Protozoa
Chapter 26
Characteristics of Protists
 Have
nucleus i.e. eukaryote
 Lack tissue differentiation
 Unicellular
 Move independently

Ocean, fresh water, crawl in soil (some water)
 Heterotrophic

Food vacuoles break down particles
 Both
free-living and parasitic
 Zooplankton - Primary source of energy
for organisms in ecosystem
Reproduction
 Asexually


binary fission – produce one identical
organisms
multiple fission – produce several identical
organisms
 Sexually
– conjugation
Binary fission
Multiple fission
Conjugation
1. Paramecia pair up
2. Macronuclei disntegrate & micronuclei
undergo meiosis
3. All but one micronuclei disintegrates.
It undergoes mitosis.
4. Each paramecium exchange 1
micronuclei
5. Micronuclei fuse
6. Paramecia separate and
marconucleus re-form
Adaptations
– localized region of pigment that
detects light variations in the environment
 Eyespot
– a hardened external covering that
stops all metabolic activity when organism
is outside of host to survive in harsh
environments
 Cyst

e.g. nutrient deficient, drought, decrease
oxygen, or pH/temp changes
4 phyla – named for type of
movement (locomotion)
1. Ciliophora

Ciliates
Zoothamnium
2. Sporazoa

sporozoans
Plasmodium
phyla cont’
3. Zoomastigina

Zooglagellates
4. Sarcodina

sarcodines
Amoeba proteus
Trichomonas vaginalis
Phylum Sarcodina
 Movement:Pseudopodia
– “false feet” -
cytoplasmic extensions
 Ex: Amoebas inhabit fresh/salt water, and soil
 Endoplasm – inner portion of the cytoplasm
 Ectoplasm – outer layer
 Ameboid movement powered by Cytoplasmic
streaming – internal flowing of a cell’s
cytoplasm
Eating (heterotophic)
Phagocytosis – engulf other protists
 Endocytosis – when membrane surrounds and
pinches together into food vacuole
 Exocytosis – when undigested food exits the
cell
 Contractile vacuole – organelle that expels
fluid from cell b/c hypertonic to environment


*remember – water moves from high
concentration to lower – hypertonic is high
solute concentration relative to environment
Amoeba
Amoeba
Movement & eating

BEST one - http://www.mikrofaunavideos.de/videos.php?lang=en&id=amoeba&PHP
SESSID=d48af6fdb76a70938e775b3af8bb2d7b

http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/timlynch/sci_class
/chap09/lesson_protista/Amoeba%20Move.html

http://www.microscopyuk.net/coppermine/displayimage.php?album=82&
pos=0
Variations
– ancient, live in oceans
with shelled protective covering – tests
 Radiolarians – ancient, live in shallow
waters
 Tests sink to bottom and build up layers of
sediment
 Foraminifera

E.g. White Cliffs of Dover, England
White Cliffs of Dover, England
300 foot cliffs made from tests of
foraminifera and radiolarians
FYI
 Sediment
can accumulate as slowly as 0.1
millimeter (0.04 inch) per 1,000 years (in
the middle of the ocean where only windblown material is deposited) to as fast as 1
meter (3.25 feet) per year along
continental margins. More typical deepsea rates are on the order of several
centimeters per 1,000 years.
Foraminifera/Radiolarians
Human disease
 Amebic


dysentery – sometimes fatal
Enters from contaminated food and water
Enzymes break down intestinal wall
Phylum Ciliophora
– cilia
 ex: paramecium lives in fresh/salt water
ponds & slow moving streams
 Eat: bacteria & algae
 Reproduce: Asexual – binary fission
followed by sexual – conjugation –
offspring genetically different (page 515)
 Movement
Paramecia
Contractile vacuole operation
Food vacuole
Phylum Zoomastigina
 Movement:
flagella in lakes & ponds
 Ex: Giardia lamblia
 Eat small organisms
 Live in blood of fish, amphibians reptiles,
birds, & mammals carried by bloodsucking
insects from host to host
Disease
 Trypanosomiasis


