Cells
Development of the Cell Theory
Introduction to Cells
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Plasma Membrane
Cytomembrane System
Nucleus
Development of the Cell Theory


Cell = “sm chamber”
Cell theory:
1.
2.
3.
All organisms are
made of 1cell
Smallest unit of life
Reproduce thru
growth & div of cells
Several live Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in
vitro as viewed through a phase contrast microscope.
Visible in the photo are nuclei, nucleoli, mitochondria,
and the cell boundary defined by the plasma
membrane as well as other yet to be identified cellular
structures.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2546338537
/
Development of the Cell Theory

Microscope Types:

Cmpd light


Limited thickness of
sample
0.2μm
40 - 400X COMPOUND LIGHT
MONOCULAR STUDENT
BIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPE
http://www.microscopesupply.com/images/productsne
w/0018-f.jpg /
Hair Follicle - Human
Photo Thru 10x Eyepiece
Under 10x Objective
100x Total Magnification
Development of the Cell Theory

Microscope Types:

Transmission e

Uses magnetic field to
guide e0.002μm
Transmission electron microscope
http://www.surf.nuqe.nagoyau.ac.jp/nanotubes/apparatus/TEM.jpg
TEM image
of a
mitochondria
http://neurocog.psy.tufts.edu/courses/Jan25/mitochondria.jpg
Development of the Cell Theory

Microscope Types:

Scanning e


Coat organism/cell in
metal
Beam of e- scanned
across an organism
0.002μm
Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) JEOL 6320F. This FE-SEM equipped with a cold
field-emission source and in-lens detectors is designed
for ultra-high resolution at low accelerating voltage.
Compositional mapping by energy-dispersive
microscopy and Electron Backscattered Diffraction are
available.
http://www.nrel.gov/pv/measurements/images/photo_1
4801.jpg
Human Red
Blood Cells,
Platelets and
Tlymphocyte
(erythocytes
= red;
platelets =
yellow; Tlymphocyte
= light
green)
(SEM x
9,900)
www.uic.edu/
classes/bios/
bios100/
summer2001/
clot.htm
How to use a scanning electron
microscope:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=lrXMIghANbg
Intro to Cells


The cell is the basic
unit of life
http://learn.genetics.u
tah.edu/content/begin
/cells/scale/
Intro to Cells

3 characteristics that
ALL cells have:

Plasma membrane
http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/j.gough/lec
tures/the_cell/plasma_membrane/PM2.jpg
Intro to Cells

3 characteristics that
ALL cells have:


Plasma membrane
DNA region
More Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. These in
vitro cells have been fixed with formaldehyde and
subsequently stained with Hoechst 33258 (bisbenzimide). Hoechst is a florescent dye that
penetrates into the nucleus of a cell and binds to DNA.
When viewed under a light at a wavelength near 350
nm the dye will emit blue fluorescent light which
effectively makes the DNA in the nucleus visible.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2561140752
/in/photostream/
Intro to Cells

3 characteristics that
ALL cells have:



Plasma membrane
DNA region
Cytoplasm
Figure 2: showing large, polyhedral cells with clear
eosinophilic cytoplasm and round to ovoid nucleus (H
& E staining, 400X).
http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of
_head_and_neck_surgery/volume_3_number_1_60/arti
cle/clear_cell_myoepithelioma_of_the_hard_palate_1.
html
Intro to Cells

2 types of cells:

Prokaryotic
Prokaryotes are evolutionarily far older and less
sophisticated than eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes don't have a true nucleus.
http://lhs2.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/proka
ryote_1.png
Intro to Cells

2 types of cells:


Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic cell
waukesha.uwc.edu/
lib/reserves/pdf/
zillgitt/zoo170/
diagrams1/
diagrams1.html
Intro to Cells

