10/27 Daily Catalyst Pg. 40
Endosymbiotic Theory
1. You are given an unknown cell. Under your
microscope you observe multiple mitochondria.
From your findings, what type of cell is it?
2. A population in HWE, has 34% of the
population exhibiting hybrid characteristics.
Calculate the percentage of the population with
the dominant allele.
3. Describe three organelles involved in protein
synthesis.
10/27 Daily Catalyst Pg. 40
Endosymbiotic Theory
1. You are given an unknown cell. Under your microscope you observe
multiple mitochondria. From your findings, what type of cell is it?
Could be a plant or animal cell
2. A population in HWE, has 34% of the population exhibiting hybrid
characteristics. Calculate the percentage of the population with the dominant
allele.
More information is needed
3. Describe three organelles involved in protein synthesis.
RibosomesERGolgi Apparatus
10/27 Class Business
Field Trip form and $5 by Tuesday
Cell Test on Thursday
Quiz on Wednesday
M.C. on cells, HWE, reading graphs
Tutoring on Wed. until 3:50
Test corrections due Wednesday after
break
10/27Agenda
Daily Catalyst
Class business
Endosymbiotic theory notes
Homework: Reading
Reading quiz on Tuesday
10/27 Objective
We will be able to use representations and
models to describe differences in prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
Skills: label diagrams, comparing and
contrasting, and linking structure to function.
Key vocabulary: endosymbiotic, prokaryotic,
and eukaryotic
Review
Which of the following structures is
common to plant and animal cells?
A. Chloroplast
B. Wall made of cellulose
C. Tonoplast
D. Mitochondrion
E. Centriole
D
Review
Which of the following structure-function
pairs is mismatched?
A. nucleolus; ribosome production
B. lysosome; intracellular digestion
C. Ribosome; protein synthesis
D. Golgi; protein trafficking
E. Microtubule; muscle contraction
E
Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled
amino acids into protein. This “tagging” of newly synthesized
proteins enables a researcher to trace the location of these
proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme
that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. Which of the
following is more likely the pathway for movement of this
protein in the cell.
A. ER Golgi Nucleus
B. Golgi ER lysosome
C. Nucleus ER Golgi
D. ER Golgi vesicles that fuse with the membrane
E. ER Lysosomes vesicles that fuse with the membrane
D
Cells: Prokaryote vs
Eukaryote
Life can be divided into two
categories:
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eu: True
Karyote: Nucleus
Eukaryotes are bigger and more
complicated
Organelles
Chromosomes
Multicellular
Animal and plant cells
Eukaryotes contain
membrane-bounded
organelles
Mini “organs” that have
unique structures and
functions
Located in cytoplasm
Examples of specialized
euk. cells
liver cell:
specialized to
detoxify blood
and store
glucose as
glycogen.
sperm cell:
specialized to
deliver DNA to
egg cell
Mesophyll cell
specialized
to capture
as much
sunlight as
possible
inside a leaf
How did organelles evolve?
In 1981, Lynn Margulis
popularized the
“Endosymbiont Theory.”
Many scientists theorize
that eukaryotes evolved
from prokaryote ancestors.
Key Point #1:
Endo = inside
Symbiont = relationship
Endosymbiont theory
(briefly):
Key Point #2: A prokaryote ancestor “eats” a smaller
prokaryote
The smaller prokaryote evolves a way to avoid being
digested, and lives inside its new “host” cell kind of like
a pet.
Key Point #3: The two cells evolve in a way they can no
longer live independently form one another
This is an example of a symbiotic relationship
http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2
endosymb.html
Time: 15 minutes
1. Define aerobic and anaerobic
2. How is the replication of the mitochondria and chloroplast evidence for the
endosymbiotic theory?
3. Explain 5 similarities between mitochondria & chloroplasts and bacterial cells
4. Describe the benefits to both an aerobic cell and an anaerobic cell that may
have allowed for the formation of a mutually benefitting relationship to occur.
5. Explain why there are 2 lipid bilayers around both mitochondria and chloroplasts
6. How is the mitochondria DNA proof of the endosymbiotic theory?
The small prokaryotes that can do
photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts,
and “pay” their host with glucose.