African “sleeping sickness”
Transmitted by tsetse fly
 Chagas’

disease - parasitic
Transmitted by “kissing bug”
 Leishmaniasis


– parasitic
Can be fatal
Transmitted by sand flies
 Giardiasis

– parasitic
– parasitic
Transmitted by animal feces in contaminated water
Phylum Sporazoa
 Movement:
only as juvenile
 Ex: Plasmodium
Disease
 Malaria
–

Transmitted by mosquito
Causes fever, fatigue, thirst, anemia, and death
Occurs in cycle
Problem treating b/c mosquitoes developed
resistance to quinine
Afflicts 500,000,000 people per year
Kills 2,700,000 million per year

page 518 life cycle





analogies
 _______:
disease
_________:: _______: ______
cause
 _______:
_________:: _______: ______
 _______:
_________:: _______: ______
Phylum
Common
name
Locomotion
Nutrition
Rep genre
Sarcodina
Sarcodines
Pseudopodia
Heterotrophic
Amoeba
Ciliophora
Ciliates
Cilia
Heterotrophic
Paramecium
Zoomastigina
Zooflagellates
Flagella
Heterotrophic
Trypanosoma
Giardia
Sporozoa
Sporozoans
Only in young
Heterotrophic
Plasmodium
Algae
Chapter 27
Characteristics
 Eukaryote
 Autotrophic

(differ from other protozoans)
Have chloroplasts
 Unicellular
and/or multicellular
 Lack tissue differentiation
4 types of algae based on body
structure (thallus)
Unicellular – aquatic –
ex: phytoplankton
1.


Base of food chain
Produce oxygen
Colonial - ex. Volvox
1.
•
Many cells grouped & working
together
4 types of algae cont’
3. Filamentous – ex. Spirogyra

Some anchor to ocean floor
4. Multicellular – ex. Macrocystis - giant
kelp

These are most like plants
(see pictures next slide)
Giant Kelp - Macrocystis
Classification
7


phyla based on:
Color
Chlorophyll type
• Pigments absorb differing wavelengths of light so
gives them their characteristic color- green brown red


Food-storage
Cell wall composition
Reproduction with unicellular algae
 Asexually

– mitosis produces haploids
+ and – gametes called zoospores
– when + and – join to form
diploid zygote – zygospore – meiosis
(page 528)
 Sexually
Reproduction in multicellular algae
 Complex
 Page
528
Ulva – sea lettuce
Gametophyte – haploid
gamete-producing
phase
 Sporophyte – diploid
spore-producing phase
 Page 529

Phylum Bacillariophyta
– cell wall called shells, have 2
pieces (like box with lid)
 Diatomaceous earth – dead diatoms sink
& form sediment
 Diatoms

used in commercial products like: detergents,
paint removers, fertilizers, insulators, &
toothpaste
Phylum Dinoflagellata
 Unicellular,
photosynthetic
 Red tide – population explosion
Phylum Euglenophyta
Euglena – unicellular
with flagella


Plantlike b/c
photosynthetic
Animal-like b/c lack
cell wall
Protozoa Images
 www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjug
ation.html
Protista Quiz
 http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Docu
ments/Zoo/Protista.htm
Slime molds
 Eukaryote
 Multicellular
 heterotrophic
 Fungus-like
 Usually
red, viscous mass
 Live in damp soil, rotting logs, decaying
leaves
 Ameboid movement “ooze”
 Eat by phagocytosis
Water molds
 Fungus-like
with branching filaments
 Aquatic, soil and parasitic
 Blight – disease causes decay of plant

Irish potato famine
Review



Animal-like protists
amoeba & paramecium
Plant-like protists

Spirogyra & volvox
Review analogies
 _______:
disease
_________:: _______: ______
cause
 _______:
_________:: _______: ______
 _______:
_________:: _______: ______
Kingdom Fungi
Chapter 28
Mycology - the study of fungi
Characteristics
 Eukaryotic
 Nonphotosynthetic
– no chlorophyll
 Multicellular
– breaks down decaying
plant & animal matter THEN absorbs it
 Heterotrophic
 Most
are molds or yeasts
– grows on old bread
 Yeasts – microorganisms make bread rise
 Molds
– in cell walls of hyphae found in
insects’ exoskeleton
 Chitin
 IMPORTANT
in nature!
recycler of organic matter
Structures
 Hyphae
- mass of filaments of
cells
 Mycelium – forms the hyphae
the part we don’t see
Reproduction
Asexual
 when
hyphae break off and start growing
on their own




