Euglenoids
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Euglenophyta/zoa
Looking Back at Bio 115
The Organism as a Unit of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution
Lumpers
Shifting Kingdoms
Plantae
Protista
Splitters
2
3
5
6
8
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
8
5
3
Extinct
2
1
Original Cell
Euglenozoa
•
Flagellated protists which can be photosynthetic
•
Odd features

Protein pellicle instead of cell wall

Odd mitochondria (discoid cristae)

Chromosomes condensed during interphase
•
400 species (many more likely unknown parasites!)
•
Two sub-phyla:
1.
2.
Kinetoplasta (Trypanosoma gambiense) sleeping sickness
Euglenoida (Euglena) photosynthetic, chlorophyll a,b, paramylum
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/paraav/images/10-16.jpg
Trypanosoma gambiense
Blood-borne parasite
Flagellated undulating cell
Nucleus
Flagellum
Vectored by Tsetse fly
between alternate hosts
Chemical agent causes
African sleeping sickness
http://niah.naro.affrc.go.jp/disease/fact/image/trypanosoma.jpg
Euglena gracilis
Posterior extension
Mitochondrion
Pyrenoid
Nucleus
Paramylon grain
http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/
Chloroplasts
Protein pellicle
(striations)
Contractile vacuole
Anterior invagination
With internal short flagellum
Long flagellum rooted here also
http://www.ac-rennes.fr/pedagogie/svt/photo/microalg/euglena.jpg
(not shown)
Eyespot
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
Euglenoid
mitochondria
are unique!
Chlorophyte
algal
endosymbiosis
Extinct
Original Cell
For euglenoids,
the chloroplast
is a secondary
Eubacterium
endosymbiosis
endosymbiosis.
Though sketched here as single
events, these endosymbioses were
very likely multiple events!
http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/
Cyanobacterium
endosymbiosis
Scarcodine and Actinopod
Protozoans
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Sarcodina
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3.jpg
Amoeba proteus
A freshwater amoeboid protist
Engulfing a Staurastrum green alga
Contractile vacuole Food vacuoles
Nucleus
The pseudopodia assist in locomotion
and phagocytosis, but they also
secrete proteolytic enzymes to digest
particles outside the cell.
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/de
epeast01/logs/sep24/media/Foram_600.jpg
Pseudopodia
Mitochondria
Marine relatives, the foraminifera,
secrete calcareous shells,
contributing to reefs and sands.
Arcella gibbosa
Freshwater amoeboid protist
Chitinous test
Hyaline connections to the cell
Food vacuoles obvious
Some have two or more nuclei
Pseudopodia protrude from the test
Feeding here upon green algae
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/arcella.jpg
Orbulina universa, or
Globigerina bulloides
A living foraminiferan
demonstrates its many
and delicate pseudopodia
In addition to
capturing food
items, the foram
also receives
nutrients from its
endosymbionts
http://plaza.ufl.edu/mrosenme/livingforam.jpg
Actinosphaerium eichhorni
This organism is an actinopod.
Its axipods are stiff projections
rather than delicate pseudopodia.
The axipods are stiffened primarily
by silicates taken from the water.
http://home.t-online.de/home/ghstanjek/hmic6.jpg
It is related to many
radiolarians which are
known only from their
tests fossilized in silicate
deposits.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/radiolarians/largeradiohoff.jpg