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The Immune System > Adaptive Immune Response

Adaptive Immune Response

• Antigen-presenting Cells

• Introduction to T and B Lymphocytes

• T and B Lymphocytes in Detail

• Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Mucosal Surfaces

• Immunological Memory

• Primary Centers of the Immune System


www.boundless.com/biology


Antigen-presenting Cells

•

The adaptive immune response is slower to develop than the innate immune response, but it can act much more powerfully and quickly than the innate immune response against pathogens that it has seen before.

• B and T cells are lymphocytes, or white blood cells, which are able to recognize antigens that distinguish "self" from "other" in the body.

• B and T cells that recognize "self" antigens are destroyed before they can mature; this helps to prevent the immune system from attacking its own body.

T cell by SEM

View on Boundless.com


www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-immune-system-42/adaptive-immune-response-234/antigen-presentingcells-874-12124


Introduction to T and B Lymphocytes

•

Antigens are proteins and other macromolecules that bind to a specific antibody and are used by the immune system to recognize pathogens.

• B cells express receptors (BCRs) on their membrane which contain antibodies; these antibodies allow B cells to detect pathogens and release further antibodies to fight the infection.

• Antibodies fight infections in three ways: they mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytic cells in a process known as opsonization, they coat key sites on pathogens necessary for infection, and they induce the complement cascade to occur against antibody-bound pathogens.

• Once the adaptive immune response has encountered an antigen, B cells will divide to produce plasma cells, which rapidly secrete antibodies to that antigen in a process called active immunity.

B cell receptors



www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-immune-system-42/adaptive-immune-response-234/introduction-to-t-andb-lymphocytes-875-12125


T and B Lymphocytes in Detail

•

Once a pathogen enters a cell, it can no longer be detected by the humoral immune response; instead, the cell-mediated immune response must take over to kill the infected cell before it can allow the virus or bacteria to replicate and spread.

•

T cells recognize infected cells by interacting with antigen present on their MHC II molecules; before a T cell can do so, it must be activated via interaction with an antigen presenting cell, or APC.

•

Once a cytotoxic T cell (T

C

) is activated, it will clone itself, producing many T

C cells with the correct receptors; some portion of the cells are active and will help destroy infected cells, while others are inactive memory cells that will create more active T

C cells if the infection returns.

•

Helper T cells (T

H cells) also aid in cell-mediated immunity by releasing signaling molecules known as cytokines which can recruit natural killer cells and phagocytes to destroy infected cells and further activate T

C cells; they do not directly destroy pathogens.

APCs, MHCs and lymphocytes



www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-immune-system-42/adaptive-immune-response-234/t-and-b-lymphocytesin-detail-876-12126


Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Mucosal Surfaces

•

The lymphatic system contains lymph: a fluid that bathes tissues and organs and contains white blood cells (not red blood cells).

• Once B and T cells mature, the majority of them enter the lymphatic system, where they are stored in lymph nodes until needed.

•

Lymph nodes also store dendritic cells and macrophages; as antigens are filtered through the lymphatic system, these cells collect them so as to present them to B and T cells.

•

The spleen, which is to blood what lymph nodes are to lymph, filters foreign substances and antibody-complexed pathogens from the blood.

Lymphatic system



www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-immune-system-42/adaptive-immune-response-234/cytotoxic-tlymphocytes-and-mucosal-surfaces-877-12127


Immunological Memory

•

During the adaptive immune response to a pathogen that the body has not previously encountered (the primary immune response), the level of plasma cells that secrete antibodies to the new pathogen and T cells that recognize the pathogen will increase at a modest pace.

•

If a pathogen is re-encountered, memory B and T cells can immediately differentiate into plasma cells and cytotoxic T cells without input from APCs or T

H cells; this secondary immune response occurs much more rapidly than the primary immune response.

•

Vaccination can be used to generate a mild, primary immune response against an inactivated pathogen, which will allow the secondary immune response to function the first time the immune system encounters the actual pathogen.

Formation of memory B cells and plasma cells



www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-immune-system-42/adaptive-immune-response-234/immunologicalmemory-878-12128


Primary Centers of the Immune System

•

Mucosal surfaces are those that are in contact with air, but, unlike the skin, allow fluid to flow in and out of them.

• Due to the location of mucosal surfaces, they are often the first sites to encounter new antigens.

•

The immune system has to be regulated to prevent wasteful, unnecessary responses to harmless substances and, more importantly, so that it does not attack "self".

•

Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, is involved in immune tolerance to harmless, foreign antigens.

