Kingdom Monera (Bacteria)
Ciera Verschneider 2009
Characteristics of Bacteria
•
•
•
•
1 celled organism (unicellular)
Does not have a nuclear membrane
Chromosome is a single long chain
Lacks organelles like mitochondria or
chloroplasts
• how big are they?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/conten
t/begin/cells/scale/
Shapes
• Cocci
• Round spheres
Bacilli
• Rods (pieces of chalk)
Spirilli
• Corkscrews
Movement
• Some bacteria have flagella to help
them move
• Flagella are whiplike tails
Reproduction
• Fission
• One parent cell
splits into 2
daughter cells after
doubling its DNA
• Daughter cells are
clones
Breathing
• Aerobes use oxygen
• Anaerobes do not use oxygen
Cyanobacteria
• Blue green bacteria make food using
• Sunlight, CO2, and water due to a
colored pigment called
• Chlorophyll
Good bacteria
•
•
•
•
•
Used to make foods like
Cheese
Sauerkraut
Yogurt
And vinegar
Saprophyte
• Decomposer: breaks down dead
materials
• (recycles)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
• Help farmers to grow plants
• (works like fertilizer)
Industry uses for
•
•
•
•
•
Make medicine,
Enzymes,
Cleaners
Glues
Etc.
Bad Bacteria
• Pathogen
• Bacteria that
causes disease
• Treat with
ANTIBIOTICS
• Prevent with
VACCINATION
Virus
• No cells
• Only reproduce inside other cells
• No form of respiration (energy)
Graphic image on next slide
Smallpox
Reproduction
• Attach to outside of
host cell
• Inject DNA into host,
becomes part of host
DNA
• Copy: host makes
copies of virus
• Release: host cell
bursts, viruses leave to
infect new cells
Prevent with VACCINE
• First vaccine made by Jenner in
1600’s
• Used his SON to prevent SMALLPOX
To make a vaccine
• 1. Kill virus DNA
• 2. Inject dead virus into an animal
• 3. Animal makes memory cells (white
blood cells or T4 cells)
• 4. That is your immune system
• WBC’s make antibodies (14-21 days)
• 5. BAM! next time it recognizes the
protein coat of a real one,
• Kills it dead
Famous Science Dudes
• Leeuvenhoek
• Microscope
2. Edward Jenner
• 1600’s
• Made first vaccine to smallpox virus
• Tested it on his son
3. Louis Pasteur (1850’s)
•
•
•
•
•
Proved bacteria cause disease
Created first rabies vaccine
Pasteurization
Quickly heat and then cool milk
To kill bacteria, but keeps flavor
4. Josef Lister (1850’s)
• Germ Theory of Disease
• Proved patients would live if doctors
and nurses washed their hands in
carbolic acid
• Hospitals were a place to go to die
• They smelled like rotting meat
Alexander Fleming (1928)
$ went away for vacation, and left some
agar plates on the shelf
$ came back and noticed no bacteria
were growing around a spot of fungus
• The fungus was Penicillium notatum, and
we now use an extract of the fungus as
PENICILLIN (an antibiotic)
• Penicillin does not let bacteria form a
cell wall
5. Jonas Salk (1940’s)
• Polio vaccine