Chapter 2
Cells
Section 1-Cell Structure
• Common cell structures
– outer covering-_________________
– internal gelatinlike cytoplasm
– hereditary material
• Comparing cells-
Section 1-Cell Structure
• Two cell types
– Prokaryotic- __________membrane-bound
internal structures
– Eukaryotic-___________membrane-bound
internal structures
Section 1
Cell Organization
• Composed of cellulose, a ___________
grows, changes shape, and protects the
cells of plants, algae, fungi, and most
bacteria.
• Cell __________-protective layer
around all cells.
– allows food and oxygen into the cell and
waste products out of the cell.
Section 1
Cell Organization
• _____________-gelatinlike substance
inside the cell membrane.
– ______________ scaffolding-like
structure in cytoplasm which helps cell
keep its shape.
– Eukaryotic cells have ___________ which
help with cell like processes.
Section 1
Cell Organization
• ________________ contains
instructions for everything a cell does;
includes DNA
CODE
Section 1
Cell Organization
• Energy-processing organelles- help cells
do their work
– Green organelles in plant cells contain
____________ to make food.
green pigment=chlorophyll
– Organelles which release energy from food
are called _______________.
Section 1
Cell Organization
• Manufacturing organelles
– ______________ make proteins for cell
activities.
– Some ribosomes attach to the rough part
of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Section 1
Cell Organization
• Transporting and storing organelles
– ______________move substances out of a
cell or to other parts of a cell.
– ______________membrane-bound
temporary storage space.
Section 1
Cell Organization
• Recycling organelles
– _______________break down food
molecules and cell waste.
Section 1
Cell to Organism
• Cells work together to keep an organism
alive.
– ________ group of similar cells working together on one job.
lining inside mouth
– Different types of tissues working together make up an
_________.
kidney
– A group of organs working together on a particular function form a
___________.
heart, blood,
and vessels
Section 2-Viewing Cells
• Magnifying Cells
– Early microscopes- lenses made images
________, but not always clear.
Section 2
Viewing Cells
• Modern microscopes- use lenses to bend light
– A simple microscope has one lens
while a compound microscope has
multiple lenses.
– A stereomicroscope, which has two
eyepieces, creates a threedimensional image.
– Powers of the eyepiece multiplied by
objective lenses determine total
magnification.
Section 2
Viewing Cells
• Electron microscopes- more powerful
than other microscopes.
– Use a _____________ in a vacuum to bend
electronic beams.
– Images must be photographed or produced
electronically.
Section 2
Viewing Cells
• Development of the cell theory
– The cell theory resulted from many
scientists’ observations and conclusions.
– The basic unit of organization is the cell.
– All organisms are composed of one or more
cells.
– New cells come from old cells through cell
division.
Section 3-Viruses
• ___________ - a nonliving strand of
hereditary material surrounded by a
protein coating.
• Virus multiplication- viruses can make
copies of themselves only inside a living
___________ cell.
– Active viruses make the host cell create
new viruses, which kills the host cell
Section 3
Viruses
• 5 steps of active virus multiplication
– virus attaches to host cell
– hereditary material enters host cell
– hereditary material causes the cell to make
viral hereditary material
– new viruses form inside the host cell
– viruses are released as the host cell bursts
Section 3
Viruses
– __________viruses hide in the host cell
without destroying it.
• virus hereditary material becomes part of the
host cell hereditary material
• latent viruses can become active and then
destroy the host cells.
Section 3
Viruses
• Viruses effects on organisms
– most viruses infect only specific kinds of
cells
– viruses are often carried to the host
through the air
– the virus and host cell must fit together
exactly to begin a viral infection.
– _____________attach to bacteria and
inject their hereditary material.
Section 3
Viruses
• Fighting Viruses
– __________- weakened virus particles
which allow the host to fight some diseases
Section 3
Viruses
• Treating viral diseases
– _______________ are not effective
treatments for viral infections
– Infected cells sometimes produce
____________, which are proteins that
can protect non-infected cells.
– Antiviral drugs often have adverse
_____________, limiting their use.
– Public health measure can _________ or
slow disease spread.
Section 3
Viruses
• Research
– ________________ uses viruses to
replace defective cell hereditary material
with normal cell hereditary material.