Cell size & shape



Large SA/V ratio
aka very small
Too big = lack of easy
transport
The smaller an object or organism the larger the
surface area to volume ratio. The more folds in the
surface, the larger the surface area to volume
ratio. The above diagram shows this, the solid block
has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than a
pile of boxes making up a shape the same size.
http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1151/Locke
d/media/ch06/06_07SurfaceVolumeRatio_L.jpg
Organelles
Number a blank sheet of paper 1-7. Then identify which cell part goes with which number.
Animal Cell Review
1
Word Bank:
•Mitochondria
•Golgi vesicle
2
•Nucleus
•Golgi Body
3
4
5
6
7
•Cytoplasm
•Endoplasmic
Reticulum
•Ribosome
Organelles
1
Golgi Body
2 Endoplasmic
Reticulum
3 Cytoplasm
4 Mitochondria
5 Golgi Vesicle
6 Nucleus
7
Ribosome
Organelles

Def: membrane
bound compartments
that allow specific
rxns to take place in
certain areas
independently and at
varying times.
Dyes called quantum dots can simultaneously reveal
the fine details of many cell structures. Here, the
nucleus is blue, a specific protein within the nucleus
is pink, mitochondria look yellow, microtubules are
green, and actin filaments are red. Someday, the
technique may be used for speedy disease
diagnosis, DNA testing, or analysis of biological
samples.
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/
ch1_qdots.jpg
Organelles

Nucleus

Contains DNA
Nucleus
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter
1.html
Organelles


Nucleus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)


Makes lipids
Guide and modify
proteins
Organised Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum inside a
transfected human osteoclast.The image was taken
on a Philips CM10 Transmission Electron
Microscope, magnification x34,000
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ims/microscopy/images/compet
ition/3rd.jpg
Organelles



Nucleus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Golgi Body


Finishes modifying
proteins
Sorting and shipping
Golgi Body
http://waukesha.uwc.edu/lib/reserves/pdf/zillgitt/zoo17
0/diagrams1/Golgi%20Complex.jpg
Organelles




Nucleus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Golgi Body
Vesicles

Trans/store/digests
substances
These progesterone treated CHO cells have been stained with
Acridine Orange and are viewed through a phase contrast
microscope. Acridine Orange is a vital stain and as such must be
used on a living cell since metobolic activity is critial to the
function of the stain. Upon entering organelles with a low pH such
as lysosomes, Acridine Orange becomes protonated and appears
orange when viewed under specific light wavelenths. In the
nucleus, Acridine Orange attaches to DNA and appears green.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2611995050
/in/photostream/
Organelles





Nucleus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Golgi Body
Vesicles
Mitochondria

Produce ATP
Mitochondria are tiny structures that occur in varying shapes
cylindrical, spherical, oval, rod shaped etc. They are found
distributed all over the cytoplasm.
http://image.tutorvista.com/content/cellorganization/mitochondria-cross-section.jpeg
Organelles






Nucleus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Golgi Body
Vesicles
Mitochondria
Ribosome

Assemble proteins
Translation of a protein
http://www.scripps.edu/chem/wong/PIX/ribosome.jpg
Cytoskeleton



A variety of protein
filaments/fibers
Give the cell shape &
organization
Can move the cell &
organelles
In these cells, actin filaments appear light purple, microtubules
yellow, and nuclei greenish blue. This image, which has been
digitally colored, won first place in the 2003 Nikon Small World
Competition.
TORSTEN WITTMANN
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter
1.html
Cytoskeleton

3 classes (sm  lg)



Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
The three fibers of the cytoskeleton–microtubules in blue,
intermediate filaments in red, and actin in green–play countless
roles in the cell.
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter
1.html
Cytoskeleton

3 classes (sm  lg)

Microfilaments



Actin protein
Chng shape & mvmt
Ex) muscle contraction
Microfilaments
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/imag
es/microfilamentsfigure2.jpg
Cytoskeleton

3 classes (sm  lg)