MALT tissue



www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-immune-system-42/adaptive-immune-response-234/primary-centers-ofthe-immune-system-879-12129

Appendix


The Immune System

Key terms

• antibody a protein produced by B-lymphocytes that binds to a specific antigen

• antigen a substance that binds to a specific antibody; may cause an immune response

• B cell a lymphocyte, developed in the bursa of birds and the bone marrow of other animals, that produces antibodies and is responsible for the immune system

• cytokine any of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system; they are released upon binding of PRRs to PAMPS

• cytotoxic T cell a subgroup of lymphocytes (white blood cells) that are capable of inducing death to infected somatic or tumor cells; part of cell-mediated immunity

• effector cell a plasma B cell or cytotoxic T cell, which are the main types of cells responsible for the humoral and cellular immune responses, respectively

• lymph a colorless, watery, bodily fluid carried by the lymphatic system, consisting mainly of white blood cells

• MHC an acronym for major histocompatibility complex; these extracellular protein receptors display antigens derived from extracellular (class I) or intracellular (class II) proteins and other biomolecules

• mucous membrane a membrane which secretes mucus; it forms the lining of body passages that contact the air, such as the respiratory and genitourinary tracts including the mouth, nasal passages, vagina and urethra

• opsonize to make (bacteria or other cells) more susceptible to the action of phagocytes by use of opsonins

• self-antigen antigens (substances that bind to antibodies) that are usually well tolerated by the immune system, which has been educated to non-reactivity against the structures

• T cell a lymphocyte, from the thymus, that can recognize specific antigens and can activate or deactivate other immune cells


The Immune System

• vaccination inoculation in order to protect against a particular disease or strain of disease; causes a primary immune response without illness, allowing the secondary response to destroy subsequent infection


The Immune System

T cell by SEM

This scanning electron micrograph shows a T lymphocyte.T and B cells are indistinguishable by light microscopy, but can be differentiated experimentally by probing their surface receptors.


Connexions.

"Adaptive Immunity." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/ View on Boundless.com

The Immune System

T cell receptors (TCRs)

A T cell receptor spans the membrane and projects variable binding regions into the extracellular space to bind processed antigens via MHC molecules on APCs.


Connexions.

"Adaptive Immune Response." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/ View on Boundless.com

The Immune System

B cell receptors

B cell receptors are embedded in the membranes of B cells and bind a variety of antigens through their variable regions, or antibodies.The signal transduction region transfers the signal into the cell.


Connexions.

"Adaptive Immune Response." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/ View on Boundless.com

The Immune System

B cell receptors

B cell receptors, containing antibodies (termed antigen-binding site in the picture) are embedded in the membranes of B cells and bind a variety of antigens through their variable regions.


Connexions.


The Immune System

Methods by which antibodies inhibit infection

Antibodies may inhibit infection by (a) preventing the antigen from binding its target, (b) tagging a pathogen for destruction by macrophages or neutrophils, or (c) activating the complement cascade.


Connexions.


The Immune System

Helper T cells in the immune response

A helper T cell becomes activated by binding to an antigen presented by an APC via the MHCII receptor, causing it to release cytokines.Depending on the cytokines released, this activates either the humoral or the cell-mediated immune response.


Connexions.


The Immune System

APCs, MHCs and lymphocytes

An antigen-presenting cell (APC), such as a macrophage, engulfs a foreign antigen, partially digests it in a lysosome, and then embeds it in an MHC class II molecule for presentation at the cell surface.Lymphocytes of the adaptive immune response must interact with antigen-embedded MHC class II molecules to mature into functional immune cells.


Connexions.


The Immune System

Lymphatic system

(a) Lymphatic vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph throughout the body.The liquid passes through (b) lymph nodes that filter the lymph that enters the node through afferent vessels, leaving through efferent vessels.Lymph nodes are filled with lymphocytes that purge infecting cells.


Connexions.


The Immune System

Spleen in the lymphatic system

The spleen functions to immunologically filter the blood and allow for communication between cells corresponding to the innate and adaptive immune responses.


Connexions.


The Immune System

Formation of memory B cells and plasma cells

After initially binding an antigen to the B cell receptor (BCR), a B cell internalizes the antigen and presents it on MHC II.A helper T cell recognizes the

MHC II –antigen complex and activates the B cell.As a result, memory B cells and plasma cells are made.


Connexions.

CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/Figure_42_02_09.png View on Boundless.com

The Immune System

Primary versus secondary immune response

In the primary response to infection, antibodies are secreted first from plasma cells.Upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, memory cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells that output a greater amount of antibody for a longer period of time.


Connexions.

