Tissues
Chapter 5
Introduction
• Tissue-a group of similar cells that perform a
specialized function
• Four major types of tissue:
– Epithelial-form protective coverings and function in
secretion and absorption
– Connective-support softer body parts and bind
structures together
– Muscle-produce body movements
– Nervous-conduct impulses that help control and
coordinate body activities
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/index_clip_image001.jpg
Epithelial Tissues: General
Characteristics
• They…cover organs, form inter linings of
cavities, and line hollow organs
• Always has a surface exposed
• The underside is anchored to connective tissue
by a thin, nonliving layer, called the basement
membrane
• They lack blood vessels but nutrients get to
them by diffusion through the connective tissue
below it
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/review1_fall05_chap_tissue5_files/image009.jpg
• Epithelial cells divide quickly which
allows for injuries to heal rapidly (where
they are they get damaged quite a bit)
• Tightly packed which allows them to be
great protective barriers like outside of
skin
• They secrete, absorb, excrete, and aid in
sensory reception
http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/images/10_Simple_Squamous_Apical_Epithelial_Tissue.jpg
• Classified according to shape and number of
layers:
– Simple-composed of a single layer of cells
– Stratified-two or more layers of cells
– Squamous-thin flattened cells
– Cuboidal-cube shaped
– Columnar-elongated cells
• Structure affects function with these tissues!!!!
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg
Simple Squamous epithelium
• Single layer of thin, flattened cells
– Main function is diffusion and filtration
– Line air sacs (alveoli) of lungs and capillaries
of blood and lymph for gas exchange
– Easily damaged
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/handdrawn2.jpg
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/simple_cuboidal.jpg
http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios171/images/lab1/columnar.jpg
Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium
http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Pseudostratw.jpg
webanatomy.net
http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/stratified-cuboidal-epithelium.png
http://www.baileybio.com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/13.powerpoint_-_urinary_system/transitional_epithelium.jpg
http://images.tutorvista.com/content/tissues/glandular-epithelium-tissue.jpeg
Glandular Epithelium
• Glands secrete their products into ducts
that open onto some internal or external
surface are called exocrine glands
• Glands that secrete their products into
tissue fluid or blood are called endocrine
glands
• Exocrine glands are split into three groups
http://home.earthlink.net/~bellastuff/nutrition/glands.gif
Excretory glands
Sweat and saliva
Mammary
glands
Sebaceous
glands of the skin
Connective Tissues
Connective tissue video
• Connective tissues
– Bind structures
– Provide support and protection
– Serve as frameworks
– Fill spaces
– Store fat
– Produce blood cells
– Protect against infections
– Help repair tissue damage
General Characteristics
• Father apart than epithelial cells, have an abundance
of intercellular material or matrix between them (made
of fibers and ground substance)
• Can usually divide
• Most have good blood supplies
• Quite rigid (bone and cartilage)
• Some flexible (loose connective tissue, adipose tissue,
and dense connective tissue)
http://asavory.edublogs.org/files/2012/11/20_05ConnectiveTissue-L-10fyvfx.jpg
Major cell types
• Some are fixed cells (fibroblasts and mast
cells) appear in stable numbers, some are
wandering cells (macrophages) which
appear temporarily
• Fibroblasts-produce fibers by secreting
proteins into the matrix of connective
tissues (most common fixed cells)
Fibroblasts
• Macrophages (histocytes)- start as white
blood cells and carry on phagocytosis
– Can move around and are scavenger cells
that clear foreign particles from tissues
http://srxa.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/macrophage-2.jpg
• Mast cells large and usually located near
blood vessels they release heparin
(prevents blood clotting) and histamine
(promotes inflammation and allergies)
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Mastocytosis/PublishingImages/Human_mast_cell.jpg
Three types of connective tissue
fibers
• Collagenous fibers - thick threads of the protein
collagen
– Collagenous fibers are important components of body
pats that hold structures together
– Ligaments – connect bones to bones
– Tendons – connects muscles to bones
• Elastic fibers – composed of protein called elastin
– Elastic fibers are weaker and stretch easily
– Found in body parts that stretch like vocal cords
