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How many organisms are there?
Good Question! Let’s exclude extinct species!
Many extant are unknown so we estimate!
Bacteria: 10,000
Archaea: 1,000
Protista: 20,000
(includes Stramenopila and Rhodophyta)
Plantae: 285,000
(mostly flowering)
Fungi: 110,000
Animalia: 1,400,000
(mostly arthropods)
Homo sapiens
Learn your own Latin binomial.
Our genus means “self” not gender identity
Our epithet: we think that we think!
Our epithet always ends in ‘s’:
One Homo sapiens is the instructor.
There are many Homo sapiens in class.
Print in italics, underscore in manuscript.
I am a Homo sapiens.
√
How many kingdoms are there?
Good Question!
The relationships among known organisms
are not completely understood.
Are you a lumper or a splitter?
Newer information appears to back up the
taxonomic decisions of splitters!
Historical shifts from 2, to 3, to 4, to 5, to 6
and now to many more in just the last 40
years!
Lumpers
Shifting Kingdoms
Splitters
2
3
5
6
8
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaea
Archaea
Archaea
Archaea
Archaea
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Charles Darwin - British Naturalist
Formal Studies: Medicine and Theology
1809 - 1882
Descent with
Modification
http://www2.biologie.unihalle.de/zool/mol_ecol/Bilder/DarwinBild.jpg
1880 The Power of
Movement in Plants
1871 Descent of Man
1859 Origin of Species
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3e/Charles_Darwin_1854.jpg
Species evolved from generation to generation over time
1831-1836 HMS Beagle Voyage
http://www.omniscopic.com/blog/uploaded_images/darwin-791061.jpg
Darwin’s Tree of Life (1859) the only figure in:
On the Origin of Species
future time
present
many
more
many
more
The Roman
numerals
each
represent
1000
generations
past time
The letters A-L represent
hypothetical progenitor species
within a single genus
Notice the very large number of extinctions!
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Darwins_tree_of_life_1859.gif
Question 14 Page 15
before nucleus
true nucleus
Turn back to the tree of life shown in Figure 1.5. Note that Bacteria and
Archaea are prokaryotes, while Eukarya are eukaryotes. On the simplified
tree below, draw an arrow that points to the branch where the structure
called the nucleus originated. Explain your reasoning.
DOMAIN
DOMAIN
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
8
5
3
Extinct
First Eukaryote!
2
1
Original Cell
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
8
5
3
Extinct
First Eukaryote!
2
1
Original Cell
Here is a phylogeny that covers some of the animals:
http://thehurricanes.deviantart.com/gallery/
http://thehurricanes.deviantart.com/art/Phylogeny-with-Spongebob-156909686
Figure 1-9 Page
10 of 3rd Edition
Plants, fungi, and
animals are small
branch tips on
the tree of life
This node represents the common
ancestor of archaea and eukaryotes
This node represents the common
ancestor of all organisms alive today
Page 7 Figure 1.5
DOMAIN BACTERIA
Mycoplasma
How is this graphic
from your book the
same, and how is it
different from the
other depictions of
the “Tree of Life”
you have seen so
far?
In which direction is
the axis of time
shown?
The long list of
organisms down the
right are?
Firmicutes
Cyanobacteria
Actinobacteria
Spirochaetes
Chlamydiae
Bacteriodetes
-Proteobacteria
-Proteobacteria
-Proteobacteria
This node
represents the
common ancestor
of all organisms
alive today
-Proteobacteria
-Proteobacteria
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Thaumarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
Korarchaeota
This node
Euryarchaeota
represents the
common ancestor
of archaea and
DOMAIN EUKARYA
eukaryotes
Slime molds
Fungi
Animals
Choanoflagellates
Euglenids
Parabasilids
Diplomonads
Red algae
Green algae
Land plants
Foraminiferans
Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Water molds
Diatoms
Brown algae
Fungi,
animals,
and plants
are small
branch tips
on the
tree of life
In spite of this
graphic image, and
the highlighted point
on the lower right,
your book, like most
others, is organized
as if there were only
two kingdoms
(Plantae and
Animalia), as if
nothing happened
since Linnaeus!
The three twigs
highlighted on the
tree are showing
which level of
modern Linnean
taxonomy?
David Hillis’
tree of life
based on total
genome
sequences (at
the time)
Eukaryotes
Archaeons
How many
twigs would be
on this diagram
if ALL the
extant
organisms
were shown?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Tree_of_life_SVG.svg
?
Prokaryotes
Time
Dimension?
David Hillis’
tree of life
based on rRNA
sequence
analysis (at
press time)
Because this
analysis is
easier/faster,
more species
can be
included!
http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense/tree.pdf
origin
Darwin’s Four Postulates
• Darwin broke the process of evolution by
natural selection into four criteria, or
postulates
1. Individuals in a population vary in their traits
2. Some of these differences are heritable; they are
passed on to offspring
Darwin’s Four Postulates
3. In each generation, many more offspring are
produced than can survive
• Only some will survive long enough to reproduce
• Some will produce more offspring than others
4. Individuals with certain heritable traits are more
likely to survive and reproduce
• Natural selection occurs when individuals with certain
traits produce more offspring than do individuals
without those traits
• The individuals are selected naturally, by the
environment
Darwin’s Four Postulates
• Evolution is thus a logical outcome of the four
postulates…notably at the population level of
organization over generations…NOT within
the lifespan of one individual!
• Modern biologists condense Darwin’s four
steps into two statements: Evolution by
natural selection occurs when:
1. Heritable variation leads to
2. Differential reproductive success
Figure 25.4
Tulerpeton (362 mya)
Acanthostega (365 mya)
Tiktaalik (375 mya)
Time
Fin rays
Eusthenopteron (385 mya)
Figure 25.9
Tetrapod Limb: Homologous Structures
Humerus
Radius
and ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Turtle
Human
Horse
Bird
crawl
type
run
arm-fly
Bat
hand-fly
Seal
swim
Figure 25.5
Spider
monkey
tail
Human coccyx
(vestigial tail)
Figure 25.8
Gill pouch
Tail
Chick
Gill pouch
Tail
Human
Gill pouch
Tail
House cat
Figure 25.15
Medium ground finch
(Geospiza fortis)
Daphne Major
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