"Print ." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/Figure_42_02_10.jpg View on Boundless.com

The Immune System

Vaccination

Vaccines, often delivered by injection into the arm, result in a secondary immune response if the vaccinated individual is later exposed to that pathogen.


Connexions.

CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/Figure_42_02_11.jpg View on Boundless.com

The Immune System

MALT tissue

The topology and function of intestinal MALT is shown.Pathogens are taken up by M cells in the intestinal epithelium and excreted into a pocket formed by the inner surface of the cell.The pocket contains antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, which engulf the antigens, then present them with

MHC II molecules on the cell surface.The dendritic cells migrate to an underlying tissue called a Peyer's patch.Antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells aggregate within the Peyer's patch, forming organized lymphoid follicles.There, some T cells and B cells are activated.Other antigen-loaded dendritic cells migrate through the lymphatic system where they activate B cells, T cells, and plasma cells in the lymph nodes.The activated cells then return to MALT tissue effector sites.IgA and other antibodies are secreted into the intestinal lumen.


Connexions.

"Adaptive Immune Response." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/?collection=col11448/latest View on Boundless.com

The Immune System

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs)?

A) TCRs are present on the inside of cells, whereas BCRs are present on the outside of cells.

B) TCRs recognize several antigen/MHC combinations, whereas BCRs only recognize one specific antigen.

C) TCRs contain antibodies, whereas BCRs contain do not.

D) TCRs help initiate the complement cascade, whereas BCRs help recruit phagocytes.


The Immune System

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs)?

A) TCRs are present on the inside of cells, whereas BCRs are present on the outside of cells.

B) TCRs recognize several antigen/MHC combinations, whereas BCRs only recognize one specific antigen.

C) TCRs contain antibodies, whereas BCRs contain do not.

D) TCRs help initiate the complement cascade, whereas BCRs help recruit phagocytes.


Boundless - LO.

"Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

The Immune System

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the humoral immune response?

A) NK cells recognize deficiencies in MHC I and release cytokines to recruit complement

B) TC cells recognize pathogen antibodies presented on MHC I molecules and induce apoptosis

C) dendritic cells are invaded by pathogens and become APCs

D) antibodies on B cells recognize antigens in the bodily fluids and B cells proliferate


The Immune System

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the humoral immune response?

A) NK cells recognize deficiencies in MHC I and release cytokines to recruit complement

B) TC cells recognize pathogen antibodies presented on MHC I molecules and induce apoptosis

C) dendritic cells are invaded by pathogens and become APCs

D) antibodies on B cells recognize antigens in the bodily fluids and B cells proliferate


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

Which of the following presents antigens, on MHC Class II molecules, to T cells?

A) eosinophils

B) natural killer cells

C) dendritic cells

D) mast cells


The Immune System

Which of the following presents antigens, on MHC Class II molecules, to T cells?

A) eosinophils


C) dendritic cells

D) mast cells


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

Which of the following phagocytose cellular debris and pathogens?

A) mast cells

B) eosinophils

C) natural killer cells

D) macrophages


The Immune System

Which of the following phagocytose cellular debris and pathogens?

A) mast cells

B) eosinophils

C) natural killer cells

D) macrophages


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

When a B cell encounters the antigen to which it is targeted it rapidly divides and produces:

A) antigens

B) plasma cells

C) T cells

D) interferons


The Immune System

When a B cell encounters the antigen to which it is targeted it rapidly divides and produces:

A) antigens

B) plasma cells

C) T cells

D) interferons


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

Which transport mechanism can bring whole cells into a cell?

A) pinocytosis

B) phagocytosis

C) facilitated transport

D) primary active transport


The Immune System

Which transport mechanism can bring whole cells into a cell?

A) pinocytosis

B) phagocytosis

C) facilitated transport

D) primary active transport


OpenStax OER.

"Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest

The Immune System

Which of the following is both a phagocyte and an antigenpresenting cell?

A) NK cell

B) macrophage

C) eosinophil

D) neutrophil


The Immune System

Which of the following is both a phagocyte and an antigenpresenting cell?

A) NK cell

B) macrophage

C) eosinophil

D) neutrophil


OpenStax OER.

"Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest

The Immune System

Which of the following presents antigen to T cells?

A) eosinophils


C) dendritic cells

D) mast cells


The Immune System

Which of the following presents antigen to T cells?

A) eosinophils


C) dendritic cells

D) mast cells


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the major features of the cell-mediated immune response?

Choose the best answer.

A) Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens on MHC I molecules and induce apoptosis.

B) Antibodies on B cells recognize antigens on pathogens and secrete more antibodies.

C) NK cells recognize malformed MHC I complexes and initiate the complement cascade.

