_vs_Deuterostome.jpg..jpg
The cells of most animals differentiate
into three distinct germ layers
• Endoderm - (innermost) develops into the
lining of the digestive tract and respiratory
tract
• Mesoderm - (middle) muscle, circulatory,
reproductive, and excretory systems
• Ectoderm - (outermost) sense organs,
nerves, outer layer of skin
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL3530/DB_01/figB1_B.jpg
9 Animal Phyla
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/zoology/animalphylogenetics/images/fig14.gif
1. Phylum Porifera (sponges)
http://palaeos.com/metazoa/porifera/images/rigida.jpg
2. Phylum Cnidaria (sea
anemones, jellyfish, coral, hydra)
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archdata/Gershwin_Collins/Ccolorata.JPG
3. Phylum Platyhelminthes
(flatworms)
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/pseudobiceros.jpg
4. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
5. Phylum Annelida (segmented
worms, earthworms, leeches)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Regenwurm1.jpg
6. Phylum Mollusca (clam, squid,
snails, slugs)
http://angelfire.com/mo3/invertzoo/images/Mollusca.jpg
7. Phylum Arthropoda
(crustaceans, insects, spiders)
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arachnida/tarantula.jpg
8. Phylum Echinodermata (starfish)
http://www.palaeos.org/images/thumb/5/5a/Acanthaster_planci.jpg/340px-Acanthaster_planci.jpg
9. Phylum Chordata (includes all
vertebrates)
http://sevennaturalwonders.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/shutterstock_60362779-1.jpg
Round Worms
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Nematoda
• Contain unsegmented worms
Ascaris
http://www.thelifetree.com/images/roundworms06.jpg
Insides
• Pseudocoelom (“false coelom”)
• Coelom-(sea-lum) Fluid filled cavity made from
the mesoderm
• Body cavity contains organs
• Digestive tract with two openings (mouth and
anus)
Round worm anatomy
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/roundworm.jpg
Feeding
• They are predators when they are free
living
• Parasites to humans and animals as well
http://altered-states.net/barry/bobbeck/roundworms.jpg
http://www.harpercollege.edu/ls-hs/bio/dept/guide/gallery/aquatic_worms/original/aquatic_roundworm_nematode(4).jpg
Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction
• Separate sexes (male and female)
http://images.tutorvista.com/content/animal-kingdom/roundworm-anatomy.jpeg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_A7ibHLvSQhg/S-FKgcc2u9I/AAAAAAAAAGA/9g8705yPGeY/s1600/round+worm+%233.gif
Roundworms and disease
http://www.neglecteddiseases.gov/assets/images/rw1.jpg
Trichinosis (trichinella worm)
• Cysts within the muscles are consumed
(undercooked food)
• Worm then grows in the intestine
• Forms cysts within the muscles of the new
host
• Causes terrible pain in muscles
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Trichinella_LifeCycle.gif
http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/images/hdc_0001_0003_0_img0274.jpg
Filarial Worms - found in Tropical
regions of Asia
• Usually transmitted by mosquitoes
• Causes elephantiasis
http://feastingonroadkill.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/FilarialWorm.jpg
http://endtheneglect.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Lymphatic-Filariasis2.jpg
Ascarid Worms (common
roundworm)
• Lives in the intestine
• Eggs are passed out in the feces
Ascarid worms
http://ascarislumbricoides.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/tumblr_lfrk4bGl7F1qcmrkno1_500.jpg
http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/images/hdc_0001_0001_0_img0028.jpg
Hookworms
• Burrow into the skin from soil
• Mature in the intestines
• Hooks used to attach and suck blood
http://scienceblogs.com/zooillogix/wp-content/blogs.dir/253/files/2012/04/i-5638032170c8ecc51dbc6254467472f4-Hookworm.jpg
http://scienceblogs.com/zooillogix/wp-content/blogs.dir/253/files/2012/04/i-9d474a05d968355afa4953048c76373a-Hookworm%20Foot.jpg
C.elegans
• First organism to have DNA completely
sequenced
• Very simple, free living round worm