The ONLY game show that helps you
learn your fun cell facts
WHAT DO YOU KNOW
ABOUT CELLS?
• How are cells and atoms related?
• What is different about them?
• What is similar about them?
• How are cells and atoms related?
• Atoms form to make molecules, molecules form to make cells
• What is different about them?
• Cells are much larger. Cells are composed of millions of molecules.
Cells are essential to all life
• What is similar about them?
• Atoms are the building blocks for chemistry and cells are the building
blocks for life
• What is the relationship between cells and
carbon atoms?
• Who cares about carbon? Why?
• What is the relationship between cells and
carbon atoms?
• Cells are composed of atoms, and carbon atoms are
essential in cells.
• Who cares about carbon? Why?
• We do. Carbon is essential to life
Silicon
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
• What are four important types of organic molecules?
• Define and Describe
• Examples
• Similarities and Differences
• What are four important types of organic molecules?
• Carbohydrates: an organic compound made of C, H, and O. Examples
are sugars, starches, and cellulose.
• Lipids: fat, oil, fatlike compound usually has fatty acids in its molecular
structure. Most important in plasma membrane
• Proteins: composed of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acids.
Most structural materials and enzymes in a cell are proteins.
• Nucleic Acids: Describes DNA or RNA . Composed of nucleotides are in
important for coding instructions for the cell processes. Large.
• What are lipids?
• Starches?
• What advantage do lipids have
over starches?
• What are lipids?
• essential for cell growth.
• combine with carbohydrates and proteins to form the majority of all plant
and animal cells.
• The three major purposes of lipids in the body are storing energy, aiding
the development of cell membrane
• Advantage: Lipids store more energy in their molecular bonds than
proteins or carbohydrates
• Starches
• Starches are complex carbohydrates which are produced by green plants
in order to store energy.
How do so many proteins
exist?
• How do so many proteins exist?
•Each protein serves a specific
purpose in our bodies, so many
proteins have evolved to fit all the
different roles
•Prokaryotes: Definition
•Eukaryotes: Definition
• Prokaryotes: simple organism without nucleus: an organism
whose DNA is not contained within a nucleus, e.g. a bacterium
• Eukaryotes: organism with visible nuclei: any organism with one
or more cells that have visible nuclei and organelles
Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes Similarities
and Differences
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Bigger
Smaller
Complex Appendages
Simple Appendages
Flagella
Cell Wall Complex
No Cytoskeleton
No Membrane Bound
Organelles
Unbound Nucleoid
Plasma Membrane
Cell Division
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Chromosome
Cell Wall Simple when
present
Cytoskeleton
Membrane Bound
Organelles
Membrane Bound Nucleus
and Nucleolus
Animal cells and Plant
Cells Similarities and
Differences
Movement Through
Membranes
Osmosis and Diffusion
Similarities and
Differences
Osmosis
Molecules go
through a
semipermeable
membrane.
Just add water
Diffusion
Molecules spread
Molecules move over a large area
around to create
an equilibrium.
Move from High
to Low
concentrations
Everything but
water
What determines rate
of diffusion?
•
•
•
•
Thin structure forming the outer surface of a cell's protoplasm.
Regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell.
Holds the cell together.
Made of a double layer of phospholipids with proteins that
stretch though the phospholipid layers on the inside, outside, or
both layers together.
• Hypotonic: Concentration of water INSIDE cell is
greater
• Isotonic: Concentration of water is EQUAL
• Hypertonic: Concentration of water OUTSIDE
cell is greater
Concentration Gradient?
• The concentrations of molecules at various points separate high
concentrations from low create a boundary called a
concentration gradient
• There is a concentration gradient because of the differences in
concentration
Active and passive transport
• Are biological processes that move oxygen, water and nutrients into cells and
remove waste products.
Active transport:
•
Requires ENERGY because it is the movement of molecules from areas of LOWER
concentration to areas of HIGHER concentration.
• Uses Protein synthesis to aid
Passive transport:
• Moves molecules from areas of HIGH concentration to areas of LOW concentration;
so it DOES NOT require energy.
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated Diffusion
Glucose?
Water?
Oxygen?
Sodium?
Starch?
Glucose
•
Cannot move easily because it is large. But can pass through with Passive
Transport with the facilitated diffusion
Water
•
Can move easily because it is small. Uses Osmosis, which is Passive Transport
Oxygen
•
Can move easily because it is small and moves through diffusion (Passive
Transport)
Sodium
•
Use Active Transport, requiring Energy to move against the concentration
gradient as well as with it. In animal cells the concentration of sodium ions is
greater outside the cell
• There is more water in your cells compared to the
external environment with salt water solution.
• Creating a hypotonic state with a higher concentration gradient of water
from cells moving outward through osmosis.
