What are the major cell structures?
What are their functions?

www.cellsalive.com
www.learngenetics.utah
(cell link).
Reinforce your knowledge of organelles by playing the games and completing the activities at the websites posted

In the human body, organs perform specialized jobs. For example, the heart transports blood. In cells, tiny ___________ carry out specialized jobs.
1. tissues
2. Organ systems
3. organelles
4. Organ systems
0% 0% 0% 0%
ti ss ue s
O rg an
sy st ems
o rg an ell es
O rg an
sy st ems
20

1. Make lipids
2. Make proteins
3. Control the cell
4. Make energy
74%
16%
11%
0%
Ma ke
li pi ds
Ma ke
p ro te in s
C on tr ol
th e ce
...
Ma ke
e ne rg y

1. Make lipids
2. Make proteins
3. Control the cell
4. Package and transport materials
84%
16%
0% 0%
Ma ke
li pi ds
Ma ke
p ro te in s
C on tr ol
th e ce
...
P ac ka ge
an d tr.
..

1. Mitochondria
2. Chloroplast
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Lysosomes
100%
0% 0% 0%
Mi to ch on dr ia
C hl or op la st
G ol gi
ap pa ra tu
...
Ly so so me s

1. Plant
2. Animal
3. Eukaryote
4. Prokaryote
30%
60%
5% 5%
P la nt
A ni ma l
Eu ka ry ot e
P ro ka ry ot e

1. Mitochondria
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
4. Golgi Apparatus
70%
25%
5%
Mi to ch on dr ia
0%
N uc le us
C yt op la sm
G ol gi
A pp ar at u.
..

1. Nucleus
2. Endoplasmic reticulum
3. Cell Wall
4. Cell Membrane
70%
5%
10%
15%
N uc le us
En do pl as mi c r e.
..
C el l W al l
C el l Memb ra ne

A. I can recall all of the organelles, their functions, where they are in the cell and how they work together.
B. I can recall all of the organelles but am unclear on how some of them work.
C. I remember the names of many organelles but don’t know their functions.
D. I only remember a few organelles.
25% 25% 25% 25%
En te r a ns w er
te xt
...
En te r a ns w er
te xt
...
En te r a ns w er
te xt
...
En te r a ns w er
te xt
...

Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes
• No nucleus
• Smaller and simpler cells
• No membrane bound organelles
• Most primitive form of life on Earth
Example: bacteria
Eukaryotes Both
• Nucleus • Living things
• Larger and more complex cells
• DNA
• Ribosomes
• Have membrane bound organelles • Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane Examples:
• Plants
• Animals
• Fungi
• Protists – single celled
(unicellular) organisms

Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
List four things that are different between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Put these differences in order from most important to least important.

76%
1. Prokaryote
2. Eukaryote
3. Nucleus
4. Cell membrane
16%
1
0%
8%
2 3 4

1. Animal cell
2. Plant cell
3. Bacterial cell
84%
16%
1
0%
2 3

1. have a nucleus
2. have DNA
3. have membrane bound organelles
4. are the same size
80%
16%
4%
0%
4 1 2 3

1. True 100%
2. False
1
0%
2

Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled
(unicellular)?
17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17%
1. bacteria
2. protists
3. Fungi like yeasts & molds
4. Mushroom-bearing fungi
5. Plants like trees
6. Animals like brine shrimp or small insects
b ac te ria
Fu
p ro tis ts as ts
&
mo ld s ng i li ke
ye
Mu sh ro ombe ar in g f un gi
P la nt s l ik e t
A ni ma ls lik e br re es in e s hr im.
..

A. I can recall and explain all of the major differences and similarities.
B. I can list all of the major differences and similarities.
C. I only know a few major differences or similarities.
25% 25% 25% 25%
D. I don’t remember the differences between these two types of cells.
En te r a ns w er
te xt
...
En te r a ns w er
te xt
...
En te r a ns w er
te xt
...
En te r a ns w er
te xt
...

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles, including nuclei, in their cells. Eukaryote cells contain membrane bound organelles in the cells
Prokaryote eukaryote
Naked DNA
Ribosomes
DNA in membrane bound nucleus ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton cytoplasm (cytosol) cytoskeleton
Plasma membrane plasma membrane
Cell wall (some) Cell wall ( some protists, all plants, & fungi)
Flagella & cilia (some) flagella & cilia (some)
All: golgi, smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes or peroxisomes, mitochondria some: chloroplasts

Animals and plants are always multicellular with specialized
(they look different & function differently) cells. Most protists are unicellular organisms, although some are colonial (cells are clumped together but do not depend on each other or do specialized jobs)
Yeasts, molds (fungi)
Cells in a leaf cells in gut mushroom protists

Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled
(unicellular)?
17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17%
1. bacteria
2. protists
3. Fungi like yeasts & molds
4. Mushroom-bearing fungi
5. Plants like trees
6. Animals like brine shrimp or small insects
b ac ter ia
Fu
p ro tis ts yea st s &
mo ld s ng i li ke sh ro om-
Mu bea rin g f un gi
P la nt s l ik e t
A ni ma ls lik e br ree s in e s hr im.
..
10

Note these drawings of animal and plant cells. Which does
NOT have a cell wall outside it’s plasma membrane?
Fungi also have cell walls; so do some protists and some bacteria.
Cells walls are made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in eubacteria.
Cell walls extra support & extra protection for cells.

