Exercise Science
Section 7: The Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Systems
An Introduction to Health and Physical
Education
Ted Temertzoglou
Paul Challen
ISBN 1-55077-132-9
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Cardiovascular System
 Composed of:
 Heart
 Blood vessels
 Blood
 Functions:
 Delivery of O2, fuel, and
nutrients to the tissues of the
body
 Removal of CO2 and waste
products from the tissues
 Maintenance of a constant
body temperature
(thermoregulation)
 Prevention of infection
(immune function)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Heart
 Formed from myocardium, a specialized muscle tissue
 Surrounded by pericardium (tough protective sac); allows heart to
expand and contract
 Epicardium lines outside of heart; endocardium lines inside of heart
 Made up of four separate chambers: atria (upper chambers) and
ventricles (lower chambers)
 Considered a “double-pump” and is divided into the right and left
heart; separated by the interventricular septum
 Right heart:
 pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary
circulation)
 Left heart:
 Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic
circulation)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Structures of the Heart
Common Structures
Structure of right side
Structure of left side
Chordae tendinae
Superior and inferior vena cava
Aorta and thoracic (descending
aorta)
Papillary muscles
Right atrium
Left atrium
Interventricular
septum
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Internal Anatomy of the Heart
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic semilunar valve
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Interventricular septum
Chordae tendinae
Tricuspid valve
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendinae
Right ventricle
Papillary muscles
Inferior vena cava
Thoracic aorta (descending)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Path of Blood Through the Heart
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic semilunar valve
Right pulmonary veins
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Right atrium
Interventricular septum
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Left ventricle
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Inferior vena cava
Thoracic aorta (descending)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Heart – Electrical Conduction System
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Internodal pathways
Bundle of His
(AV bundle)
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Right and left
bundle branches
Purkinje fibres
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Excitation of the Heart





Sinoatrial node (SA node):
 Specialized region of tissue found in wall of
right atrium
 Location where electrical signals are initiated
(“pacemaker”)
Atrioventricular node (AV node):
 Passes electrical signal from atria into
ventricles
 Passes electrical signal to the bundle of His
(atrioventricular bundle)
Bundle of His pass electrical signal to the Purkinje
fibres
Purkinje fibres pass electrical signal to the
myocardium
The myocardium contract
 Leads to contraction of the heart
 Leads to the pumping of blood
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Electrical Activity of the Heart

Measured using an
electrocardiogram (ECG)
 Graphical representation of
electrical sequence of events
occurring with each contraction
of the heart
 Each wave generated during
contraction is named:
 P wave: represents
depolarization through the
atria
 QRS complex: represents
depolarization of the
ventricle
 T wave: represents
repolarization of the
ventricle
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Coronary Vessels – Anterior View
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Branches of left pulmonary artery
Branches of right
pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Anterior interventricular branch
of left coronary artery
Right atrium
Right coronary artery
Great cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Thoracic aorta
(descending)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Cardiac Cycle


Cardiac cycle: series of events occurring through one heartbeat
Involves two phases:
 Diastole phase (relaxation)
 Heart fills with blood
 Systole phase (contraction)
 Heart contracts and ejects blood
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Vascular System and Blood
 Vascular System:
 A network of vessels that transport blood throughout the
body; vessels divided into four main categories:
 Arteries: carry blood away from the heart to different
organs
 Arterioles: regulate blood distribution to various tissues
of the body
 Capillaries: responsible for the exchange of gases and
nutrients with the tissues
 Veins (venules): return blood to the heart
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Summary of the Vascular System
Large veins
Large arteries
Medium veins
Medium arteries
Arteriole
Venules
Capillaries
Precapillary
sphincters
Capillary bed
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Return of Blood from the Veins
 The skeletal muscle pump:
 Upon contraction of skeletal muscle,
blood is pushed/
massaged back to the heart
 The thoracic pump:
 Pressure in veins (in the chest)
decrease while pressure in veins (in
the abdominal cavity) increase upon
intake of breath
 Difference in pressure pushes blood
from veins in the abdominal cavity into
veins in the thoracic cavity
 The nervous system:
 Sends a signal to veins
 Veins constrict allowing more blood
back to the heart
The skeletal muscle pump
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Properties of Blood
 Two main components:
 Plasma
 Fluid component of blood (mostly water)
 Blood cells
 Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
 Made in bone marrow
 Transport O2 and CO2 in the blood
 Transport nutrients and waste
 Contain hemoglobin
 White blood cells (leukocytes)
 Destroy foreign elements
 Critical in the function of the immune
system
 Platelets
 Regulate blood clotting
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Plasma 55%
90% water
7% plasma proteins
3% other (acids, salts)
Formed elements
45%
>99% red blood cells
<1% white blood cells
and platelets
Cardiovascular Dynamics
 Cardiovascular system adapts to meet the demands that are placed
on it
 Heart adjusts amount of blood pumped by altering:
 Heart rate (HR)
 duration of each cardiac cycle
 Stroke volume(SV)
 volume of blood ejected by ventricles
 Cardiac output (Q)
 HR  SV = Q
 Frank-Starling Law:
 Ability of the heart to stretch and increase the force of contraction
 Ejection fraction
 Measure of stroke volume calculated by use of a formula
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Blood Pressure
 Blood Pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of
the arteries
 Measuring blood pressure: systolic pressure over diastolic pressure
 Systolic blood pressure:
 Pressure observed in the arteries during contraction phase
 Diastolic blood pressure:
 Pressure observed in the arteries during relaxation phase of
the heart
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Normal Blood Pressure
Normal blood pressure (BP): 120mmHg over 80mmHg
Hypertension
 BP greater than
140mmHg over 90mmHg
 Factors affecting BP
 Diet
 Aerobic exercise


