NTHU Physics Colloquium
Current Development and Prospect of
New Synchrotron Facilities
張石麟 (Shih-Lin Chang)
March 20, 2013
Outline
•Introduction
•High energy synchrotron sources
•New additions of synchrotron facilities (under
construction or recently completed)
•New synchrotron facilities in planning
•Free electron lasers (FEL’s)
•Prospect & conclusion
同步加速器光源
超快速電子在磁場中偏轉所產生的電磁波
• 相對論效應使得電子以接近光速作圓周運動時所發射的電磁波集中在切
線方向，而不像大哥大產生的電波向四面八方散去。
Synchrotron Radiation
Zeroth generation sources
1950’s-60’s: Electron synchrotrons (cyclic
accelerators)
First generation sources (storage rings)
1970’s: e+/e- colliders (Mostly parasitic on high
energy physics programs)
Second generation sources
1980’s: New rings and fully dedicated use of e+/ecolliders, use of wigglers & undulators
Third generation sources
1990’s: Low emittance ring with many straight sections
for insertion devices
Fourth generation sources
2000’s: Linac-based sources
•Free-electron laser (FEL)
•Energy Recovery Linac (ERL)
Diffraction-limited rings; Ultra-short bunches; New
ideas
Bending magnet(偏轉磁鐵) & insertion device(插件)
Storing Ring
• Bending Magnet
–
–
–
–
–
White X-rays
Wide horizontal divergence
1/g limited vertical divergence
Moderate power
Moderate power density
• Wiggler
Undulator / Wiggler
–
–
–
–
–
–
White X-rays
Moderate horizontal divergence
1/g Limited vertical divergence
High power
High power density
Elliptically polarized/linearly polarized
• Undulator
–
–
–
–
–
Quasi-monochromatic X-rays
Small vertical and horizontal divergence (Central Cone)
High power
Extremely high power density
Circularly polarized/ linearly polarized
Introduction
There are now 66 synchrotrons in operation throughout the
world. Additional 11 are either under construction or in
planning.
In addition to 3 high-energy synchrotrons, ESRF, APS,
Spring-8, there are several low- and mid-energy 3rd
generation synchrotrons.
Starting 2000, mid-energy rings have been considered as
most economic and yet providing high quality beams (low
emittance) for SR experiments
Many new 3rd generation synchrotron facilities are now
either under construction or in the design process.
Free electron lasers
World Map of Synchrotron Facilities
Hsinchu
臺灣光源(TLS)現況
•亞洲第一座第三代同步輻射
EPU5.6
•全球第二座使用超導高頻腔同步輻射
•安裝的超導插件磁鐵數量及密度最高
SWLS
IASW6-R6
•全球第三座全時恆定電流運轉設施
IASW6-R2
加速器儲存環
(15億電子伏特)
U9
SW6
傳輸線
TPS完成後之同步輻射研究中心俯視圖
W20 IASW6-R4
線型加速器
增能環
(15億電子伏特)
超導高頻共振腔
•
U5 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
’93年: 4月完成試車;10月開放給用戶實驗
’96年: 儲存環能量由1.3GeV提升為1.5GeV
’00年: 增能環以全能量注射到儲存環
’02年: 6T超導移頻磁鐵SWLS正式使用
’04年: 液氦低溫與超導增頻磁鐵SW6運轉
’05年: 啟用超導高頻共振腔
’05年: 用戶時段施行300mA恒定電流運轉
’06年: 1st 安裝彎段超導增頻磁鐵IASW-R6
’09年: 安裝2nd 彎段超導增頻磁鐵IASW-R2
’10年: 安裝3rd 彎段超導增頻磁鐵IASW-R4
360 mA恒定電流運轉模式
How is it Practically Produced and Used for Research?
The storage ring circulates electrons,
where they are bent, synchrotron
radiation is produced
Klystrons generate high power radio wave
to sustain electron acceleration,
replenishing energy lost to synchrotron
radiation
Electron gun
produces
electrons
Beam lines transport radiation
into “hutches”, where
instrumentation is available for
experiments
Wiggler / Undulator
insertion devices
generate strong xray beams
Linear accelerator/ booster
accelerate e- which are
transported to storage ring
High energy synchrotron sources
SLAC Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) – Menlo Park,
CA, USA
1973
1974
1977
1992
2004
SSRL began as the Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Project
(SSRP)
First user run
SSRP became SSRL
SSRL became fully dedicated
synchrotron radiation source
Major upgrade of SPEAR
completed - SPEAR3
SSRL / SSRP
The first multi-GeV storage ring based
synchrotron radiation source in the world
( 2004: 3 GeV, 300-500mA, 234 m.)