• Water will leave the cell through passive transport
leaving the cell to contract or shrink.
• You will become dehydrated, if the dehydration
continues you could die.
• “because you can’t pull the water from the salt for your body to use and it
just builds up until you go insane and talk to volleyballs”
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060908200142AAeutyW
Cell Division
Why must cells divide and grow?
Why is this so important?
Why must cells divide in order to grow? Why is
this so important?
• Cells must divide in order to reach maximum efficiency for
molecular transport, and maintain the functions of the cell.
There are upper limits to how large a cell can become, so
when those limits are reached the cells divide.
• They divide to replace old cells that are worn down or
damaged
• Divide to specialize through differentiation in multicellular
organisms to become different in appearance and function
Bacterial chromosome replicates leading to two identical
chromosomes attached to separate points of attachment.
The cells begin to divide each cell with an identical
chromosome.
Two identical daughter cells
Prokaryotes duplicate faster:
• have only one large, circular chromosome.
• Eukaryotes (human) 46 chromosomes .
•Why do cells need to
divide?
• Why do cells need to divide?
• Cells divide in order to reproduce (mitosis)
• Cells divide because other cells get old, die, we get
sick or get cuts and need to heal.
• Definition:
• Is the
precise
distribution
of DNA to
daughter
cells
• IPMAT
Differentiation? What is
that?
• Differentiation:
• Process by which new cells specialize and become different in
appearance and function from their parent cells.
• Change and become specialized according to a genetically determined
plan
• Occurs as a result of a combination of signals that cause different cells to
activate different portions of their genetic information
• Differences in how cells look and behave reflect differences in how they
use the genetic information they have
What is Interphase?
What does it do?
• Interphase:
• Long and active cycle
• DNA and chromosomes
are duplicated in the
nucleus
• Mitochondria are made
in the cytoplasm
• Cell grows
Prophase? What is
prophase?
• Prophase:
• Chromosomes coil and
become shorter.
• Each Chromosome
appears as a double
structure joined at the
centromere
• Centrioles move to
opposite ends of the
cell (except in plants,
there are no centrioles,
but these events still
occur as described
here)
Metaphase.
Describe.
Metaphase:
• Doubled chromosomes line
up
• Cytoplasmic fibers are
now attached to each
doubled chromosome at
the centromere
Anaphase?
Anaphase:
• Doubled chromosomes
separate
• New chromosomes are
pushed and pulled to the
opposite ends of the cell by
the cytoplasmic fibers
Telophase?
Telophase:
• Chromosomes approach
the ends and group
together
• New nuclear membrane
• Cytoplasm divides
• New cell membrane forms
(cell wall laid between
new cells in plants)
• The new cells enter
interphase
• There is absolutely no difference in DNA between the parent
cell and daughter cell in mitosis. During mitosis, the DNA is
copied exactly and transferred, so the DNA is exactly the same
in both cells.
•
Atom:
•
Atoms to cells:
•
Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes:
•
Plant Cell Vs. Animal Cells:
•
Rates of Diffusion:
•
Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic:
•
Active Vs. Passive Transport
•
Cell Division Cartoon:
•
Binary Fission
•
Cell Cycle Anaphase Picture:
•
Cell Cycle:
•
Stages of Mitosis:
•
Interphase Animal Cell:
•
Prophase:
•
Metaphase:
•
Anaphase:
•
Parent and Daughter cells:
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http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/JohanSwan/JohanSwan1003/JohanSwan100300004/6643631-3d-render-of-atom-structure-radiating-energy.jpg
https://facinatingamazinganimals.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/image010.jpg
http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/125817436.png
http://image.wistatutor.com/content/feed/u2077/Animal%20Cell%20vs%20Plant%20Cell.gif
http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/rateofdiffusion.png
http://environmentsofcells.wikispaces.com/file/view/water_balance.jpg/212660134/544x324/water_balance.jpg
http://static8.depositphotos.com/1409882/1012/v/950/depositphotos_10123654-Active-and-Passive-transport.jpg
http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/c/cell_division.asp
http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/celldivision/images/binary.gif
http://www.montville.net/cms/lib3/NJ01001247/Centricity/Domain/492/website%20cell%20division.jpg
http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Bio_Images/14%20Mitosis%20and%20Asexual/02%20Cell%20Cycle--Mitosis.GIF
http://www.eplantscience.com/botanical_biotechnology_biology_chemistry/introduction_to_botany/images_mitosis/3-1.gif
http://dj003.k12.sd.us/images/interphaseanimal.jpg
http://isite.lps.org/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/prophase_1.png
http://isite.lps.org/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/metaphase_1.png
http://isite.lps.org/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/anaphase_1.png
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/mitosisisg/celldiv.gif