Cell walls protect cells from bursting and provide them support against pressure (so they don’t get crushed).
Which kingdom (the only one) NEVER has cell walls?
1. Animal
2. Archaebacteria
3. Eubacteria
4. Fungi
5. Protists
6. plants
17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17%
A ni ma l
A rc ha eb ac ter ia
Eu ba ct er ia
Fu ng i
P ro tis ts
p la nt s

The job of a cell wall is to:
1. Protect and provide support
2. Allow cells to photosynthesize
3. Surround the cytoplasm
33% 33% 33%
P ro tec t a nd
p ro vi de su p.
..
A llo w
cell s t o ph ot os yn t..
.
Su rro un d th e cy to pl as m

Cell walls in plants are made out of?
1. chitin
2. cellulose
3. Phospholipid bilayers
4. Peptidoglycan
5. proteins
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
ch iti n
cell ul os e
P ho sp ho lip id
b ila yer s
P ep tid og ly ca n
p ro tein s

Which structure is found in (specific to) a plant cell,but not an animal cell.
1. Chloroplasts
2. lysosomes
3. mitochondria
4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
5. Smooth ER (SER)
6. Cell walls
17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17%
C hl or op la st s
ly so so mes on dr ia
mi to ch
Ro ug h en do pl as mi c r et i..
.
ot h
ER
(S
ER)
Smo
C ell
w all s
20

Which is the organelle that holds the cells DNA (its genome) and is the control center of the cell?
1. centriole
2. mitochondria
3. nucleolus
4. Nucleus
5. cytoplasm
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
cen tri ol e
mi to ch on dr ia
n uc leo lu s
N uc leu s
cy to pl as m
20

What molecules inside the nucleus allow it to serve as the cell’s control center?
1. DNA
2. carbohydrates
3. proteins
4. Lipids
5. RNA
0% 0% 0% 0%
D
NA
ca rb oh yd ra tes
p ro tein s
Li pi ds
0%
RN
A
20

When DNA in the nucleus is only visible as grains or tangled strands, it is called:
1. chromosomes
2. chromatin
3. nucleolus
4. Nuclear pores
25% 25% 25% 25%
ch ro mo so mes
ch ro ma tin
n uc leo lu s
N uc lea r p or es
20

When DNA is wrapped around _________called histones, it is called chromatin. When chromatin is packed tightly enough to be visible, it is called a chromosome.
1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. Nucleic acids
ca rb oh yd ra tes
0% 0%
li pi ds
0% 0%
p ro tein s
N uc leic
a cid s
20

When you view eukaryotic cells via light microscopy, you see a small dark, dense region inside the nucleus. It is called the:
1. ribosome
2. nucleolus
3. nucleoplasm
4. Nuclear membrane
5. Nuclear pore
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
ri bo so me
n uc leo lu s
n uc leo pl as m
N uc lea r memb ra ne
N uc lea r p or e
20

These organelles are assembled in nucleoli.
1. golgi
2. ribosomes
3. vacuoles
4. lysosomes
go lgi
0% 0%
ri bo so me s
0%
va cu ol es
0%
ly so so mes
15

The nuclear envelope is made of a double layer of
___________ surrounding the nucleus.
1. proteins
2. Nucleic acids
3. carbohydrates
4. phospholipids
0% 0% 0% 0%
p ro tein s
N uc leic
a cid s
ca rb oh yd ra tes
p ho sp ho lip id s
20

The structure composed of a network of protein filaments whose job is supporting the cell’s shape, allowing cell movement, & moving organelles inside the cell is the:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cell wall
3. Cytoskeleton
4. Cilium, flagellum
0% 0% 0% 0%
C ell
memb ra ne
C ell
w all
C yt os kelet on
C ili um,
fl ag ell um
20

33% 33% 33%
Match the cytoskeletal protein filaments to their correct functions:
1. Microtubules, form flagella, cilia & centrioles, while actin microfilaments allow cells to change shape like during cytokinesis or amoeba’s extending pseudopodia
2. Actin microfilaments, form flagella, cilia & centrioles
3. Microtubules, attach to cell membranes to allow cells to move with pseudopodia
(false feet)
Mi cr ot ub ul es
, .
..
A ct in
mi cr of il.
..
Mi cr ot ub ul es
, .
..
20