Aerial View of SSRL. (Courtesy: SLAC)
Sources:
The SSRL Strategic Plan: 2013 - 2018
http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/beam-lines/map
http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/about-ssrl/history-stanford-synchrotron-radiation-lightsource
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
6 GeV;
g
= 11800; 884m circumference
Advanced Photon Source (APS) – Argonne, IL, USA
Nominal Energy
GeV
7.0
Natural Emittance
nm-rad
2.514
Effective Emittance
at ID Location
nm
3.129
Circumference
m
1104.000
The Advanced Photon Source (APS) provides the
brightest storage ring-generated X-ray beams in the
Western Hemisphere to more than 5,000 scientists
worldwide.
Aerial view of the APS
Source: http://www.aps.anl.gov/About/Welcome/
Sources:
• http://www.aps.anl.gov/
• http://www.aps.anl.gov/Beamlines/Beamlines_Map/index.html
• APS Upgrade project PDR (December 2012)
Beamlines Map
Spring-8 (Super Photon ring-8 GeV) Japan
g
8 GeV; g = 15,700; 1.44 km circumference
New additions of synchrotron facilities
(under construction or recently completed)
Existing Third Generation Low- & Medium-Energy Synchrotron Facilities
Year of
Commission
Location
Accelerator
Energy
[GeV]
[nm-rad]
Emittance
Circumference
[m]
Straight Sections
m*section
Unit
Status
1993
USA, Berkeley
ALS
1.9
6.75
196.8
6m*12
12TBA
Operating
1993
Taiwan, Hsinchu
TLS
1.5
18
120
6m*6
6 TBA
Operating
1993
Italy, Trieste
ELETTRA
2.4
7.0
259
6m*12
12 DBA
Operating
1995
Korea, Pohang
PLS
2.5
12.0
281
6m*12
12 TBA
Operating
2001
Switzerland,Villigen
SLS
2.4
4.1
288
11.76m*3+7m*3+4m*6
12 TBA
Operating
2003
Canada, Saskatoon
CLS
2.9
18.1
171
5.2m*12
12 DBA
Operating
2004
USA, Stanford
SPEAR3
3.0
10
234
3.2m*12+4.8m*4+7.6m*2
18 DBA
Operating
2006
France, Orsay
SOLEIL
2.75
3.7
351
12m*4+7m*12+3.6m*8
16 DBA
Operating
2007
UK, Oxfordshire
DIAMOND
3.0
2.7
562
11.34m*6+8.34m*18
24 DBA
Operating
2007
Australia, Melbourne
3.0
6.9
216
5.4m*14
14 DBA
Operating
AS
ALS, TLS, ELETTRA, PLS, SLS, CLS, SPEAR3, SOLEIL, Diamond, AS
New Additions of Synchrotron Facilities
Year of
Operation
Location
Accelerator
Energy
[GeV]
Emittance
[nm-rad]
Circumference
[m]
Straight Sections
m*section
Unit
Beamlines
Status
2009
China, Shanghai
SSRF
3.5
3.9
432
12m*4+6.5m*16
20 DBA
Operating
2010
Spain, Barcelona
ALBA
3.0
4.3
268.8
8m*4+4.3m*12+2.3m*8
16 DBA
2012
Korea, Pohang
PLS-II
3.0
5.9
281.82
6.86m*10+3.1m*11
Operating
2012
Japan, Nagoya
CJSRF
1.2
53
72
5.4m*4
Under
construction
2013
China, Hefei
HLS-II
0.8
36
66.13
4m*4+2.3m*4
Under
construction
2014
Taiwan, Hsinchu
TPS
3.0
1.6
518.4
12m*6+7m*18
24 DBA
46
Under
construction
2014
USA, Brookhaven
NSLS II
3.0
0.55
792
9.3m*15+6.6m*15
30 DBA
space for
at least 58
Under
construction
2015
Sweden, MAX-Lab
MAX-IV
(storage 1)
3.0
0.2 - 0.3
528
4.728m*20+1.3m*40
20 MBA
Under
construction
2015
Sweden, MAX-Lab
MAX-IV
(storage 2)
1.5
6
96
3.5m*12
12 DBA
Under
construction
2015
Jordan, Amman
SESAME
2.5
26
133.12
4.4m*8+2.4m*8
12 DBA
Under
construction
2016
Brazil, Campinas
(LNLS)
SIRIUS
3.0
1.9
(Eff. Emit.)