The smaller prokaryotes that can do
aerobic respiration evolve into
mitochondria, and convert the glucose into
energy (ATP) the cell can use.
Key Point #4: Both the host and the
symbiont benefit from the relationship
(mutualism)
Key Point #5: Evidence
Mitochondria
Double Membrane
Divide by binary fission
Produces ATP
Circular DNA
Chloroplast
Double Membrane
Divide by Binary Fission
Uses sunlight for
photosynthesis
Circular DNA
The bolded words are important
to proks!
Chlorella are
tiny green cells
that live inside
some
amoeba...
endosymbiosis
may still be
evolving today!
How are plant and animal cells different?
Directions: Compare and contrast plant
and animal cells using a venn diagram.
Structure
cell membrane
nucleus
nucleolus
ribosomes
ER
Golgi
centrioles
cell wall
mitochondria
cholorplasts
One big vacuole
cytoskeleton
Animal cells
Yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
Plant cells
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
Life can be divided into two
categories:
Prokaryote
Pro: Before
Karyote: Nucleus
Eukaryote
Eu: True
Karyote: Nucleus
Prokaryote cells are
smaller and simpler
Commonly known as bacteria
~.5 microns in size (tiny)
Single-celled(unicellular)
These are
prokaryote
E. coli bacteria
on the head of
a steel pin.
Prokaryote cells are simply built
capsule: slimy outer
coating
cell wall: tougher middle
layer
cell membrane: delicate
inner skin
Prokaryote cells are simply built
(example: E. coli)
cytoplasm: inner liquid filling
DNA in one big loop
pilli: for sticking to things
flagella: for swimming
ribosomes: for building
proteins
Prokaryote lifestyle
unicellular: all
alone
colony: forms a
film
filamentous:
forms a chain of
cells
Prokaryote Feeding
Photosynthetic: energy from sunlight
Disease-causing: feed on living things
Decomposers: feed on dead things
Advantages of each kind of
cell architecture
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
simple and easy to grow
can specialize
fast reproduction
multicellularity
all the same
can build large bodies
Cell Structures
Cell membrane
delicate lipid
and protein
skin around
cytoplasm
found in all
cells
Nucleus
a membrane-bound
sac evolved to store
the cell’s
chromosomes(DNA
)
has pores: holes
Nucleolus
inside nucleus
location of
ribosome
factory
made or RNA
mitochondrion
makes the
cell’s energy
the more
energy the cell
needs, the
more
mitochondria it
has
Ribosomes
build proteins from
amino acids in
cytoplasm
may be freefloating, or
may be attached
to ER
made of RNA
Endoplasmic
reticulum
may be smooth:
builds lipids and
carbohydrates
may be rough:
stores proteins
made by
attached
ribosomes
Golgi Complex
takes in sacs
of raw
material from
ER
sends out
sacs
containing
finished cell
products
Lysosomes
sacs filled with
digestive
enzymes
digest worn out
cell parts
digest food
absorbed by cell
Centrioles
pair of bundled
tubes
organize cell
division
Cytoskeleton
made of
microtubules
found throughout
cytoplasm
gives shape to cell
& moves
organelles around
inside.
Structures found in plant cells
Cell wall
very strong
made of
cellulose
protects cell
from rupturing
glued to other
cells next door
Vacuole
huge waterfilled sac
keeps cell
pressurized
stores starch
Chloroplasts
filled with
chlorophyll
turn solar
energy into
food energy
Eukaryote cells can be
multicellular
The whole cell can be specialized for
one job
cells can work together as tissues
Tissues can work together as organs
How do animal cells
move?
Some can crawl with pseudopods
Some can swim with a flagellum
Some can swim very fast with cilia
Pseudopods
means “fake feet”
extensions of cell
membrane
example:
ameoba
Flagellum/flagella
large whiplike tail
pushes or pulls
cell through water
can be single, or a
pair
Cilia
fine, hairlike
extensions
attached to cell
membrane
beat in unison
1. d
2. c
3. a
4. e
5. b
6. f
7. d
8. d
9. b
10. a
11. a
12. c
24/24 4.0
22/24 3.6
20/24 2.9
18/24 2.0
16/24 1.2
14/24
.4
12/24 .1