• Reticular fibers – thin collagenous fibers
– Highly branched and form delicate support networks
http://www.whitetigernaturalmedicine.com/craniosacral-therapy/story-craniosacral-therapy-inst-08
6 Types of connective tissue
• Connective tissue proper:
– Loose connective tissue
– Adipose tissue
– Dense (fibrous) connective tissue
• Specialized connective tissue:
– Cartilage
– Bone
– Blood
http://asavory.edublogs.org/files/2012/11/20_05ConnectiveTissue-L-10fyvfx.jpg
Loose connective tissue
• Function: Binds organ together; holds
tissue fluids
• Location: Beneath skin, between muscles,
beneath epithelial tissues
• General characteristics: Forms thin
membranes throughout the body
Loose connective tissue
http://stevegallik.org/sites/histologyolm.stevegallik.org/images/areolar_01.jpg
Adipose tissue
• Function: Protects, insulates, stores fat
• Location: Beneath skin, around kidneys, behind
eyeballs, on surface of heart
• General characteristics: Fat, which is a
specialized form of loose connective tissue,
develops when certain cells store fat in droplets
within their cytoplasm that enlarge
Adipose tissue
http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/musculoskeletal/adipose_tissue_white_40x.jpg
Dense connective tissue
• Function: Binds organs together
• Location: Tendons, ligaments, deeper
layers of skin
• General characteristics: Consists of many
closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers
and a fine network of elastic fibers
Dense connective tissue
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/15lab42006/lb4pg6_files/image013.jpg
Hyaline cartilage
• Function: Supports, protects, provides
framework
• Location: Nose, ends of bones, rings in the walls
of respiratory passages
• General characteristics: Most common type; has
very fine collagenous fivers in its matrix and
looks somewhat like white glass
Hyaline cartilage
http://washington.uwc.edu/about/wayne.schaefer/TISSUES/hyaline_cartilage1.jpg
http://www.chiropractic-help.com/images/Hyaline-cartilage-degenerate.jpg
Elastic cartilage
• Function: Supports, protects, provides
flexible framework
• Location: Framework of external ear and
parts of larynx
• General characteristics: Contains a dense
network of elastic fibers; is more flexible
than hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Connective_Tissues/Cartilage_Integument/Elastic_Cartilage_400x_PA112033lbd.JPG
Fibrocartilage
• Function: Supports, protects, absorbs
shock
• Location: Between bony parts of spinal
column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee
• General characteristics: Very tough tissue,
contains many collagenous fibers
Fibrocartilage
http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/connective_tissue_lab/images/fibrocartilage.jpg
Bone
• Function: Supports, protects, provides
framework
• Location: Bones of skeleton
• General characteristics: Most rigid
connective tissue, made of bones cells or
osteocytes
Bone
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg/250px-Illu_long_bone.jpg
Blood
• Function: Transports substances, helps maintain
stable internal environment
• Location: Throughout body within a closed
system of blood vessels and heart chambers
• General characteristics: Transports a variety of
material between interior body cells and those
that exchange substances with the external
environment; has red blood cells, white blood
cells and platelets (cell fragments)
Blood
http://0.tqn.com/d/hepatitis/1/0/e/0/-/-/I2Blood.jpg
Skeletal muscle tissue (striated)
• Function: Voluntary movements of skeletal
parts
• Location: Muscles usually attached to
bones
• General characteristics: Found in muscles
that attach to bones and are controlled by
conscious effort
Skeletal muscle tissue (striated)
Smooth muscle tissue (lacks
striations)
• Function: Involuntary movements of
internal organs
• Location: Walls of hollow internal organs
• General characteristics: Its cells do not
have striations; cells cannot be stimulated
by conscious effort
Smooth muscle tissue (lacks
striations)
http://www.deanza.edu/faculty/mccauley/6a_site_images/tissues-images/smooth-muscle-670.jpg
Cardiac muscle tissue (striated)
• Function: Heart movements
• Location: Heart muscle
• General characteristics: Is only in the
heart, controlled involuntarily
Cardiac muscle tissue (striated)
http://faculty.irsc.edu/faculty/sschwartz/Lab%20No19.jpg
Nervous tissue
• Function: Sensory reception and
conduction of nerve impulses
• Location: Brain, spinal cord, and
peripheral nerves
• General characteristics: Basic cells are
called neurons, also includes neuroglial
cells which are supporting cells that
connect neurons to other body parts
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/deanderson/dennis-tutorial/dennis-jpeg/Nervous%20Tissue-high%20mag%20D-%20copy