Imagine you are part of a discovery
of a new species of fish.
How would you know it was a new
species?
• What is a species?
• What other characteristics would you look
for?
• What other characteristics does it have in
common with known fish species?
Classification
• the grouping of objects or information based
on similarities
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology that groups
and names organisms
based on their
characteristics
http://www.ict4us.com/r.kuijt/images/en_taxonomy.gif
Classification
Aristotle: a Greek philosopher, was the first to
classify organisms into two groups
Two groups…
hmmm.
Group 1: Plants
Shrubs
Herbs
Trees
Plants
• How are the plants grouped or classified?
Size
Structure
Group 2: Animals
Land
Air
Water
Animals
• How are the animals grouped or classified?
Habitat
Classification Video
Classification
• Linnaeus: used Latin (a dead language) to
classify organisms by physical and structural
similarities
If it looks like a dog
and it smells like a
dog, then it must be a
dog.
Why Latin?
Latin is a dead language, so it does not change.
Linneaus
Created
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE:
a two-named naming system, bi = 2
Binomial Nomenclature
Uses 2 Latin names to describe an organism
• Scientific name (genus and species)
• Ex. Humans: Homo sapiens
Homo = same sapiens = wise
Binomial Nomenclature
– Genus always begins with CAPITAL LETTER
– species always begins with lower case letter
– If typed, in italics
– If hand written, underlined
Binomial Nomenclature
• Write your name in binomial nomenclature
One more thing…
• Phylogeny – shows the evolutionary
relationship based on similarities
Taxonomic Levels
• Domain
Daring King Philip Came over for good spaghetti
– Kingdom
• Phylum
–Class
»Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Taxonomic levels of a lynx and human
Domain:
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
species:
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Lynx
canadensis
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Salamander
Dichotomous
Key
• Tool for
grouping
organisms
• 2 choices or
questions for
each step
Salamander
Classification
Viruses
• Non living particles-must have host to
reproduce- parasitic
• Smaller than bacteria
• Have a chromosome ( DNA or RNA)
• Can cause diseases: HIV, chicken pox, herpes,
cancer
• Can be helpful: flower color patterns, vaccines
www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/3565.php
How to prevent viral infection
• Avoid others’ body fluids
• Vaccine – ex. “Gardasil”, T-cells capture
antigen, stimulate B-cells (WBC) to produce
antibodies
http://sabahkamal.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/v
accine.jpg
http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/images/making_vaccines.gif
Virus Video
Virus Pandemic of 1918
Virus Reproduction
Entry
Attachment
Assembly
Lysis and
Release
Replication
http://www.coachbrown.lunarpages.net/lytic-cycle.jpg
•
•
•
•
HIV  AIDS
After exposure, virus hides in cells (as provirus)
Can hide for years
When triggered, ex. Stress, becomes lytic virus
Causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)
• Die from secondary infections, ex. Pneumonia
http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/health/aids/images/AIDS_Map_Adults1.gif
AIDS
• Daily, 8,000 people die from AIDS related
illnesses (3 million/year)
• Treat bacterial infections with antibiotics
• Treat HIV infection with antiviral drugs
Bacterial Ubiquity
•
•
•
•
•
Are bacteria everywhere?
Choose a location to swab.
Inoculate an agar plate divided into quadrants.
Incubate overnight
Note growth (0 – 5, none – lawn)
Quadrant
1
2
3
4
Location
Tester
Growth
Bacteria
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Has a cell wall and capsule
Has single circular chromosome
May have a small circle of DNA called a plasmid.
Prokaryotic – no nucleus
Make toxins
Diseases: strep throat, tetanus, tooth decay
Can be killed with antibiotics
Benefits: digest food, decomposer, medicine,
make food-pickles, cheese, yogurt
http://www.thebacteriabusters.com/E_coli_O157H7.jpg
Bacteria - Shapes
Rod
Sphere
Pair of spheres
Chain spheres
Cluster spheres
Curved rod
Spiral
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/dental/oralbiol/oralenv/images/bactshapes.gif
Bacterial Infections
• Strep Throat – streptococcus
• Anthrax – bacillus
www.medscape.com/.../417394/artm5649.fig1.jpg
• Lyme Disease – spirochete
webs.wichita.edu/.../anthrax_pustule.jpg
http://www.accessmedicine.com/loadBinary.aspx?name=licha&filename=licha_XI.021.jpg
Bacteria –
Asexual Reproduction: Fission
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bio
s100/lecturesf04am/binfission.jpg
Bacteria –
Sexual Reproduction: Conjugation
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week7/20f/Slide4.gif
Bacteria Video
• Created by S. Rodgers
Bacterial Transformation
• Using bacteria for our
benefit
• Add foreign DNA to a
bacterium to make useful
products
• Cause bacteria to
transform to new
producers
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/real-transformer-movie-5.jpg
Transformation
•
•
•
•
Get host cells ready
Add foreign DNA plasmid
Let cells recover
Allow cells to grow and produce desired
protein
• Collect protein for use, ex. Insulin
(Insulin used to be made from a pig pancreas)
http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/art/PigArt.jpg
Transformation Lab
Purpose: Add foreign DNA plasmid to bacteria
to make them glow
GFP = green fluorescent protein
AMP = ampicillin (antibiotic)
ARA = arabinose (sugar for protein synthesis)
LB = luria broth (growth medium)
+ = pGLO plasmid (has GFP gene and ampicillin
resistance)
Transformation Lab
E. Coli and
LB only
Expect: _____________________
E. Coli and
LB, AMP, +
Expect: _____________________
E. Coli and
LB, AMP
Expect: _____________________
E. Coli and
LB, AMP, +,
ARA
Expect: _____________________
Kingdom Protista
http://www.kidsbiology.com/i
mages/protist.jpg
http://volvocales.pbwiki.com/f/pleodo
rina-californica.jpg
Ameba
http://www.edu.xunta.es/contidos/sec/bi
oloxia/biosfera/alumno/1ESO/clasica/imax
es/ameba.jpg
Euglena
Paramecium
Volvox
http://kdhellner.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent
/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/protist.jpg.w300h2
23.jpg
http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect20/paramecium
_stained.jpg
http://www.seaweed.ie/algae/images/hydrodictyon2.jpg
Kingdom Protista
• Most diverse organisms
• Locomotion: Ameba
uses pseudopods
Euglena uses flagellum
Paramecium uses cilia
http://www.infovisual.info/02/
001_en.html
Protists
• Named for their locomotion (how they move)
• Have a contractile vacuole
to remove excess water
(homeostasis)
• Can cause disease
Protists
Protist Locomotion
Fungi
•
•
•
•
Decomposers
Used to make beer, wine, and bread
Have a cell wall made of CHITIN
Ex. Molds, mushrooms, yeast
http://www.moldinspection.com/window%20mold%20
2.jpg
http://www.glyn.dk/blog/uploaded_images/yeast732837.jpg
Fungi
Video