460.5
9.4m*10+5m*10
20 TBA
7 on day 1
(up to 30)
up to 45
Operating
Under
construction
SSRF, ALBA, PLS-II, CJSRF, HLSL-II, TPS, NSLS-II, MAX-IV, SESAME, SIRIUS
New Additions of Synchrotron Facilities (in planning)
Year of
Operation
2018
Accelerator
Energy
[GeV]
Emittance
[nm-rad]
Circumference
[m]
Straight Sections
m*section
ILSF
3.0
3.28
297.6
8m*4+4m*20+2.82m*12
CANDLE
3.0
8.4
216
4.8m*16
Turkey, Kütahya
TAC
4.5
1.28
991.08
8m*18+6m*18
In planning
Japan, Tohoku
LSEJ
3.0
1.862
289.2
5m*12
In planning
Japan, Hyogo
SPring-8 II
6.0
0.067
1436
6.6m*44+30m*4
In planning
China, Beijing
BAPS
5.0
1
1200
6.9m*44+14m*4
In planning
Location
Iran, Tehran
Armenia, Yerevan
ILSF, CANDLE, TAC, LSEJ, Spring-II, BAPS,……….
Unit
Beamlines
Status
In planning
16 DBA
In planning
Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) – Shanghai, China
Energy
[GeV]
Emittance
[nm-rad]
Circumference
[m]
Straight Sections
m*section
Unit
3.5
3.9
432
12m*4+6.5m*16
20 DBA
2009
7 initial beamlines:
Accelerator
Layout
•BL17U1 – Macromolecular
Crystallography
•BL14W1 – XAFS
http://ssrf.sinap.ac.cn/english/2/Layout.htm
•BL14B1 – Diffraction
•BL15U1 – Hard X-ray Micro-focus
•BL10W1 – X-ray Imaging and
Biomedical Application
6 new beamlines under construction:
•Protein Micro-crystallography
•Protein Complex Crystallography
•BL16B1 – Small Angle X-ray Scattering
•High-throughput Protein Crystallography
•BL08U1-A – Soft X-ray
Spectromicroscopy
•BioSAXS
•BL08U1-B – X-ray Interference
Lithography
•Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging
•Dreamline (User funded soft X-ray BL)
(Completion expected in 2013)
Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) – Shanghai, China
(continued)
New programs at SSRF:
• SSRF Phase II project:
 Program to build a big bunch of new beamlines
 In preparation and will soon be submitted for approval by the government
• Five user funded beamlines:
 In design stage
 Waiting for approval
• Soft X-ray FEL facility (Shanghai Soft-X-ray Free-Electron Laser Test Facility
(SXFEL))
http://ssrf.sinap.ac.cn/english/1/Campus.htm
 To be built adjacent to SSRF
By 2020, there will be
•About 40 beamlines at SSRF
•FEL facility
Campus
(ALBA) – Barcelona, Spain
Energy
[GeV]
Emittance
[nm-rad]
Circumference
[m]
Straight Sections
m*section
Unit
Beamlines
3.0
4.3
268.8
8m*4+4.3m*12+2.6m*8
16 DBA
7 on day 1
(up to 30)
2010
Machine Parameters
Seven beamlines for first phase:
•BL04 - MSPD: Materials Science and
Powder Diffraction
•BL09 - MISTRAL: X-Ray Microscopy
•BL11 - NCD: Non-Crystalline
Diffraction
•BL13 - XALOC: Macromolecular
Crystallography
http://www.cells.es/Divisions/Accelerators
•BL22 - CLÆSS: Core Level Absorption
& Emission Spectroscopies
•BL24 - CIRCE: Photoemission
Spectroscopy and Microscopy
•BL29 - BOREAS: Resonant Absorption
and Scattering
(BOREAS - Available to users on May 7, 2012)
http://www.cells.es/AboutUs
Pohang Light Source II (PLS-II) – Pohang, Korea
2012
http://paleng.postech.ac.kr/
Energy
[GeV]
Emittance
[nm-rad]
Circumference
[m]
Straight Sections
m*section
3.0
5.9
281.82
6.86m*10+3.1m*11
• PLS-II project started in January 2009.