D) Macrophages engulf pathogens and present their antigens on MHC II molecules.


The Immune System

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the major features of the cell-mediated immune response?

Choose the best answer.

A) Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens on MHC I molecules and induce apoptosis.

B) Antibodies on B cells recognize antigens on pathogens and secrete more antibodies.

C) NK cells recognize malformed MHC I complexes and initiate the complement cascade.

D) Macrophages engulf pathogens and present their antigens on MHC II molecules.


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

Which of the following stimulate a response by B cells and T cells?

A) antibodies

B) antigens

C) plasma

D) platelets


The Immune System

Which of the following stimulate a response by B cells and T cells?

A) antibodies

B) antigens

C) plasma

D) platelets


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

Which of the following cells related to the immune system are housed in the lymphatic system?

A) B and T cells

B) red blood cells

C) epithelial cells

D) glial cells


The Immune System

Which of the following cells related to the immune system are housed in the lymphatic system?

A) B and T cells

B) red blood cells

C) epithelial cells

D) glial cells


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

Which of the following statements applies to the role of memory cells?

A) they provide an accelerated immune response upon re-exposure

B) they produce cyclosporine

C) they cannot be reactivated

D) they are responsible for passive immunity


The Immune System

Which of the following statements applies to the role of memory cells?

A) they provide an accelerated immune response upon re-exposure

B) they produce cyclosporine

C) they cannot be reactivated

D) they are responsible for passive immunity


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

While of the following statements correctly describes what happens to B or T cells that are never re-exposed to the antigen that helped create them.

A) they decrease in number but never completely die off

B) they eventually revert back to naive cells able to recognize different antigens

C) they transform into red blood cells

D) they gradually die off, never functioning as effector cells


The Immune System

While of the following statements correctly describes what happens to B or T cells that are never re-exposed to the antigen that helped create them.

A) they decrease in number but never completely die off

B) they eventually revert back to naive cells able to recognize different antigens

C) they transform into red blood cells

D) they gradually die off, never functioning as effector cells


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

Which of the following is most active in presenting harmless antigens to the immune system to induce immune tolerance?

A) mucosal surfaces

B) lymph nodes

C) the spleen

D) the kidneys


The Immune System

Which of the following is most active in presenting harmless antigens to the immune system to induce immune tolerance?

A) mucosal surfaces

B) lymph nodes

C) the spleen

D) the kidneys


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

What is the process by which T and B lymphocytes that recognize self antigens are deleted before they develop into fully immunocompetent cells?

A) T and B cell removal

B) antigen dependance

C) lymphocyte stimulation

D) immune tolerance


The Immune System

What is the process by which T and B lymphocytes that recognize self antigens are deleted before they develop into fully immunocompetent cells?

A) T and B cell removal

B) antigen dependance

C) lymphocyte stimulation

D) immune tolerance


Boundless - LO.


The Immune System

Attribution

•

Connexions.

"Adaptive Immunity." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/

• Wikipedia.

"Major histocompatibility complex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex

• Wikipedia.

"MHC class II." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_class_II

• Wiktionary.

"T cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/T+cell

• Wiktionary.

"B cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/B+cell

•

Wiktionary.

"antigen." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antigen

• Connexions.

"Adaptive Immune Response." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

• Connexions.


•

Wiktionary.

"opsonize." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opsonize

• Boundless Learning.

"Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/mhc

•

Wiktionary.

"antibody." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antibody

• Connexions.


•

Connexions.


•

Wiktionary.

"cytokine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cytokine

• Wiktionary.

"cytotoxic T cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cytotoxic+T+cell

•

Connexions.


• Connexions.



The Immune System

•

Wiktionary.

"lymph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lymph

• Connexions.


• Connexions.



"Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/effector-cell

• Wiktionary.

"vaccination." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vaccination

•

Connexions.


• Connexions.



"Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/self-antigen

•

Wiktionary.

"mucous membrane." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mucous+membrane


Boundless Study Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides

Using Boundless Presentations

About Boundless

Adaptive Immune Response

Antigen-presenting Cells

Introduction to T and B Lymphocytes

T and B Lymphocytes in Detail

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Mucosal Surfaces

Immunological Memory

Primary Centers of the Immune System

Appendix

Key terms

Attribution

Related documents

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Boundless Study Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides

Using Boundless Presentations

About Boundless

Adaptive Immune Response

Antigen-presenting Cells

Introduction to T and B Lymphocytes

T and B Lymphocytes in Detail

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Mucosal Surfaces

Immunological Memory

Primary Centers of the Immune System

Appendix

Key terms

Attribution

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