What is the difference between Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and SER?
1. SER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell
2. RER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell
3. SER is a tube made of cell membrane
4. Ribosomes attached to
RER inject proteins into it, then enzymes modify the proteins.
0% 0% 0% 0%
SE
R is us ed
to t..
.
tr an sp or
RE
R is us ed
to or t..
.
tr an sp
SE
R is a t ub e ma
Ri bo so mes
.
de of
ce.
a tta ch ed
to
R.
.
30

Which is true of peroxisomes & lysosomes?
1. Contain enzymes to make lipids
2. Break down & recycle old cell structures & contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest lipids, carbohydrates & proteins
3. Modify proteins
4. Store genetic information
0% 0% 0% 0%
C on ta in
en zy mes
to
ma
Br ea k do ke.
..
w n
& rec yc le ol
...
Mo di fy
p ro te in s
St or e gen et ic in fo rma tio n
30

Ribosomes
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
U se
lig ht
en
A tta er gy
to
ma ch
ca rb oh
Ma k.
..
yd ra te ke
AT
P to
&
l.
..
A re
al lo w memb
A
cell ra re ne s .
.
t ub e s .
..
memb
Sy ra nt ne he
u sed
sa cs siz e pr ot
...
ein s f
A re memb ol l..
.
sa cs
fi lle.
..
ra ne
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER):
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Us e l igh t en erg y t
At tac h c o ma arb oh k..
yd
Ma ke
.
rat
AT e &
l...
P t o a
Ar llo w c e memb ell ran s ..
e tub e memb e s
...
ran e s
Sy nth acs
us esi ze
Ar ed
...
pro tein e memb s fo ll...
ran e s acs
fil le.
..
0%
2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tubes whose enzymes construct components of membranes (SER) or modify proteins (RER)
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled w/ digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30

Golgi apparatus:
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
U se
lig ht
en er
A tta gy
to ch
ca rb
ma
Ma k.
oh yd ke
..
ra te
&
l.
..
al lo w
cell s .
.
ra ne
t ub e s .
..
ra ne
sa cs
u sed
AT
P to
A re memb
A re memb
Sy nt he
...
siz e pr ot ein s f ol ra ne
A re memb l..
.
sa cs
fi lle.
..
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30

Lysosomes:
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
U se
lig ht
en
A tta er gy
to
ma ch
ca rb oh
Ma k.
..
yd ra te ke
AT
P to
&
l.
..
A re
al lo w memb
A
cell ra re ne s .
.
t ub e s .
..
memb
Sy ra nt ne he
u sed
sa cs siz e pr ot
...
ein s f
A re memb ol l..
.
sa cs
fi lle.
..
ra ne
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30

Vacuoles:
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
U se
lig ht
en
A tta er gy
to
ma ch
ca rb oh
Ma k.
..
yd ra te ke
AT
P to
&
l.
..
A re
al lo w memb
A
cell ra re ne s .
.
t ub e s .
..
memb
Sy ra nt ne he
u sed
sa cs siz e pr ot
...
ein s f
A re memb ol l..
.
sa cs
fi lle.
..
ra ne
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30

Chloroplasts:
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
U se
lig ht
en er
A tta gy
to ch
ca rb
ma
Ma k.
oh yd ke
..
ra te
&
l.
..
al lo w
cell s .
.
ra ne
t ub e s .
..
ra ne
sa cs
u sed
AT
P to
A re memb
A re memb
Sy nt he
...
siz e pr ot ein s f ol ra ne
A re memb l..
.
sa cs
fi lle.
..
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30

Mitochondria:
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates
2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food
4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
U se
lig ht
en er
A tta gy
to ch
ca rb
ma
Ma k.
oh yd ke
..
ra te
&
l.
..
al lo w
cell s .
.
ra ne
t ub e s .
..
ra ne
sa cs
u sed
AT
P to
A re memb
A re memb
Sy nt he
...
siz e pr ot ein s f ol ra ne
A re memb l..
.
sa cs
fi lle.
..
5. Are membrane sacs used for storage
6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions
7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
20

What cells contain chloroplasts, organelles that carry out photosynthesis?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. autotrophic bacteria
2. Plants & plant like protists
3. Animals & animal like protists
4. Fungi & fungal like protists
a ba ct er ia ut ot ro ph ic
P la nt s &
p lan t l ik e p ro tis ts
A ni ma ls
& an ima l li ke pr
...
Fu ng i &
fu ng al
lik e pr ot ist s
20

