Cell Introduction
• Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking
a nucleus and most organelles
• Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a
membrane bound nucleus and other
membrane bound organelles.
• Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the
cell with a specific job.
Cell Introduction
• Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking
a nucleus and most organelles
• Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a
membrane bound nucleus and other
membrane bound organelles.
• Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the
cell with a specific job.
Prokaryotic Cells
• A cell that lacks a nucleus
• Still has Genetic information (DNA) just not
contained in the nucleus
• Bacteria and archaea are two types of
prokaryotic cells
• These appear to be the earliest organisms
on earth.
Eukaryotic Cells
• A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.
• Genetic material is contained in the nucleus
• These are broken up into Plant cells and
Animal cells
Eukaryotic Cells
• A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.
• Genetic material is contained in the nucleus
• These are broken up into Plant cells and
Animal cells
Two Basic types
Cell membrane
cytoplasm
Prokaryote
Cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
Eukaryote
Cell organelles
Compare and Contrast
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Animal cell -Eukaryote
Plant cell - Eukaryote
Cell Theory
• The generalization
that all living things
are composed of
cells and are the
basic unit of
structure and
function in living
things.
• All cells come from
existing cells
Cell Organelles
Organelle: “Mini” organ
Nucleus
 A large organelle that contains the cells
genetic material (DNA)
 The “brain” of the cell
 Nuclear Envelope: a pair of membranes that
surrounds the nucleus
 Nuclear pores: Holes or pores in the nuclear
envelope that allow materials to leave the
nucleus.
Nucleus
Chromatin
Two membranes
of nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Pore
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Ribosome
 A small organelle used to change DNA
into proteins
 The “assembly line” of the cell
 Made up of proteins and nucleic acids
 Ribosomes are found on the outside of
the Endoplasmic Reticulum and others
are found floating in the cell.
Ribosome
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 An extensive network of membranes that builds
cell materials
 Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Rough E.R.
 Has Ribosomes attached to the outside of the
membrane
 Creates proteins
 Smooth E.R
 Does not have Ribosomes attached to the
membrane
 Creates enzymes and lipids
Transport vesicle
buds off
Secretary
(glyco-) protein
inside transport vesicle
Ribosome
Sugar
chain
Glycoprotein
Polypeptide
Rough ER
Golgi Apparatus
 An organelle made up of a series of
membrane sacs
 Makes changes and directs the
materials created by the E.R.
 Like a shipping store that packs,
directs, and ships materials.
“Receiving” side of
Golgi apparatus
Transport
vesicle
from ER
New vesicle
forming
“Shipping”
side of Golgi
apparatus
Transport
vesicle from
the Golgi
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
(containing inactive
hydrolytic enzymes)
Plasma
membrane
Golgi
apparatus
Engulfment
of particle
Lysosome
engulfing
damaged
organelle
“Food”
Lysosomes
Food
vacuole
Digestion
Vacuole
A large membrane bound sack
found inside of the cell
Contractile Vacuole: Used to
pump out excess water in cells
Central Vacuole: Stores chemicals
and helps plant growth.
Nucleus
Central
vacuole
Nucleus
Contractile
vacuoles
LM 650 
Colorized TEM 8,700 
Chloroplast
Lysosomes
 Membrane bound sack that contains
digestive enzymes
 Lysosomes are used to break down
macromolecules
 Break down incoming food
 Destroy harmful bacteria
 Recycle damaged organelles
Chloroplast
 A photosynthetic organelle found in
plant cells
 Converts sunlight and CO2 into sugar
and oxygen
Stroma
Chloroplast
Granum
Intermembrane
space
TEM 9,750
Inner and outer
membranes
Mitochondria
Mitochondrion
 The organelle that
creates energy for
cells
 Uses food to create
chemical energy (ATP)
Outer
membrane
Intermembrane
space
 Found in plant and
animal cells
 Creation of energy
happens on the
membranes inside of
the mitochondria
Inner
membrane
Cristae
Matrix
Cytoplasm
 The entire region between the nucleus and
plasma membrane
 A fluid filled space
Flagella and Cilia
 Flagella: a long, thin, whip-like
structure
 Created with microtubules that allow
a cell to move
 Cilia: smaller, and more numerous
hair-like structures
 Created with bundles of microtubules
Flagellum
Electron micrographs
of cross sections:
TEM 206,500
Outer microtubule
doublet
Central
microtubules
Radial spoke
Dynein arms
Flagellum
Basal body
(structurally
identical to
centriole)
TEM 206,500
Plasma
membrane
Basal body
Plasma Membrane
A thin outer layer of a cell
Regulates the flow of molecules
into and out of the cell
Made up of a Phospholipid bilayer
with membrane proteins,
cholesterol, and carbohydrates
embedded.
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers extending
through the cytoplasm
Microtubules: Straight hollow
tubes used for rigidity and shape
Flagellum
Electron micrographs
of cross sections:
TEM 206,500
Outer microtubule
doublet
Central
microtubules
Radial spoke
Dynein arms
Flagellum
Basal body
(structurally
identical to
centriole)
TEM 206,500
Plasma
membrane
Basal body
Cell Wall
 A strong layer outside of the plasma
membrane, used to maintain shape in
plant cells
 Cell wall is found only in certain
bacteria and plant cells.