©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Blood Flow Distribution
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Effects of Training
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Respiratory System
 Composed of structures that
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
© i Stockphoto. com/” E raxion”
allow:
 Passage of air from outside
the body to the lungs
 Gas exchange to occur
 Three main functions:
 Supply O2 to the blood
 Remove CO2 from the blood
 Regulate blood pH (acid-base
balance)
 Divided into two zones:
 Conductive zone
 Respiratory zone
Respiratory System Structure
Nasal cavity
Mouth
Epiglottis
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Right and left
primary bronchi
Smooth muscle
Secondary bronchi
Terminal bronchiole
Tertiary bronchioles
Respiratory bronchiole
Pulmonary venule
Alveolar sacs
Pulmonary arteriole
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Conductive Zone
 The conductive zone is
composed of structures that
transport air to the lungs:
 Mouth and nose
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Primary and secondary
bronchi
 Tertiary and terminal
bronchioles
 Filters air taken in with each
breath
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Respiratory Zone
 The respiratory zone is
composed of structures involved
with the exchange of gases:
 Respiratory bronchioles
 Alveolar ducts
 Alveolar sacs
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Mechanisms of Breathing


Inspiration:
 Contraction of diaphragm
 Thoracic cavity expands
 Air pressure in thoracic cavity is
lower than air pressure outside
the body
 Air rushes in to lungs to restore
balance
 Lung pressure = atmospheric
pressure
Expiration:
 Alveolar sacs recoil as diaphragm
relaxes
 Air is expelled
 Thoracic cavity reduces
 Lung pressure>atmospheric pressure
© i Stockphoto. com/” S haneKato”
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Ventilation
 Ventilation (VE ) is the volume
of air moved by the lungs in one minute
 Influenced by two factors:
 Tidal volume (VT )
 Volume of air in each breath
 Respiratory frequency (f)
 Number of breaths taken per minute
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Respiratory Control Centres
 Respiratory control centres found within brain stem:
 Medulla oblongata
 Inspiratory centre
 15-20 breaths per minute at rest
 Expiratory centre
 Two main functions:
 Ensure the inspiratory muscles never completely relax
 Stimulate forceful expiration when required (during
exercise)
 Pons
 Pneumotaxic and apneustic centres
 Ensure smooth transition of inhalation to exhalation
 Fine-tune the breathing pattern
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Lung Volumes
 Lung Volumes are divided into two categories:
 Static lung volumes
 Determined by the actual structure of the lung
 Three important static lung volumes:
 Total lung capacity (TLC)
 Maximum volume of air that lungs can hold
 Sum of vital capacity
 Vital capacity (VC)
 Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following
a maximal inhalation
 Residual volume (RV)
 Air that remains in lungs following a maximal
exhalation
 Dynamic lung volumes
 Dependent on volume as well as movement/flow of air
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Fractional Concentrations and Partial
Pressures of Main Gasses Found in Air
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Gas Exchange
 Diffusion mediates gas exchange
 Diffusion is the movement of a gas,
liquid, or solid from a region of high
concentration to low concentration
 Can only occur if a difference in
concentration exists
 Concentration gradient
 Diffusion pathway
 Area through which gases move from
the lungs into the blood; from the
blood into the tissue, and back
 Rates of diffusion depend on:
 Size of concentration gradient
 Thickness of barrier between two
areas
 Surface area between two areas
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Transport
 Oxygen (O2 ) transport within the blood achieved in two ways:
 O2 dissolved within the plasma
 Represents 2% of O2 found in the blood
 Binds to hemoglobin
 Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) transport achieved in three ways:
 Trace amounts of CO2 dissolved within the plasma
 Binds to hemoglobin
 Bicarbonate system
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
External and Internal Respiration
 External respiration is the result of two main factors:
 Increase in pulmonary ventilation (VE)
 Maintains necessary gradients in the partial pressures of both
O2 and CO2
 Increase in blood flow to the lungs
 Caused by and increase in cardiac output
 Internal respiration involves exchange of gases at tissue level –
extraction of O2 at tissues is increased
 Occurs as result of four main factors:
 Increase in partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) gradient
 Increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)
 Decrease in pH
 Increase in temperature
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Flow of External and Internal Respiration
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
a-vO2 Difference
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Lactate Threshold
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Oxygen Deficit and EPOC
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Physiological Adaptations Due to Endurance
Training
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Asthma
 Asthma (acute or chronic) is
© i Stockphoto.com/” T ommL”
characterized by:
 Spasm of smooth muscle lining the
respiratory system
 Oversecretion of mucous
 Swelling of cells lining the respiratory
tract
 Asthma results in:
 Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
 Wheezing during breathing
 Factors that stimulate attacks:
 Exercise
 Allergic reactions/contaminates
 Stress
 Controlled through the use of
medications
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):
 Describes a family of diseases that lead to a reduction in airflow
through the respiratory system
 Often fatal in severe cases
 Persistent conditions cannot be relieved (quickly or effectively)
through the use of medications
 Individuals experience dyspnea while performing everyday
activities
 Treatment includes:
 Medication
 Oxygen therapy
 Respiratory muscle training
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.