15
SECTION
Biomechanical Principles and
Applications
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Presentation Outline
►
Sir Isaac Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
►
Types of Motion
►
Key terms in biomechanics
►
Definition of biomechanics and biomechanical
principles
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Isaac Newton’s “3 Laws of Motion”
►
1. The Law of Inertia
►
2. The Law of Acceleration
►
3. The Law of Reaction
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Isaac Newton’s “3 Laws of Motion”
►
1.
The Law of Inertia
►An
object at rest tends
to stay at rest and an
object in motion tends
to stay in motion (unless
an external force is
applied eg. friction or
gravity).
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Isaac Newton’s “3 Laws of Motion”
► 2.
The Law of
Acceleration
►
►
A force applied to a body
causes an acceleration
proportional to the force,
in the direction of the
force, and inversely
proportional to the body’s
mass.
F = MA
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Isaac Newton’s “3 Laws of Motion”
► 2.
The Law of
Acceleration
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Isaac Newton’s “3 Laws of Motion”
► 3.
The Law of
Reaction
► For
every action there
is an equal and
opposite reaction.
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Types of Motion
►
►
►
It is important to distinguish between two types of
motion:
Linear (or Translational) Motion
 Movement in particular direction. Example: a
sprinter accelerating down the track.
Rotational Motion
 Movement about an axis. The force does not act
through the centre of mass, but rather is “offcentre,” and this results in rotation. Example: iceskater’s spin.
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Rotational Motion (Angular)
► Most
human movements are rotational ie they
take place around an axis.
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Rotational Motion (Angular)
► Most
human movements are rotational ie they
take place around an axis.
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Rotational Motion (Angular)
► When
we impart spin
on a ball, it’s due to a
force applied away
from the CoM.
► What
kind of pitch
occurs if the force is
applied through the
ball’s CofM?
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Centre of Mass (Gravity)
► The
point on an object
where it’s mass is most
concentrated. (the
point where that body
would balance on a
very small base)
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Centre of Mass (Gravity)
► Important
concept
when stability is
important
► If a force is applied
through the CoM,
linear motion results
► If a force is applied at
a distance to the CoM,
Rotation or Angular
motion occurs.
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Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
►
The Coaching Association of Canada’s National
Coaching Certification Program (NCCP) Level 2
Theory course sets forward seven principles that
can be grouped into four broad categories:
 (1) stability,
 (2) maximum effort,
 (3) linear motion, and
 (4) angular motion.
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Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
►
STABILITY
 Principle 1: The lower the
centre of mass, the larger
the base of support, the
closer the centre of mass to
the base of support, and the
greater the mass, the more
stability increases.
 Four subcomponents
 Example: Sumo wrestling
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Stability
► Often
the Low man
wins in football
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Stability
► Is
this a stable
position? Why or why
not?
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Stability
Which position is more
stable? Why?
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Unstable Balance
► Sometimes
athletes
need to be balanced
but ready to move
quickly ie unstable
► Eg.
Sprint start,
receiving serve in
tennis, swim start
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Unstable Balance
► What
makes
This unstable?
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Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
►
MAXIMUM EFFORT
 Principle 2: The
production of maximum
force requires the use
of all possible joint
movements that
contribute to the task’s
objective.
 Examples: golf, bench
press, sprint start

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REVIEW
►Name
Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion!
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Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
►
MAXIMUM VELOCITY
 Principle 3: The
production of maximum
velocity requires the use of
joints in order – from largest
to smallest.
 Examples: hockey slapshot,
hitting a golf ball
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Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
► LINEAR
MOTION
 Principle 4: The greater
the applied impulse, the
greater the increase in
velocity.
 Range of Motion (ROM)
important
 Example: spiking a volleyball
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Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
► LINEAR
MOTION
 Principle 5:
Movement usually
occurs in the direction
opposite that of the
applied force.
 Examples: basketball,
kicking
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Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
►
ANGULAR MOTION
 Principle 6: Angular
motion is produced by
the application of a force
acting at some distance
from an axis, that is, by
torque.
 Principle is also known as
the principle of the
production of angular
motion
 Example: diving
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Examples of Rotation Principles
►
►
Diving
After leaving the high
diving board, the diver
curls tightly and then
opens up just before
entering the water. By
opening up before
entry, the diver
increases the moment
of inertia, thereby
slowing down the
angular velocity.
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Examples of Rotation Principles
►
►
Ice-Skating
The ice-skater begins to
spin with arms spread
apart then suddenly brings
them closer to the body.
The end result of
tightening up is that the
skater’s spin (angular
velocity) increases,
seemingly miraculously.
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Examples of Rotation Principles
► Gymnastics
►
By opening up, the
gymnast increases the
moment of inertia
(radius of rotation),
thereby resulting in a
decrease in angular
velocity.
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
►
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
 Principle 7: Angular momentum is constant when
an athlete or object is free in the air.
 This principle is also known as the principle of
conservation of angular momentum, and its key
component is the fact that, once an athlete is
airborne, he or she will travel with constant angular
momentum.
 Example: Diver, gymnast,
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Conservation of Momentum
► This
is evident in figure
skating on ice which
has very low friction.
Angular momentum =
radius of rotation x
rotational velocity
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Conservation of Momentum
► Angular
momentum = radius of rotation x angular
speed
► If the skater increases her radius then her angular
speed will decrease to keep momentum
conserved.
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Conservation of Energy
► The
conservation of
energy principle states
that energy can never
be created or
destroyed, but can
only be converted from
one form to another.
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
5 Phases of a Sport Skill
Used to bring a skill down
into smaller parts
 Helps coaches to detect and
correct errors
 Key Points are “look fors”
that coaches use to produce
ideal mechanics/performanc

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Five Phases
Preliminary Movements
► Backswing/Recovery
► Force Producing Movements
► Critical Instant
► Follow-Through

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5 Phases of a Sport Skill
Preliminary Movements
Key Points
► Pick a Target
► Open stance
► Hold Ball with Opposite
Hand
► Hold the Ball at Waist
Height
► Eye on the Ball
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
5 Phases of a Sport Skill
(Soccer Punt)
Preliminary Movements
Key Points
► Pick a Target
► Open stance
► Hold Ball with Opposite
Hand
► Hold the Ball at Waist
Height
► Eye on the Ball
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
5 Phases of a Sport Skill
Backswing/Recovery
Key Points
► Eye on the ball
► Maintain good posture
► Large last step
► Ankle locked
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5 Phases of a Sport Skill
Force Producing Movements
Key Points
► Eye on the ball
► Maintain good posture
► Largest muscles to the
smallest
► Use arm for balance
► Open the hips up
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5 Phases of a Sport Skill
Critical Instant
Key Points
► Eye on the ball
► Contact with hardest part of
the foot
► Lock your kicking foot
upwards
► Let ball fall below knee
height
► Lock your leg
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5 Phases of a Sport Skill
Follow-Through
Key Points
► Be
smooth and fluid
► Foot carries on towards
target
► Eyes follow ball to target
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
5 Phases of a Sport Skill
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Phases of a Skill
1. Preliminary
movements
2. Backswing
3. Force
4. Critical
producing
Instant
movements
5. Follow
through
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
5 Phases of a Sport Skill
► Badminton
Smash – slow motion
► Badminton
Smash
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► That’s
It!
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