• PLS-II was opened to users on March 21, 2012.
http://aappsbulletin.org/myboard/read.php?id=40&Page=1&Board=featurearticles&FindIt=&FindText=
Future View of PAL with
PLS-II and PAL XFEL sites.
http://paleng.postech.ac.kr/
Aerial View of PAL
http://paleng.postech.ac.kr/
Central Japan Synchrotron Radiation Facility (CJSRF) – Nagoya, Japan
2012
Energy
[GeV]
Emittance
[nm-rad]
Circumference
[m]
Straight Sections
m*section
1.2
53
72
5.4m*4
http://www.astf-kha.jp/synchrotron/en/userguide/gaiyou/
Beamline Layout
Six beamlines are scheduled for service in 2012:
1.Hard X-ray XAFS
2.Soft X-ray XAFS
3.Soft X-ray to ultraviolet spectroscopy
4.Small angle scattering
5.X-ray diffraction
6.X-ray fluorescence analysis
http://www.astf-kha.jp/synchrotron/en/userguide/kougen/
Accelerator
National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) – Brookhaven, USA
2014
http://www.bnl.gov/ps/nsls2/about-NSLS-II.asp
Energy
[GeV]
3.0
Emittance
[nm-rad]
0.55
Circumference
[m]
792
Straight Sections
m*section
9.3m*15+6.6m*15
Unit
30 DBA
Beamlines
space for at least 58
Research focus:
Scientific opportunities:
•Clean and Affordable
Energy
•Biology and Soft Matter Science
•Molecular Electronics
•Self-assembly
•High-Temperature
Superconductors
•Chemical Science and Catalysis
•Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
•Environmental and Heterogeneous Materials Science
•Materials Science and Engineering
•Nanoscience
National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) – Brookhaven, USA
(continued)
Science at NSLS-II:
•Hard X-ray Nanoprobe
•Coherent X-Ray Scattering
•X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS)
•Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS)
•Inelastic X-Ray Scattering (IXS)
•Soft X-Ray Resonant Scattering: XRMS and RIXS
•Soft X-Ray Coherent Scattering and Imaging
•Macromolecular Crystallography
•High Energy X-Rays
•Hard X-Ray Imaging
Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan
2014
3 GeV, 518.4 m, 500 mA
Taiwan Light Source
(TLS)
Administration and Operation Center
Academic Activity Center
Natural emittance: 1.6 nm-rad
Straight sections: 7 m (x 18); 12 m (x 6)
Full capacity: 48 ports
3D Aerial View of NSRRC
Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan (continued)
Major Parameters of Taiwan Photon Source
Energy
3 GeV (maximum 3.3 GeV)
Current
500 mA at 3 GeV (Top-up injection)
SR circumference
518.4 m (h = 864 = 25·33 ,
BR circumference
496.8 m (h = 828 = 22·32·23, dia.= 158.1 m)
Lattice
24-cell DBA
Straight sections
dia.= 165.0 m)
12 m x 6 ( σv = 12 μm, σh = 160 μm)
7 m x 18 ( σv = 5 μm, σh = 120 μm)
Bending magnets
48
Emittance
1.6 nm·rad at 3 GeV (Distributed dispersion)
Coupling
1%
RF frequency
500 MHz
RF gap voltage
2.8~3.5 MV (3 SRF cavities)
RF power
750 kW (3 SRF cavities)
Location
No. 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Building
Outer diameter 210 m ; Inner diameter 129 m
Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan (continued)
TPS & TLS Lattice Diagram
Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan (continued)
Brightness Comparison of TLS and TPS
The X-ray spectrum (photon energy 8 keV~70 keV)：
the brilliance of bending magnet increases by >102.