Sporangia – spores produced in special
hyphae called sporangiospores – spores
with enclosed sac
Conidia – spores without sac
Fragmentation – hypha shatter – spores
released
Budding – in yeast when pinches off piece of
cell
Sexual
 Fusion
occurs when hyphae of differing
mating types (+ or -) meet
 Produce spores
Evolution
 Evolved
from prokaryotes
Classification
 Classified
by structure & reproduction
 Phylum basidiomycota
 Phylum ascomycota
 Lichens
Phylum Zygomycota
 Bread
fungus
 Rhizoids – anchor (root) in bread


Breaks down nutrients in bread for absorption
(page 546 diagram)
Phylum Basidiomycota
 Also
called club fungus
 Mushrooms are
basidiocarps




Stalk or stem
cap
Gills
Dikaryotic basidia
Phylum Ascomycota
 Parasitic
& land
“sac fungi” live in salt/fresh water
Infections & Diseases
 Athlete’s
foot or Ringworm – infect skin,
hair, nails & tissues
 Vaginal
yeast infections
 Tinea cruris (jock itch)
 histoplasmosis
Good fungi
 Penicillin
– cephalosporium & rhizopus
 Cheese, beer, wine, soy products, breads
 Not to mention my favorite: mushrooms!
 Antibiotics
Overview of Fungi
 http://www.wisc-
online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BI
O304
 http://www.wisc-
online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BI
O704
 http://www.wisc-
online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BI
O604
Lichens
 Lichens
are unusual creatures. A lichen is
not a single organism the way most other
living things are, but rather
 Lichens
are a combination of two
organisms which live together intimately.

composed of fungal filaments, but living with
filaments (algal cells)
• green alga or a cyanobacterium.
References

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






http://science.kennesaw.edu/biophys/biodiversity/protista/pictures/paramecium.gif
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Zoo/amoeba_big.JPG
http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/biology/cells/amoeba.gif
http://www.agpix.com/catalog/AGPix_BiPhSeTe41/large/AGPix_BiPhSeTe41_0004_Lg.jpg
http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/images/Plasmodium%20cathemerium%2012%20midnite.jpg
http://www.membranetransport.org/media/organism/tvag1.jpg
http://www.biology-resources.com/drawing-amoeba-reproduction.html
http://www.students.emory.edu/HYBRIDVIGOR/images/conjugation.jpg
www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjugation.html

http://vocker.superfreethought.com/naturalphotographs/microorganisms/ima
ges/DSC01832-Radiolarians.jpg

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T
073615A.gif

http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/webpictures/
dovercliffs.jpg


http://marinebio.org/i/giant_kelp.jpg
http://www.rain.org/campinternet/channelhistory/kelp/kelp98.jpg
http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/seabird_foragefish/marinehabitat/images/Food_Web3.gif
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/volvox2.jpg
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlorophyta/Spirogyra/Spirogyra.jpg
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/MajorDivisions/KingdomProtista/
Protists/grnalgafillc_2.gif
http://www.liv.ac.uk/images/newsroom/press_releases/2006/01/red_tide.jpg
http://ic.ucsc.edu/~flegal/etox80e/SpecTopics/AlgalBlooms/alg_p1.jpg
http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html
http://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/euglena.JPG

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_3.html

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References cont’

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



http://www.glaucus.org.uk/BracketFungus014.jpg
http://www.burrardlucas.com/photo/peru/manu_biosphere/manu_macro/fungus_2.jpg
http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/fungus-r02-1num7.jpg
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=726&rendTypeId=4
http://www.mo.gov/mo/mophotos/parks/PA_ShelfFungus_Terrell_05
2405.jpg
http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/flora.html
http://ethnopharmacology.com/fungi/mush.jpg
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpg
http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1402/fungi1.gif