Intermediate filaments


Several proteins
Super strong
The rigidity bestowed on cells by intermediate filament networks is
especially useful to soft-bodied animals that do not possess an
exoskeleton. Because intermediate filaments are very abundant in
cells that are often subjected to high mechanical stress in vivo, it
appears that their primary role is to provide physical strength to
cells and tissues.
micro.magnet.fsu.edu/
cells
intermediatefilaments/
intermedi...ents.html
Cytoskeleton

3 classes (sm  lg)

Microtubules



Tubulin protein
Structural and transport
Centrioles
Microtubules are continuously being assembled and disassembled
so that tubulin monomers can be transported elsewhere to build
microtubules when needed.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/
microtubulesfigure2.jpg
Cytoskeleton

3 classes
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/MGA216/4241_Devo_17.jpg
Cytoskeleton

3 classes
http://image.tutorvista.com/content/cellorganization/cytoskeleton-structures.jpeg
Cytoskeleton

Also compose
flagellum & cilium.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/cilia_
flagella.jpg
The cytoskeleton:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=5rqbmLiSkpk
Plasma Membrane

Fluid mosaic model


Fluid = mvmt of lipids
past each other
http://video.search.yah
oo.com/video/play?p=f
luid+mosaic+model&ei
=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t892&fr2=tabimg&vid=0001564453
212
Fluid mosaic model
http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/GB1-os10.jpg
Plasma Membrane

Fluid mosaic model


Fluid = mvmt of lipids
past each other
Mosaic = Many
proteins and lipids
stud the lipid layer
Fluid mosaic model
http://www.cbv.ns.ca/bec/science/cell/fluid_mosaic.jpg
Plasma Membrane

Proteins





Enzymes
Transport Proteins
Receptor Proteins
Recognition Proteins
Adhesion Proteins
Fluid mosaic model
http://teacherweb.com/CA/NogalesHighSchool/mespin
oza/fig3fluidmosaicmodel.jpg
Cytomembrane System

A series of organelles
where lipids are made
and proteins are
modified.
Cytomembrane system
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/
microtubulesfigure2.jpg
Cytomembrane System

Endoplasmic
Retiulum


Continuous with cell
mem.
2 types:


Rough
Smooth
Transmission electron microscope image of a thin section cut
through an area of mammalian lung tissue. This image of a Clara
cell shows a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, such as rough
endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/
microtubulesfigure2.jpg
Cytomembrane System

Golgi body

Finish, sort, and pkg
proteins for shipping in
vesicles
The Golgi apparatus is made from a stack of membranes created
by proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum. Enzymes in
the Golgi apparatus attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. It
is the "shipping and packing" center of the cell. Chemicals
assembled and acquired from the Endoplasmic Reticulum are
placed in a vesicle whose membrane contains target for the
chemicals to attach. The Golgie apparatus sends these proteins to
their final destination within the cell.
http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsstudent/64333/go
lgi.jpg
Cytomembrane System

Vesicles



Tiny mem sacs that
move thru the
cytoplasm
Ex) lysosome
Ex) peroxisomes
Lysosome
http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/cell.
03/golgi/lysosme%20structure.bmp
Protein trafficking:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=u38LjCOvDZU&feature=related
Protein modification:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=rvfvRgk0MfA&NR=1
Nucleus

Boundary containing
and protecting DNA
Nucleus
http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/rslpred/nucleus.jpg
Nucleus


Boundary containing
and protecting DNA
3 Parts:

Nuclear envelope
Nuclear Envelope showing nuclear pores and underlying nuclear
matrix
cellbiolo...sw.edu.au/
unitsscience/
lecture0804.htm
Nucleus


Boundary containing
and protecting DNA
3 Parts:


Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Nucleolus
http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/I
magesCells/Ribosomes.gif
Nucleus


Boundary containing
and protecting DNA
3 Parts:



Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
Y and X chromosomes
http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/rslpred/nucleus.jpght
tp://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/uploads/pics/
X_chromosome.jpg