TPS
EPU56
10
17
10
16
U90
10
15
W200
10
14
10
13
10
12
SW60
SWLS
IASW
10
1
10
2
10
3
Photon Energy (eV)
IU22 @ gap=5 mm
IU22-3m x2
2
U50
2
10
18
TLS
Brilliance (Photon/s/0.1%bw/mm /mr /0.5A)
10
19
2
2
Brilliance (Photon/s/0.1%bw/mm /mr /0.36A)
the brilliance of bending IDs increases by 4~6 orders of mag.
10
4
21
10
IU22-2m
EPU48-3.25m x2
20
10
EPU46 -3.8m
19
10
2
10
3
10
Photon Energy (eV)
4
10
Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan (continued)
TPS Phase I Beamlines

µ-focus macromolecular crystallography (2013)
(微聚焦巨分子結晶學光束線)

High resolution inelastic soft-x-ray scattering (2013)
(高解析非彈性軟X光散射學光束線)

Sub-µ soft x-ray photoelectron & fluorescence emission (2013)
(次微米軟X光能譜學光束線 )

Coherent x-ray scattering (SAXS/XPCS) (2014)
(軟物質小角度散射學光束線)

Sub-µ x-ray diffraction (2014)
(次微米繞射光束線光束線)

Nano-probe (2014)
(奈米探針光束線)

Temporal coherent x-ray scattering (2014)
(時間同調性散射光束線)
Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan (continued)
101年10月3日
MAX IV – Sweden
Energy
[GeV]
Emittance
[nm-rad]
Circumference
[m]
Straight Sections
m*section
Unit
3.0
0.2 - 0.3
528
4.728m*20+1.3m*40
20 MBA
1.5
6
96
3.5m*12
12 DBA
2015
Graphical Overview of MAX IV Project
https://www.maxlab.lu.se/sites/default/files/Oversikt_MIV_100226_eng.pdf
Initial MAX IV beamline program:
•BioMAX: for macromolecular
crystallography
•VERITAS: for soft X-ray Resonant
Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS)
•HIPPIE: for electron spectroscopy
•NanoMAX: for micro- and nanobeams
https://www.maxlab.lu.se/node/647
•FemtoMAX: to facilitate studies of the
structure and dynamics of materials
•ARPES: for angle resolved photo electron
spectroscopy (ARPES)
•XAS: for in-situ hard X-ray spectroscopy
(Start of user operation planned for 2016)
Initial MAX IV Beamlines Layout
MAX IV – Sweden (continued)
Overview of MAX IV Facility
https://www.maxlab.lu.se/node/206
The future:
•Multi-bend achromats
•The free electron laser
https://www.maxlab.lu.se/about
Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East
(SESAME) – Amman, Jordan
2015
Energy
[GeV]
Emittance
[nm-rad]
Circumference
[m]
Straight Sections
m*section
SESAME Building
Unit
http://www.sesame.org.jo/sesame/
2.5
26
133.12
4.4m*8+2.4m*8
12 DBA
Beamline Clock
Phase I beamlines:
1.Protein crystallography
2.X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray
fluorescence spectroscopy
3.Infrared
4.Powder diffraction
http://www.sesame.org.jo/sesame/images/SESAME_Brochures_and_Posters/X_Proof
_Brochure_No07_from_CLD_FINAL.pdf
Long-term:
Up to 18 further beamlines
can be added
5.Small and wide angle X-ray scattering
6.Extreme ultraviolet
7.Soft X-ray ultraviolet
Dalian Coherent Extreme-Ultraviolet User Facility – Dalian, China
2015
• Location: Dalian BEST City
• Budget: RMB$1.4 billion
• Range: 50 – 150 nm
• Schedule:
Approval of FEL project: 2011
Official launch of project: March 2012
Completion of device: 2015
• After completion, it will be unique in the world of basic science experiment
platform.
SIRIUS – Campinas, Brazil
2016
Energy
[GeV]
Emittance
[nm-rad]
Circumference
[m]
Straight Sections
m*section
Unit
Beamlines
3.0
1.9
(Eff. Emit.)
460.5
9.4m*10+5m*10
20 TBA
up to 45
SIRIUS will replace the current
source operated by the Brazilian
Synchrotron Light Laboratory
(LNLS) in Campinas
http://www.lnls.br/blog/2011/10/24/sirius-new-brazilian-synchrotron-light-source/
http://www.lnls.br/
• Up to 45 beamlines
• The conceptual design of the
13 lines of light began at the
end of 2011
CNPEM
campus