True or False. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are surrounded by a single cell membrane.
1. true
2. false
tr ue
0% 0%
fa lse
15

What two organelles contain their own genetic information in the form of small circular DNA molecules called plasmids?
1. Golgi, nucleoi
2. Mitochondria, chloroplasts
3. RER, SER
4. Centrioles, flagella
0% 0% 0% 0%
G ol gi
, n uc leo i on dr ia
, c
Mi to ch hl or op la sts
RE
R,
SE
R
C en tri ol es
, f la gell a
15

Endosymbiotic theory states that the ___________ & ___________ likely arose through evolution of ancient prokaryotes that escaped digestion after being eaten by ancient animal-like bacteria.
1. Nuclei & nucleoli
2. RER, SER
3. Flagella, cilia
4. Chloroplasts, mitochondria
0% 0% 0% 0%
N uc lei
& nu cleo li
RE
R,
SE
R
Fl ag ell a,
ci lia st s, mi to ch on dr ia
C hl or op la
30

Cytoskeleton—supports structure & provides ramps for moving material like steel beams
Nucleus—control center due to the DNA—the main office
Ribosome—makes proteins using blueprints from
DNA (like a machine in a factory)
Golgi/ER—modify proteins, like a customization shop
Chloroplasts—provide energy from sun, a solar power plant
Mitochondria—provide energy cell uses directly by breaking down glucose (like an oil burning furnace)

If you order an automobile with special paint, it’s added in the factory’s customization department. What cell organelles serve this customization function for proteins?
0%
N uc leu s, nu cleo lu s
Mi to ch on dr ia
, v ac uo les
0% 0%
RE
R,
go lg i
1. Nucleus, nucleolus
2. Mitochondria, vacuoles
3. RER, golgi
20

Why do plants contain a large central vacuole that can fill with water?
1. To store water for use when the soil is dry
2. To support the weight of the plant (turgor pressure)
3. Both 1 & 3
0% 0% 0%
T o
st or e w at er
fo r u
T se
...
o su pp or t t he w eig ht
o f..
.
Bo th
1
&
3
20

What cell organelles store materials like water, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts?
1. vacuoles
2. vesicles
3. golgi
4. mitochondria
va cu ol es
0% 0% 0% 0%
ves icl es
go lgi
mi to ch on dr ia
20

In the animal-like protist, Paramecium, which organelle pumps out excess water to prevent the cell from bursting?
1. Cell wall
2. Central vacuole
3. Contractile vacuole
0% 0% 0%
C ell
w all
C en tra l v ac uo le
C on tr ac til e v ac uo le
20

What type of molecule, in addition to ribosomal proteins, makes up a ribosome?
1. DNA
2. rRNA
3. lipid
4. Carbohydrate
5. steroid
D
NA
0% 0%
rRN
A
0% 0% 0%
li pi d
C ar bo hy dr at e
st er oi d
20

What is the job of a mitochondrian?
1.
Convert light energy to chemical energy
2.
Store carbohydrates
3.
Break down & recycle wastes
4.
Convert chemical energy in food to chemical energy in a form useable by cells,
ATP
0% 0% 0% 0%
C on ver t l igh t en er gy
to
...
St or e ca rb oh yd ra tes
Br ea k do w n le w
...
& rec yc
C on ver t c hemic al
en er gy
...
20

Which cells contain mitochondria?
1. Prokaryotic cells
2. Animal cells
3. Plant cells
4. Fungal cells
5. Protist cells
6. Cells in all eukaryotic kingdoms
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
P ro ka ry ot ic cell s
A ni ma l c ell s s
P la nt
cell
Fu ng al cell s
P ro tis t c ell s l eu
C ell s i n al ka ry ot ic
...
20

What cells contain chloroplasts?
1. Photosynthetic bacteria
2. Plants & plant like protists
3. Animals & animal like protists
4. Fungi & fungal like protists
0% 0% 0% 0% ba ct er ia
P ho to sy nt het ic
P la nt s &
p lan t l ik e p ro tis ts
A ni ma ls
& an ima l li ke pr
...
Fu ng i &
fu ng al
lik e pr ot ist s
20

True or false.
Cells that are involved in detoxification have lots of SER because this network of tubes contains the enzymes used to degrade toxins
True (e.g., in the liver)

True.
This targets the molecules in transport vesicles to the membrane for exocytosis.

Cilia—smaller—usually present in high numbers
Flagella—longer—usually present alone or in pairs.

Peroxisomes are organelles that contain hydrogen peroxide. This strong oxidizing agent breaks up materials for cell defense (like ingested bacteria or viruses). The enzyme peroxidase (catalase) in the cytoplasm of cells with peroxisomes serves to neutralize any peroxide that escapes.