GRADUATED CYLINDERS
BEAKERS
FUNNEL
TEST TUBES
TEST TUBE HOLDER
MICROSCOPE SLIDES
PETRI DISH
COVER SLIPS
DISECTION TOOLS:
SCALPELS
FORCEPS
SCISSORS
PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE
• Eyepiece: holds the ocular lens
• Objective lenses:
• low power objective: magnifies 4X and 10X
our school microscopes
• high power objective: magnifies 40X
• Stage: platform for the slide
• Diaphragm: adjusts the amount of light
• Illuminator: light source
• Fine focus (fine adjustment knob): focus details
on high power
• Coarse focus (coarse adjustment knob): focus
only on low power
• Stage clips: holds the slides
• Arm: supports and use this to carry the
microscope
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
DISSECTING MICROSCOPE
PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
CENTRIFUGE
MICRODISSECTION TOOLS
MICROTOME
CELL STAINING
TISSUE CULTURES
GELL ELECTROPHORESIS
CHROMATOGPAPHY
VOCABULARY
1. RESOLUTION:
the ability to see
two close
objects as being
separate
HOW TO CALCULATE MAGNIFIFCATION
OF A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
1. THE OCULAR LENS WILL ALWAYS BE 10X THE
MAGNIFICATION
2. THE OBJECTIVE NUMBER WILL DEPEND ON
WHICH POWER LENS YOU ARE USING
(high power = 40X, medium power = 10X,
or low power = 4X)
Multiply the ocular lens magnification (10) times
the objective lens magnification (40, 10, or 4)
Complete page 6 in your Tools Packet
for homework tonight!
BIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPES
TYPE
POSSIBLE
MAGNIFICATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
OTHER
INFORMATION
BIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPES
TYPE
COMPOUND
LIGHT
POSSIBLE
MAGNIFICATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
~ 400 X
•small size
•Low cost
•see living and
non-living
specimens
•low magnification
•need to use
transparent
specimens
OTHER
INFORMATION
•used in schools
BIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPES
TYPE
COMPOUND
LIGHT
PHASE
CONTRAST
POSSIBLE
MAGNIFICATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
~ 400 X
•small size
•Low cost
•see living and
non-living
specimens
•low magnification
•need to use
transparent
specimens
~ 400 X
•view living
cells without
dye
OTHER
INFORMATION
•used in schools
•filters show
contrast
BIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPES
TYPE
COMPOUND
LIGHT
PHASE
CONTRAST
ELECTRON
POSSIBLE
MAGNIFICATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
~ 400 X
•small size
•Low cost
•see living and
non-living
specimens
•low magnification
•need to use
transparent
specimens
~ 400 X
•view living
cells without
dye
~ 250,000 X
•High
magnification
•much detail
OTHER
INFORMATION
•used in schools
•filters show
contrast
•expensive
•large
•cannot view living
specimens
•uses beams of light
and electromagnets
BIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPES
POSSIBLE
MAGNIFICATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
~ 400 X
•small size
•Low cost
•see living and
non-living
specimens
•low magnification
•need to use
transparent
specimens
~ 400 X
•view living
cells without
dye
ELECTRON
~ 250,000 X
•High
magnification
•much detail
•expensive
•large
•cannot view living
specimens
•uses beams of light
and electromagnets
DISSSECTING
~ 40 X
•3D image
•low magnification
2 eyepieces
TYPE
COMPOUND
LIGHT
PHASE
CONTRAST
OTHER
INFORMATION
•used in schools
•filters show
contrast
Measurement
1. Length is measured in meters
2. Volume is measured in liters
3. Mass is measured in grams
Metric Prefixes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Kilo = 1,000
Deci = 0.1
Centi = 0.01
Milli = 0.001
Micro = 0.000001
k
kilo
x 1,000
h
hecto
x 100
Use a “step diagram” to help
d
deca
x 10
King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk
basic
unit
x1
d
deci
x 0.1
c
centi
x 0.01 m
milli
x 0.001
µ
micro
x 0.000001
King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk
K
H
D
U
D
C
M
µ
Kilo
(km)
hecto
deca
Unit
(m)
deci
centi
(cm)
milli
(mm)
micro
(µm)
10
1
meter
liter
gram
1/10
1/100
1/1000
1/1000,000
1,000
100
There are three decimal places between mm and µm
When you change from millimeters to micrometers, move the decimal place 3 spaces
to the right
1 millimeter = 1,000 micrometers
1 mm = 1,000 µm
When you change from micrometers to millimeters, move the decimal place 3 spaces
to the left
1.0 micrometer = .001 mm (1/1000mm)
1 µm = .001 mm
Metric Conversions
K
H
D
U
D
C
M
µ
Kilo
(km)
hecto
deca
Unit
(m)
Deci
(dm)
centi
(cm)
milli
(mm)
micro
(µm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1 cm = 0.01 m
1 m = 0.001 km
1 liter = 1,000 ml
10 g = 10,000 mg
1 mm = 1,000 µm
Micrometry
1. Magnification = ocular magnification x
objective magnification
2. FOV = field of view = area seen under a
particular magnification of a microscope
LOW POWER = LARGE FOV – LESS DETAIL
HIGH POWER = SMALL FOV – MORE DETAIL
FOV = field of view
Low power gives you
a large field of view
but not much detail
High power gives you a much
smaller field of view then magnifies it – giving you
more detail
x
low power
10x X 4x = 40x
less detail
larger FOV
high power
10x X 40x = 400x
more detail
smaller FOV
To solve FOV / magnification
problems, use the following equation:
high power field diameter = low power magnification
low power field diameter = high power magnification
For example:
When looking at a leaf cross section, your microscope
is set at low power (4x objective) and the field of view
is 20.0 µm. What will the field of view be when you
switch to high power (40x objective)?
For example:
When looking at a leaf cross section, your microscope is set at low
power (4x objective) and the field of view is 20.0 µm. What will the field
of view be when you switch to high power (40x objective)?
X = 2.0 µm
high power field diameter = low power magnification
low power field diameter = high power magnification
1. What is high power field diameter?
this value is unknown = X
2. What is low power field diameter?
this value is given = 20.0 µm
3. What is low power magnification?
10x (ocular lens) X 4x (low power lens) = 40
4. What is high power magnification?
10x (ocular lens) X 40x (low power lens) = 400
What is the field diameter expressed as millimeters?
2.0 µm = ? mm
2.0 µm = 0.002mm
Xµm = 40
20.0µm 400
400X = 800.0
X = 2.0 µm
Now we will work on the problems on pages
9 and 10 in your packet!